专业英语4.ferrite5体心立方结构6抗拉强度

08-09单1.屈服强度2.precipitation 3.ductile-brittletransition4. 5.体心立方结 6.抗拉强 7.diffusionlessmechanism8.inherentgrain9.应力－应变曲 10.贝氏 11.incubation 12.延伸 13.退14.过共析 15.covalent10-11B卷单1.生铁2.shrinkage3.相变4.casehardening5.离子 6.面心立方结 7.等离子8.solid 9.diffusion 10.inherentgrain 11.熔模铸 12.挤压成13.incubation 14.拔模斜 15.malleable 16.亚共析17.metallic 18.14-15单 4、malleable5、hypoeutectoid6、hexagonalclose-packed7、castiron 8、solidsolutionstrengthening 9、phasediagram 12、焊丝13、屈服强 16、位 17、锻 18、扩 19、压 15-16B卷单 3、unitcell 6、body-centeredcubic 9、phase 12、离子键13、轧 14、正 16、孪晶界17、锻 10-11A卷题目及答1.屈服强度2.precipitationhardening3.正火4.ductile-brittletransition 5.熔6.体心立方结 7.抗拉强 8.solidsolution9.diffusionless 10.inherentgrain11.应力－应变曲线12.贝氏 13.incubation 14.延伸率15.malleable 16.过共析17.covalent 18.1.yieldstrength2.沉淀强化3.tempering4.韧脆转变温 5.weld6.thebody-centeredcubiccrystalstructure7.tensilestrength8.固溶体9.非扩散机理10.11.thestress-straincurve12.bainite13.孕育期14.percent 15.可锻铸铁16.hypereutectoid17.共价键18.binaryisomorphous二、WritenamesoftheregionsandthelinesinEnglish（12分，每1分 2.two-phaseliquid+austenite 3.two-phaseliquid+cementite 5.two-phaseferrite+austenitefield6.two-phaseaustenite+cementitefield7.two-phaseferrite+cementitefield(1)liquidusline(2)eutecticisothermline(3)solidusline(4)solvusline(5)eutectoidisothermline三、翻译下列句子或短段（20分，每题4分Atlowertemperatures，andtherefore，greaterdegreesofundercooling，moredisperseandharderproductsandformed．Thepearliticstructureofthisfinertypeiscalledsorbite．Componentsranginginsizefromthoseusedtoproduceazipfastener,producedaszincalloyinpressurediecastingsweighingafractionofagramme,tosteelmillhousings,producedinsandmoldedsteelandweighing200tons,canbeproducedbymetalcasting.200吨。Theweldingofmedium-andhigh-carbonsteelsismoredifficultthanthatofmildsteels.Thisisbecausehighercarboncontentsthetendencytoformhard,brittlemartensiteintheweldHAZisgreater,andhenceunder-beadcrackingismorelikelytooccur.中碳钢和高碳钢的焊接比低碳钢的焊接，这是因为更高的碳含量会使在焊接热影响区形成硬脆马氏体的Themanufacturingprocessesusedinconventionalandprecisionforgingaresimilarinprinciple.Precisionforgingmaybeconsideredasanintermediatestagebetweenclosed-dieforgingwithandwithoutflash.传统锻造和精密锻造所使用的制造工艺在原理上是相同的，精密锻造可以看做有飞边闭模锻造和无飞边闭模锻造之间的中间阶段。Theeutectoidwhichformsfromundercooledausteniteandhasaconcentrationdifferingfromtheeutectoidvaluecalledquasi-eutectoid．Thequasi-eutectoidinhypereutectoidsteelscontainsmorethan0.8percentcarbonandthatinhypoeutectoidsteels，lessthan0.8percent．由过冷奥氏体形成的、碳浓度与共析点数值不同的共析体叫做伪共析，伪共析在过共析钢中包含高于0.8%的0.8%。四、翻译段落（35分，每题7分Theearthcontainsalargenumberofmetalswhichareusefultoman.Oneofthemostimportantoftheseisiron.Modernindustryneedsconsiderabletiesofthismetal,eitherintheformofironorintheformofsteel.Acertainnumberofnon-ferrousmetals,includingaluminumandzinc,arealsoimportant,buteventodaythemajorityofourengineeringproductsareofironorsteel.Moreover,ironpossessesmagneticproperties,whichhavemadethedevelopmentofelectricalpowerpossible.是以铁的形成还是钢的形成。一定数量的非铁合金包括铝和锌也是很重要的。但是即使到了今天，我们的工程产品的主体依然是铁或刚。更重要的是，铁拥有磁性，这令电力资源的发展成为可能。