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HowEmpathyUnfoldsThemomentHope,justninemonthsold,sawanotherbabyfall,tearswelledupinherowneyesandshecrawledofftobecomfortedbyhermother,asthoughitwereshewhohadbeenhurt.And15-month-oldMichaelwenttogethisownteddybearforhiscryingfriendPaul;whenPaulkeptcrying,MichaelretrievedPaul'ssecurityblanketforhim.霍普才九个月大,一见到另一个婴儿摔倒,泪水就涌了出来。她爬到妈妈身边寻求安慰,就好像是她自己摔疼了。15个月大的迈克尔去把自己的玩具熊拿来给正在大哭的朋友保罗;保罗不停地大哭的时候,迈克尔替保罗捡回他的安乐毯。Boththesesmallactsofsympathyandcaringwereobservedbymotherstrainedtorecordsuchincidentsofempathyinaction.Theresultsofthestudysuggestthattherootsofempathycanbetracedtoinfancy.Virtuallyfromthedaytheyareborninfantsareupsetwhentheyhearanotherinfantcrying–aresponsesomeseeastheearliestprecursorofempathy.这些小小的表示同情和关爱的举动都是接受过记录同感行为训练的母亲们观察到的。这项研究的结果表明,同感的根源可以追溯到人的婴儿期。实际上,从出生的那天起,婴儿在听到其他婴儿哭闹的时候就会感到不安——有些人认为这种反应是同感的最初先兆。Developmentalpsychologistshavefoundthatinfantsfeelsympatheticdistressevenbeforetheyfullyrealizethattheyexistapartfromotherpeople.Evenafewmonthsafterbirth,infantsreacttoadisturbanceinthosearoundthemasthoughitweretheirown,cryingwhentheyseeanotherchild'stears.成长心理学家发现,甚至在充分意识到自己是独立于其他人而存在之前,婴儿就感受到了同情的苦恼。甚至在出生后几个月,婴儿就会对周围人的烦躁不安做出反应,就好像他们自己的烦躁不安一样,看到别的孩子哭也跟着哭。Byoneyearorso,theystarttorealizethemiseryisnottheirownbutsomeoneelse's,thoughtheystillseemconfusedoverwhattodoaboutit.InresearchbyMartinL.HoffmanatNewYorkUniversity,forexample,aone-year-oldbroughthisownmotherovertocomfortacryingfriend,ignoringthefriend'smother,whowasalsointheroom.到了一岁左右,他们开始意识到痛苦不是他们的,而是别人的,可是他们对这样的事情似乎还是感到不知所措。例如,在纽约大学的马丁·L.霍夫曼所做的一项研究中,一个一岁的孩子把自己的妈妈拉过来安慰哭闹的朋友,却忽视了同在一室的朋友的妈妈。Thisconfusionisseentoowhenone-year-oldsimitatethedistressofsomeoneelse,possiblytobettercomprehendwhattheyarefeeling;forexample,ifanotherbabyhurtsherfingers,aone-year-oldmightputherownfingersinhermouthtoseeifshehurts,too.Onseeinghismothercry,onebabywipedhisowneyes,thoughtheyhadnotears.这样的困惑在其他一岁大的孩子身上也能看到,他们模仿别的孩子的痛苦,也许是为了更好地理解他们的感受。例如,如果别的婴儿伤了手指,一个一岁大的孩子就会把自己的手指放进嘴里,看看自己是否也感觉到痛。看到自己的妈妈哭,婴儿即使没有眼泪,也会擦拭自己的眼睛。Suchmotormimicry,asitiscalled,istheoriginaltechnicalsenseofthewordempathyasitwasfirstusedinthe1920sbyE.B.Titchener,anAmericanpsychologist.Titchener'stheorywasthatempathystemmedfromasortofphysicalimitationofthedistressofanother,whichthenevokesthesamefeelingsinoneself.这种所谓的运动神经模仿就是“同感”的原始字面含义,而“同感”这个词于20世纪20年代由美国心理学家E.B.铁钦纳首次使用。铁钦纳的理论是:同感发自对他人痛苦的一种身体模仿;这种模仿继而在自身引起同样的心理感受。Hesoughtawordthatwouldbedistinctfromsympathy,whichcanbefeltforthegeneralplightofanotherwithnosharingwhateverofwhatthatotherpersonisfeeling.他当时在寻找一个与同情有所区别的词;同情是针对他人的一般困境而发的,无须分担他人的任何感受。Motormimicryfadesfromtoddlers'repertoireataroundtwoandahalfyears,atwhichpointtheyrealizethatsomeoneelse'spainisdifferentfromtheirown,andarebetterabletocomfortthem.Atypicalincident,fromamother'sdiary:小孩两岁半左右就渐渐不再有运动神经模仿行为,那时他们会意识到别人的痛苦与自己的不同,会更有能力安慰别人。下面是摘自一位母亲日记里的典型事例:Aneighbor'sbabycriesandJennyapproachesandtriestogivehimsomecookies.Shefollowshimaroundandbeginstowhimpertoherself.Shethentriestostrokehishair,buthepullsaway…Hecalmsdown,butJennystilllooksworried.Shecontinuestobringhimtoysandtopathisheadandshoulders.邻居家的婴儿哭了,珍妮走上前去,试图给他一些小甜饼。她跟着他转,开始带着哭腔低声自言自语。然后她试图抚摸他的头发,可是他躲开了……他平静下来,但是珍妮仍然面带忧色。她继续给他拿来玩具,轻拍他的头和肩膀。Atthispointintheirdevelopmenttoddlersbegintodivergefromoneanotherintheiroverallsensitivitytootherpeople'semotionalupsets,withsome,likeJenny,keenlyawareandotherstuningout.在这个年龄,幼儿对于他人感情波动的总体敏感度开始有所不同,有些像珍妮一样,感同身受,有些则不予理睬。AseriesofstudiesbyMarianRadke-YarrowandCarolynZahn-WaxlerattheNationalInstituteofMentalHealthshowedthatalargepartofthisdifferenceinempathicconcernhadtodowithhowparentsdisciplinedtheirchildren.Children,theyfound,weremoreempathicwhenthedisciplineincludedcallingstrongattentiontothedistresstheirmisbehaviorcausedsomeoneelse:美国国家心理健康研究所的玛丽安·拉德克-亚罗和卡罗琳·察恩-瓦克斯勒所做的一系列研究表明,这种在同感关注方面的差异大部分与父母怎样教养子女有关。她们发现,如果在家教中让孩子特别注意他们的恶作剧给别人造成的痛苦,孩子就比较有同感心。"Lookhowsadyou'vemadeherfeel"insteadof"Thatwasnaughty".Theyfoundtoothatchildren'sempathyisalsoshapedbyseeinghowothersreactwhensomeoneelseisdistressed;byimitatingwhattheysee,childrendeveloparepertoireofempathicresponse,especiallyinhelpingotherpeoplewhoaredistressed.比如对孩子说“瞧你让她多伤心啊”,而不是说“你真调皮”。她们也发现,观看别人遇到痛苦时其他人的反应,儿童的同感心也会受到影响。通过模仿亲眼所见,儿童能培养出一套同感反应行为,尤其是在帮助那些痛苦的人的时候。Thatwasthestraplineofthe2002filmCatchMeIfYouCan,whichtellsthestoryofFrankAbagnale,Jr.(LeonardoDiCaprio),abrilliantyoungmasterofdeceptionwhoatdifferenttimesimpersonatedadoctor,alawyer,andanairplanepilot,forgingchecksworthmorethansixmilliondollarsin26countries.HebecametheyoungestmantoevermaketheFBI'smost-wantedlistforforgery.HuntedandcaughtinthefilmbyfictionalFBIagentCarlHanratty(TomHanks),Abagnalelaterescaped.HeeventuallybecameaconsultantfortheFBIwherehefocusedonwhite-collarcrime.这是2002年的电影《有种来抓我》的剧情简介。影片讲述了小弗兰克•阿巴格纳尔(莱昂纳多•迪卡普里奥饰演)的故事。