Thestructureofthesamesteelatthesametemperatureoftransformationbutuponalowtemperatureheatingisgranularpearlite.Cementitegrainsthatareformedinthestructurearefineratalowertemperaturetransformation.Consequently,thesizeofcementiteparticlesdependsonthetemperatureofaustenitetransformationandtheirformdependsonthetemperatureofheating.在相同的温度下发生转变，但是之前在更低的温度下加热的同一种钢的组织是粒状的珠光体，在这种组织中形成的渗碳体晶粒在更低温度时相变会变得更加细小。因此渗碳体颗粒的尺寸决定于奥氏体转变的温度，奥氏体的形式取决于加热温度。Ifausteniteisundercooledtoasuitabletemperature，itscarbonisredistributedbydiffusionsothatsomeportionsofausteniteareenrichedincarbonandtheotheraredepleted．Thisinhomogeneityoftheconcentrationcausestheappearanceofstressesand，sincethemartensitepointofthecarbondepletedportionsisabovethetemperatureoftheisothermalholding，aplasticdeformationwillinducetheγtoαtransformationbythemartensiticreaction．如果奥氏体被过冷度到合适温度，它的碳通过扩散重新分布，因此，一些部分的奥氏体富碳，其他部分则贫碳。这种浓度不均匀性导致应力的出现，因为贫碳区的马氏体开始转变点温度要高于等温保持温度，通过马氏体反应，塑性成形将导致奥氏体向铁素体的转变。Undercoolingmayhavetwooppositeeffectsontherateoftransformation．Ononehand，alowertemperature(greaterundercooling)givesagreaterdifferenceinfreeenergiesofausteniteandpearlite，thusacceleratingthetransformation;ontheotherhand，itdiminishestherateofcarbondiffusion，andthusslowsdownthetransformation．thecombinedeffectisthattherateoftransformationfirstincreaseasundercoolingisincreasedtoacertainumanddecreaseswithfurther过冷对转变速率可以产生二种相反的影响。一方面，更低的温度（更大的过冷度时）将导致奥氏体和珠光体间更大的自由能差，因而加速转变的进行。综合的影响便是随着过冷度增加到某一确定的最大值，转变速度开始增加了，随着进一步过冷，转变速度便减小了。说，其显微组织的变化时和它的相图特性有关的。此外，相图可以提供关于熔炼，铸造，结晶的信息以及其他现象。Theunderstandingofphasediagramsofalloysystemsisveryimportant,becauseofthelargecorrelationbetweenthemicrostructuretransformationisrelatedtoitscharacteristicsofthephasediagrams.Moreover,phasediagramscanprovideinformationaboutmelting,castingandcrystallizationandotherphenomenon.五、翻译中要（15分Fe-22Mn-0.6CTWIP钢组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明，退火或固溶3种状态下的硬化行为相似。SEM-Thepassagestudiedtheannealingandthetreatmentofsolidsolutionstrengthening’seffectsonthemicrostructuresandmechanicalpropertiesofheatrollingFe-22Mn-0.6CTWIPsteel.Theresultsshowthattheyieldstrengthdecreasesobviouslybyannealingandsolidsolutionstrengthening;theductilityisimprovedthroughannealinganditdiminishesthroughsolidsolutionstrengthening;butthebehaviorofhardeningissimilarunderthethreeconditions.TheresultsofSEM-EBSDandOMindicatethatthevariationsofyieldstrengthandductilityaremainlyrelatedtothegrainsize,buttheinfluencesofgrainsizetothehardeningbehaviorofsteelarenotobvious.09-10Undercoolingmayhavetwooppositeeffectsontherateoftransformation．Ononehand，alowertemperature(greaterundercooling)givesagreaterdifferenceinfreeenergiesofausteniteandpearlite，thusacceleratingthetransformation;ontheotherhand，itdiminishestherateofcarbondiffusion，andthusslowsdownthetransformation．thecombinedeffectisthattherateoftransformationfirstincreaseasundercoolingisincreasedtoacertainumandthendecreaseswithfurtherundercooling．