影片主人公是一位聪明绝顶的年轻骗术大师,曾在不同时间扮演医生、律师和飞行员的角色,在26个国家伪造了价值600万美元以上的支票。他成了联邦调查局有史以来伪造罪头号通缉令名单上最年轻的通缉犯。在影片中,阿巴格纳尔被虚构的联邦调查局特工卡尔•汉拉提(汤姆•汉克斯饰演)追捕,但后来逃脱了。他最终成了联邦调查局专攻白领犯罪的顾问专家。3It'sagreatfilm,butcouldithappeninreallife?Infact,CatchMeIfYouCanisbasedonthetruestoryofFrankAbagnale,whosecareerasafraudsterlastedaboutsixyearsbeforehewascaught,whoescapedfromcustodythreetimes(oncethroughanairplanetoilet),andwhospentatotalofsixyearsinprisoninFrance,SwedenandtheUS.Henowrunsaconsultancyadvisingtheworldofbusinesshowtoavoidfraud.Hehasraisedenoughmoneytopaybackallhisvictims,andisnowamulti-millionaire.《有种来抓我》是一部很棒的电影,但影片中的事情会在现实生活中发生吗?其实,《有种来抓我》是根据弗兰克•阿巴格纳尔的真实故事改编的,他的行骗生涯持续了大约六年;被抓后,曾三次逃脱监管(有一次是从飞机的厕所逃走的);在法国、瑞典和美国的监狱中总共度过了六年时光。他现在经营一家咨询事务所,为企业界提供防造假咨询。他挣到了足够的钱,赔付了所有的受害者,如今已是大富豪。4Since2003,identitythefthasbecomeincreasinglycommon.Fewpeoplecouldimaginehowimportantthingsliketakingmailtothepostofficeandnotleavingitinthemailboxforpickup,shreddingdocumentsinsteadofthrowingthemoutwiththetrash,evenusingapencostingacoupleofbucks,havebecometoavoidlife-changingcrimes.2003年以来,身份盗窃案变得越来越常见。很少有人会想象到,为了预防这种改变人生的犯罪,采取一些预防措施有多么重要,比如把邮件拿到邮局去寄而不是丢在信箱里等人来取、把文件切碎而不是直接把它们连同垃圾一道扔出去,甚至使用几美元一支的(特效)笔等等。5Moreandmorepeoplearebecominganonymousvictimsofidentitytheft.Wespendmanyhoursanddollarstryingtorecoverourname,ourcredit,ourmoneyandourlives.Weneedtolookfordifferentwaystoprotectourselves.Wecanimproveourchancesofavoidingthiscrime,butitwillnevergoaway.越来越多的人正在成为身份盗窃案的无名受害者。我们花费许多时间和金钱,去努力挽回我们的姓名、我们的信用、我们的钱和我们的生活。我们需要想方设法来保护自己。我们可以减少此类犯罪的机会,但是它永远不会消失。6It'snotjustalistofdo'sanddon'ts,weneedtochangeourmindset.Althoughonlinebankingisnowcommonplace,there'sasignificantgroupofpeopleinthecountry—thebabyboomers,15percentofthepopulation—whostillprefertousepaper.What'smore,30percentofcasesoffraudoccurwithinthisgroup.Acheckhasalltheinformationaboutyouthatanidentitythiefneeds.Ifyouuseaballpointpen,theinkcanberemovedwiththehelpofaregularhouseholdchemicalandthesumofmoneycanbechanged.Morethan1.2millionbadchecksareissuedeveryday,morethan13persecond.这不仅仅是要求我们列一份“该做”和“不该做”事项的清单,我们还需要改变心态。虽然网上银行现在很常见,但国内有一大群人——即占人口15%的生育高峰时期出生的一代人——还是更喜欢用纸。而且,30%的诈骗案都发生在这群人当中。支票上有身份盗贼所需的你的全部信息。如果你用圆珠笔,笔迹可以用一般的家用化学药品除去,钱数可以更改。每天发出的空头支票高达120万张以上,平均每秒13张以上。7Checkfraudisbigbusiness...andgrowingby25percenteveryyear.Criminalscountonourmistakestomaketheirjobseasier.Sohowcanwepreventidentitytheftbeforeithappenstous?支票造假是个大产业……每年以25%的速率增长。犯罪分子指望我们犯错误,好让他们更容易得手。