Therearefourgeneraltypesofcastirons.Whiteironhasacharacteristicwhite,crystallinefracturesurface.LargeamountsofFe3Careformedduringcasting,givingahard,brittlematerial.Grayironhasagrayfracturesurfacewithafinelyfacetedstructure.Asignificantsiliconcontent(wsi=2%~3%)promotesgraphite(G)precipitationratherthancementite(Fe3C).Thesharp,pointedgraphiteflakescontributetocharacteristicbrittlenessingrayiron.有四种铸铁类型。白口铸铁具有断口表面呈白色、晶状断口的特点。在铸造过程中形成大量的e3C，使得材料的性能硬而且脆。灰铸铁由于具有细小的片状结构而具有灰色的断口表面。较多的硅含量（2~3%）促进石墨（）而不是渗碳体（e3C）析出锋利或的片状石墨使得灰铸铁具有脆性的特征。Aswithanyotherprocess,die-castinghasitslimitationsaswellasitsadvantages.Foronething,itisrarelyeconomicaltousemultiplepartcoressuchasarenormalinthepermanentmoldcastingofautopistons.Further,inconsideringwhatalloysarecastable,thepistoncylinderfitandalsothetemperaturesinvolvedmustbetakenintoaccount.Forthislatterfactor,copperandironalloysposeseriouseconomicobstaclesintermsofdie同其它任何工艺方法一样，压力铸造既有其自身的局限性，也有其自身的优越性。一方面，像在金属型中铸造汽车活塞那样使用复杂的型芯是不经济的。此外，在考虑什么样的合金适合于压铸生产时，必须考虑压射缸的适应性以及相关的工作温度。就工作温度来说，压铸铜合金和铁合金会对压铸模的使用构成严重的经济。15-16A（1分1、lattice晶 2、eutectic共 3、austenite奥氏 4、malleable可锻 5、proeutectoid先共6、face-centeredcubic面心立 7、parentmetal母 8、incubation孕 9、phasediagram相 positematerials复合材料11、陶瓷ceramic12、金属键metallicbonding13、墩粗14退火annealing15、收缩contract/shrink16、位错dislocation 17、锻压forging18、杠杆定律leverlaw19、铸铁castiron20、有色合金non-ferrousalloy（5分Materialscienceistheinvestigationoftherelationshipamongprocess,structure,properties,andperformanceofInasteelwith0.8percentcarbon,thegrainsarepearlitic,meaningthatallthecarboniscombinedwithirontoformironcarbide.在含碳量为Withinthesteelcategory,weshalldistinguishwhetherornotasignificantamountofalloyingelementsotherthancarbonisused.我们以是否的合金化元素而不是碳来对钢进行分类Theunderstandingofphasediagramforalloysystemisextremelyimportantbecausethereisastrongcorrelationbetweenmicrostructureandmechanicalproperties,andthedevelopmentofmicrostructureofanalloyisrelatedtothecharacteristicsofitsphasediagram.理解合金相图是极其重要的，因为在微观组织和机械性能方面有很强的关系，并且合金的微观组织演化与其相图的有联系。Thetermadvancedforgingtechniquesisusedheretodescribeprocesseswhicheitherproduceamuchmoreaccuratesurfacefinishoraimatachievingspecialmechanicalproperties.先进锻压技术这是术语是用来描述或者生产更高表面光洁度或者旨在获得特殊机械（力学）Therateofhomogenizationofausteniteappreciablydependsontheoriginalstructureofthesteel,inparticularonthedispersityandparticleshapeofthesteel.Pearliticstructuresmaybeoftwotypes:granular(inwhichcementiteispresentinformofgrains)orlamellarcementite 珠光体组织含有两类：粒状（渗碳体以晶粒的形式存在）或者片状（层片状的渗碳体8）Atcarboncontentabove0.5percent,thetemperaturerangeofmartensitetransformationextendstosub-zoretemperature,i.e.suchsteelscannotbemadefullymartensiticbycontinuouscoolingtoroomtemperature.含碳量超过四、段落翻译.(30％)（10分Thethermalprocessesduringtheweldingandheat-treatingofsteelsaredifferentinanumberofways.First,thepeaktemperatureoftheHAZduringweldingcanberatherhigh.Infact,nearthefusionboundary,wheredifficultiessuchasgraincoarseningandunderbeadcrackingoftenarise,thepeaktemperaturecanreach1400℃orevenhigher.Intheheat-treatingofsteels,ontheotherhand,the