那么我们怎样才能防患于未然呢?8Takeafewprecautions.Don'tleaveyourmailinyourmailboxovernightorovertheweekend.Thieveswaitfortheredflagtogoup,sotheycanlookthroughyouroutgoingmailforusefulpersonalinformationorchecks.Useagelpenforchecksandimportantforms,theinkistrappedinthefibreofthepaper,anditcan'tberemovedwithchemicals.Also,shredortearupalldocumentswhichcontainpersonalinformationbeforeyouputtheminthetrash.采取一些预防措施。不要把你的邮件留在邮箱里过夜或过周末。小偷就等着看你家信箱的小红旗(注:在美国,信箱上插上小红旗表示有邮件需要投递),以便通过你要投递的邮件找寻有用的个人信息或支票。要用签字笔填写支票和重要表格,(因为)签字笔的墨水会渗进纸张的纤维中,无法用化学药品除去。还有,切碎或撕碎含有个人信息的所有文件,然后再把它们丢进垃圾桶。9Rememberthatthereareplentyofonlineopportunitiesforthievestocreateafalseidentitybasedonyourown.We'reallawareoftheriskstopersonalinformationoncomputerdatabasesbyhackingandTrojanhorses.ButchoosingsomeoneanddoingaGooglesearchcanalsoyieldlargeamountsofpersonalinformation,andsocanonlinesocialnetworkingsitessuchasMySpace,FacebookandBebo.Andjustaswetakeourpocketbookwithuswhenweleavetheofficetogotothebathroom,it'salsoworthloggingoffyourcomputertoavoidopportunistictheft.记住,网上有大量机会可以被小偷利用。他们根据你的身份伪造假身份。我们都知道黑客行为和木马软件对电脑数据库中个人信息的威胁。但是在谷歌上搜索某人也会透露大量个人信息,在线社交网站(如“我的空间”、“相册”和“毕波”)也一样。正如我们离开办公室去厕所时要随身带上钱包一样,离开电脑时也应该注销你的电脑以防临时起意的盗窃。10Finally,ifyougetrobbedinamoretraditionalway—inthestreet—cancelingyourcreditcardsisobviouslythefirstthingtodo.Butdon'tforgetthatevenafterthey'rereportedlost,theycanbeusedasidentificationtoacquirestorecards...andyougetthecriminalrecord.最后一点,假如你遭遇较传统方式的抢劫——比如在大街上——挂失你的信用卡显然是要做的第一件事。但是别忘了,即使挂了失,信用卡也可以用作身份证件来获得购物卡……那你就有了犯罪记录。11Identityfraudcangoonforyearswithoutthevictim'sknowledge.Thereisnoescapingthefactthatrightnowfraudstersarefindingidentitycrimealltooeasy.Ifyouhaven'thadyouridentitystolen,it'sonlybecausetheyhaven'tgottoyouyet.Yourturnwillcome身份伪造可以肆行多年而不为受害者所知。一个无法回避的事实是:现在的诈骗者觉得身份犯罪简直是太容易了。如果你的身份尚未失窃,那只是因为他们还没有对你动手。就会轮到你的。Makingtheheadlines1Itisn'tveryoftenthatthemedialeadwiththesamestoryeverywhereintheworld.Suchaneventwouldhavetobeofenormousinternationalsignificance.ButthisisexactlywhatoccurredinSeptember2001withtheterroristattackontheTwinTowersoftheWorldTradeCenterinNewYork.Itisprobablynotexaggeratedtosaythatfromthatmomenttheworldwasadifferentplace.世界各地的媒体都以头条报道同一新闻的情形并不很常见。这样的事件得具有巨大的国际影响力。但是这正是2001年9月恐怖分子袭击纽约世贸中心双塔之后发生的情形。从那一刻起世界改变了模样,这样说也许并不夸张。2Butitisnotjustthehistoricalandinternationaldimensionthatmade9/11memorableand(touseawordthemedialike)newsworthy.Itwastheshockandhorror,too.Sostriking,sosensational,wasthenewsthat,yearsaftertheevent,manypeoplecanstillrememberexactlywheretheywereandwhattheyweredoingwhentheyfirstheardit.Theycanremembertheirownreactions:Formanypeopleacrosstheglobetheirfirstinstinctwastogoandtellsomeoneelseaboutit,thusprovidingconfirmationoftheoldsayingthatbadnewstravelsfast.但是,使9/11值得纪念并(用媒体喜欢的话来说)具有新闻价值的不仅仅是它的历史性和国际性。还有震惊和恐惧。这一消息极度震撼,极具爆炸性。事发多年以后,许多人还能清楚地记得他们第一次听到这一消息时身在何处、当时正在做什么。他们能记得自己的反应:对世界各地的许多人来说,他们的第一本能是去把这一消息告诉别人。这就证实了那句老话:“坏事传千里”。3Andsoitiswithallmajornewsstories.IrememberwhenIwasatprimaryschooltheteacherannouncingpale-facedtoastartledclassofsevenyearoldsPresidentKennedyisdead.Ididn'tknowwhoPresidentKennedywas,butIwassoupsetathearingthenewsthatIwentrushinghomeafterwardstotellmyparents(whoalreadyknew,ofcourse).Infact,thisisoneofmyearliestmemories.一切重大新闻都是如此。我记得上小学的时候,老师脸色煞白地向一班吃惊的七岁孩子通报说,肯尼迪总统死了。我并不知道肯尼迪总统是谁,但是我听到这一消息后非常不安,后来就跑回家去告诉了父母(当然,他们已经知道了)。事实上,这是我最早的记忆之一。4Sowhatexactlyisnews?Theobjectiveimportanceofaneventisobviouslynotenough—thereareplentyofenormousglobalissuesoutthere,withdramaticconsequences,frompovertytoglobalwarming—butsincetheyareongoing,theydon'tallmakethejustinternational,butodd,unexpected,and(inthesensethatitwaspossibletoidentifywiththeplightofpeoplecaughtupinthedrama)veryhuman.那么,新闻到底是什么?一个事件光有客观重要性显然还不够——世界上有大量全球性的大问题,都会造成戏剧性的后果,从贫困问题到全球变暖问题——但由于它们都是进行中的,并不都会在同一天成为头条。对比之下,9/11不仅具有国际性,而且奇特怪异、出人意料,还(可能使读者对身陷那场悲剧中的人们的痛苦感同身受,从这个意义上讲)极具人性。5Odddoesn'tmeanhuge.Takethestoryintoday'sChinaDailyaboutamouseholdingupaflightfromVietnamtoJapan.ThemousewasspottedrunningdowntheaisleofaplaneinHanoiairport.Itwaseventuallycaughtbyagroupof12techniciansworriedthatthemousecouldchewthroughwiresandcauseashortcircuit.Bythetimeittookofftheplanewasmorethanfourhourslate.奇特怪异并不意味着重大。就拿今天的《中国日报》上关于一只老鼠延误了一架从越南飞至日本的航班这条消息为例吧。在河内机场有人发现那只老鼠在一架飞机的过道里奔跑。它最终被12名技术人员合力逮住,他们怕它会咬破电线,造成短路。飞机晚点了四个多小时才起飞。6Notaneventwithmomentousinternationalconsequences,youmightsay,(apartfromafewpassengersarrivinglatefortheirappointmentsinanothercountry),butthereareechoesofthestoryacrosstheglobe,inonlineeditionsofpapersfromAsiatoAmerica,viaScotland(Mousechaseholdsupflight,intheEdinburghEveningNews).你也许会说,这并不是具有重大国际影响的事件(除了少数乘客到另一国赴约迟到以外)。但是全球却颇有反响,从亚洲经苏格兰到美洲的电子版报纸都有转载(《爱丁堡晚报》的标题是《捉老鼠延误航班》)。