umtemperatureinvolvedisusuallyonlyaround950℃.Second,theheatingrateisveryhigh,andtheretentiontimeathightemperatureisverybriefduringmostweldingprocesses.Intheheat-treatingofsteels,theheatingrateismuchslowerandthehigh-temperatureretentiontimeismuchlonger.Martensitetransformationshavebeendiscoveredinmanymetalsandalloys.Themartensitetransformationinsteelhasthetwotypicalfeaturesmentionedaboveandalsosomeotherspecificfeaturesnotfoundinotheralloys.Insteels,thistransformationisirreversible,thatis,canonlyproceedinthedirectionγFetoαFe,butcannotoccurinthereversedirectionbythesamediffusionlessmechanism.Further,martensiticcrystalsforminthesteel,irrespectiveoftemperature,inanextremelyshorttimeinterval(ofanorderof0.1microseconds,i.epracticallyinstantaneously).在很多金属和合金中已经发现了马氏体转变。钢中马氏体转变具有以上两种典型的特征并且具有其他合金中没有发现的特殊特征。在钢中，这种转变是不可逆的，也就是说，只能从γ铁向α转变进行，但不能通过相同的无扩散机制向相反方向进行。此外，钢中马氏体晶体的形成与温度无关，并且在一个及其短的时间段内形成（0.1）Manytimes,thephysicalpropertiesand,inparticular,themechanicalbehaviorofamaterialdependonthemicrostructure.Microstructureissubjecttodirectmicroscopicobservation,usingopticalorelectronmicroscopes.Inmanyalloys,microstructureischaracterizedbythenumberofphasespresent,theirproportions,andthemannerinwhichtheyaredistributedorarranged.Themicrostructureofanalloydependsonsuchvariablesasthealloyingelementspresent,theirconcentration,andtheheattreatmentofthealloy.很多时候，材料的物理性能特别是机械（力学）性能取决于微观组织。微观组织可以通过利用光学或者电子显微镜直接观察到。在很多合金中，微观组织的特点是含有相的数量、他们的比例以及分布或者排列的方式。一种合金的微观组织取决于合金元素，他们的成分及热处理的变化。英译汉可能的出题OnthelocalmicrostructuralcharacteristicsobservedinsandcastAl–SiTheaimofthisworkistoexplorethephenomenologythatdescribesthelocalsolidformationandheattransferoccurringduringsandcastalloyssolidificationinordertoproposeanexplanationtotheobservedchangesoflocalmicrostructuralcharacteristiclengthsinhypoeutecticAl–Sibasedalloys.Microstructuralobservationsaremadeindifferentradialpositionsofsolidifiedrodcastings.Also,solidificationkineticsinformationisobtainedusingtheFourierthermalysismethod.Acoupledheattransfer-solidificationkineticsmodelisemployedtopredictthethermalhistory,thesolidificationkineticsandsomemicrostructuralparametersinordertocomparethepredictionswithexperimentalresults.Themodelandtheexperimental esuggestthatthereisastrongdependenceofthelocalsolidificationkineticsonthelocalheattransfer. ysisofthisdependenceisusedtoproposeanexplanationtotheobservedchangesmicrostructuralcharacteristicsatdifferentlocationswithinsand这项工作的目的是探讨现象学描述的砂铸造合金凝固过程中发生的局部实体的形成和热传递从而为所观察到的亚共晶铝硅合金中局部组织特征长度的改变提出解释。在杆铸件不同径向位置进行显微组织观察。另外，利用分析方法得到了凝固动力学信息。传热凝固动力学耦合模型用来预测受热历程、和一些结构参数动力学以比较预测与实验结果。该模型和实验的结果表明，局部凝固动力学对局部传热有很强的依赖性。对这种依赖性的分析用来为观测到的在砂铸件内不同的位置微观结构特征的变化提出解释。 Simulationofbulkmetalformingprocessesusingone-stepfiniteelementapproachbasedondeformationtheoryofplasticityThebulkmetalformingprocessesweresimulatedbyusingaone-stepfiniteelement(FE)approachbasedondeformationtheoryofplasticity,whichenablesrapidpredictionoffinalworkpiececonfigurationsandstress/straindistributions.Thisapproachwasimplementedtominimizetheapproximatedplasticpotentialenergyderivedfromthetotalplasticworkandtheequivalentexternalworkinstaticequilibrium,for pressiblyrigid-plasticmaterials,byFEcalculationbasedontheextremumworkprinciple.Theone-stepforwardsimulationsofcompressionandrollingprocesseswerepresentedasexamples,andtheresultswerecomparedwiththoseobtainedbyclassicalincrementalFEsimulationtoverifythefeasibilityandvalidityoftheproposedmethod.