7Anotherelementofnewsworthinessisimmediacy.Thisreferstothenearnessoftheeventintime.Aneventwhichhappenedaweekagoisnotgenerallynews—unlessyou'vejustreadaboutit."When"isoneofthefive"wh"questionstraineejournalistsareregularlytoldthattheyhavetousetoframeanewsstory(theothersare"who","what","where"and"why");"today","thismorning",and"yesterday"areprobablyatthetopofthelistoftimeadverbsinanewsreport.Similarly,aneventwhichisabouttohappen("today","thisevening"or"tonight")mayalsobenewsworthy,although,bydefinition,itisnotunexpectedandsolesssensational.新闻价值的另一个元素是即时性。这是指事件发生的时间近。一周前发生的事件一般来说就不是新闻了——除非你刚刚读到它。“何时”是受训记者常被教导用以勾勒新闻故事的五个“何”问题之一(其余是“何人”、“何事”、“何地”和“何故”);今天、今晨、昨天很可能在新闻报道所使用的时间副词中名列前茅。同样,即将发生的事件(今天、今晚或今夜)也可能具有新闻价值,虽然,从定义上讲,它不出人意外,也就不那么耸人听闻了。8Whenitcomestoimmediacy,thosemediawhichcanpresentnewsinrealtime,suchasTV,radio,andtheInternet,haveanenormousadvantageoverthepress.Toseeaneventunfoldinginfrontofyoureyesisratherdifferentfromreadingaboutitatbreakfastthenextmorning.ButTVnewsisnotnecessarilymoreobjectiveorreliablethananewspaperreport,sincetheimagesyouarelookingatonyourscreenhavebeenchosenbyjournalistsoreditorswithspecificobjectives,oratleastfollowingsetguidelines,andtheyareshownfromauniqueviewpoint.Byplacingthecamerasomewhereelseyouwouldgetadifferentpicture.Thisiswhyitisusualtotalkofthe"powerofthemedia"—thepowertoinfluencethepublic,moreorlesscovertly.说到即时性,能够实时播报新闻的媒体,如电视、广播和互联网,就比报纸的优势大多了。眼看着事件在你眼前展开与次日早餐时在报上读到它的感觉大不相同。但是,电视新闻未必比报纸报道更客观或更可靠,因为你在屏幕上看到的图像是经记者或编辑根据特殊的目的,或至少是按照预定指示筛选过的;它们是从一个独特的视点展现给观众的。如果把摄像机移到别的地方,你就会看到另一番景象。这就是为什么人们通常会谈到“媒体霸权”——或多或少地暗中影响公众。9Butperhapsinthethirdmillenniumthispowerisbeingeroded,oratleastdevolvedtoordinarypeople.Theproliferationofpersonalblogs,thepossibilityofself-broadcastingthroughsitessuchasYouTube,andthegrowthofopen-accesswebpages(wikis)meansthatanyonewithanythingtosay—orshow—cannowreachaworldwideaudienceinstantly.但也许在第三个千年,这种权力正在减弱,或至少下放给普通民众。个人博客的大量出现,通过像YouTube这样的网站自我广播的可能性,以及权限开放网页(wiki网)的增长都意味着任何人有任何话要说——或有任何东西要展示——现在都能立刻让全世界的观众看到。10Thisdoesn'tmeanthatthepressandTVaregoingtodisappearovernight,ofcourse.Butintheirnever-endingsearchforinterestingnewsitems—odd,unexpected,andhuman—theyaregoingtoturnincreasinglytothesesitesfortheirsources,providingtheglobalinformationnetworkwithacuriouslylocaldimension当然,这并不意味着报纸和电视即将在一夜之间消失。但是,在它们永不休止的搜寻有趣新闻——奇特怪异、出人意外和极具人性的新闻——的过程中,报纸和电视将越来越多地借助网站来收集资料,为全球信息网络提供极具地方色彩的视角。Mydreamcomestrue1TherainhadstartedtofallgentlythroughtheeveningairasdarknessdescendedoverSydney.HundredsoflightsilluminatedStadiumAustralia,andthenoisewasdeafening.AsIwalkedtowardsthetrackIglancedaroundmeattheseaoffacesinthestands,butmymindwasfocused.TheOlympicgoldmedalwasjustminutesaway,hangingtantalisinglyinthedistance.