金属体积成形采用基于塑性变形理论方法的一步有限元模拟过程（e，能够快速预测最终的工件外形离子和应力/应变分布。通过基于极值原理的有限元计算，用这种方法为不可压缩刚塑性材料实现的最小近似塑性势能来自总塑性功和静态等效外力功相互平衡。作为实例，一步模拟压缩和轧制过程被提出，并对其结果与那些经典的增量有限元仿真进行了比较验证了所方法的可行性和有效性。ResidualstressysisoflaserspotweldingofsteelExperimentalandnumericalstudieswereconductedtocharacterizelaserandspotweldstogainanunderstandingofloadcarryingcapacity,temperaturedistributionsandresidualstressstatesofdifferentjointgeometriesusedintheautomotiveindustry.Differentlaserspotweldpathgeometriesarecomparedwithconventionalspotweldstofindtheresidualstressdistributionsineach.Itwasfoundoutthattheweldregioninlaserspotweldingissurroundedbyacompressiveregionwhichhashighercompressivestressvaluesandlargersizethanthatofspotwelds.Simulationsshowedgoodagreementwithexperimentaltemperaturedistributions,andwereabletoqualitativelypredicttheresidualstressdistributionsineachoftheweldgeometries.Thethermalhistoryatknownfailurelocationswithintheweldsandtheinfluenceoftheweldgeometriesoncoolingratearealsodiscussed.钢片激光点焊的残余应力分进行了实验研究和数值模拟研究描述激光和电阻点焊以获得应用在汽车行业中承载能力、温度场和联合的几何形状不同的残余应力状态的理解。通过不同的激光点焊路径的几何形状与传统的电阻点焊对比寻找两者残余应力的分布。发现相比电阻点焊在激光点焊的焊接区周围的受压区域具有较高的压应力值和更大的范围。仿真结果与实验温度分布吻合较好，并能定性地预测在每个焊接结构残余应力的分布。受热历程上焊缝已知故障位置和焊缝的几何形状对冷却速度的影响也进行了讨论EffectofCoolingRateontheMicrostructureandMechanicalPropertiesofMicroalloyedForgingTheeffectofcoolingrateafterhotdeformationonthemicrostructureandmechanicalpropertiesofacommercialmicroalloyedforgingsteel(30MSV6grade)wasinvestigatedbyusingthehotcompressiontest.Hotcompressiontestwasperformedat1150and925˚Cfollowedbyair-coolingatdifferentrates.Finalmicrostructuresandmechanicalpropertieswereevaluatedbyopticalmicroscopyandshearpunchtest,respectively.Theresultsindicatedthatbyincreasingthecoolingrate,theas-receivedferritic-pearliticmicrostructurechangestotheacicularferrite,bainiteormartensite.Itisshownthatbothyieldandultimatestrengthincreasebuttheductilitydecreasessignificantly.Ataconstantcoolingratebydecreasingthedeformationtemperature,thevolumefractionofacicularferriteandthemeanlengthofferriteplatesdecreaseduetotheformationofalayerofgrainboundaryferrite,whichleadstotheimprovementoftoughness.冷却速率对微合金锻钢的组织和机械性能的影对热变形后的冷却速率对商业非调质钢组织和力学性能的影响（30ms6级）采用热压缩测试进行研究。热压150925C试验进行评价。结果表明，通过提高冷却速度，采用的铁素体-珠光体组织转变为针状铁素体、贝氏体或马氏体。这表示屈服强度和极限强度明显提高而塑性明显下降。在一个恒定的冷却速度降低变形温度，由于一层晶界铁素体的形成使得针状铁素体的体积分数和铁素体的平均长度的减少，从而导致韧性的改善。汉译英可能的出题大型锆钢复合板反应器的焊接技术及质量评价：并了各种方法的适用范围及优缺点。除对焊接接头进行常规的射线、渗透及超声检测外，还对反应器进行Weldingtechniquesandqualityevaluationonzirconium-steelcladplatesforlarge-scale:Severaltechniquesforfabricatinglarge-scalezirconium-steelcladplatereactors,includingnarrowgapsubmergedarcwelding,gastungstenarcweldingandplasmaarcwelding,werepresentedinthispaper.Theapplications,advantagesand ingsforeachmethodwerecriticallyevaluated.Conventionalmethods,namelyradiographicinspection,penetratetestingandultrason