当夜幕降临悉尼时,雨也开始悄悄地从夜空中飘落。几百盏灯把澳大利亚体育场照得灯火通明,场内的声音震耳欲聋。走向跑道时我看了一眼四周看台上无数的脸,但我的注意力还是很集中。再过几分钟奥运金牌的归属就要见分晓了,它悬挂在远处,很诱人。2Myheartwasbeatingloudly,mymouthwasdryandtheadrenalinewaspumping.Iwassoclosetotherealisationofmychildhooddreamandthefeelingwasfantastic;itwascompletelyexhilarating,butalsoterrifying.IknewIwouldhavetopushmyselfbeyondmyknownlimitstoensurethatmydreamcametrue.我的心在剧烈地跳动,口干舌燥,肾上腺素猛增。童年的梦想就要实现了,这种感觉真是太奇妙了:令人非常兴奋,又胆战心惊。我知道,为了确保能梦想成真我必须强迫自己超越已知的极限。3Itriedtokeepcomposed,tellingmyselfnottopanic,tosticktotheplanandrunmyownrace.IknewtheRussiangirlswouldsetoffquickly—andIhadtofinishthisracefewerthantensecondsbehindtheRussianathleteYelenaProkhorova.IfIcoulddothat,thetitlewouldbemine.我极力保持镇静,告诫自己不要紧张,要坚持按原计划做,按自己的节奏跑。我知道那些俄罗斯姑娘起跑很快——这场比赛我落后俄罗斯运动员叶莲娜•普罗科霍洛娃不能超过十秒。如果我做到这一点,冠军就是我的了。4Ilookedoutalongthefirststretchofthe400mtrackandcaughtmybreath.The800mracehadpunishedmesomuchovertheyears—intheWorld,CommonwealthandEuropeanChampionships—andnowitstoodbetweenmeandtheOlympictitle.我望着四百米跑道的起跑点,屏住了呼吸。这些年来,在世锦赛、英联邦锦标赛以及欧洲锦标赛的八百米赛跑中我屡战屡败,饱受挫折。现在,它再次横在我与奥运冠军头衔之间。5TheBritishsupporterswerecheeringsoloudlyitseemedasiftheyweretheonlyfansthere.Icouldhearmynamebeingcalled.Icouldheartheshoutsofencouragementandthecriesofhope.UnionJacksflutteredallaroundthevast,beautifulstadium.Ifeltunifiedwiththecrowd—weallhadthesamevisionandthesamedream.我的英国支持者在为我欢呼,声音特别大,就好像看台上只有他们是我的狂热支持者。我听到他们喊我的名字,为我鼓劲加油,听到他们充满希望的呐喊。宽阔美丽的体育场上到处飘扬着大不列颠联合王国的国旗,我感觉自己和观众融为了一体:我们有着同样的期盼,同样的梦想。6MyanklewasbandagedagainstaninjuryIhadincurredinthelongjumpjustacoupleofhoursearlier,butIshutoutallthoughtsofpain.Itriedtoconcentrateonthecrowd.Theyweresovocal.MyspiritsliftedandIfeltcomposed.几个小时前,我的脚踝在跳远时受了伤,缠上了绷带,但是我忘掉伤痛,尽量把注意力集中在观众身上。他们的叫喊声势浩大,使我精神振奋,我感到镇定自若。7IknewIwoulddomybest,thatIwouldrunmyheartoutandfinishtherace.Ifelttheperformerinmemoveinandtakeover.Ihadjusttwolapstorun,thatwasall.Justtwolapsuntiltheemotionalandphysicalstrainofthepasttwodaysandthelast28yearswouldbeeclipsedbyvictoryorfailure.Thisracewasallaboutsurvival.It'sonlytwominutes,Ikepttellingmyself,anyonecanrunfortwominutes.我知道自己会全力以赴,拼尽全力跑完全程。我感觉自己已经进入最佳状态。我只要跑两圈就行了,就两圈。跑完这两圈,过去两天以及28年来所有情感和身体上的辛苦付出就将被胜利或者失败所淹没。这一跑真是生死攸关。我不断地告诉自己:也就是跑两分钟,谁都能跑两分钟。8Thestartinggunwasfired,andtheracebegan.Thefirstlapwasgood,Imanagedtokeepupwiththegroup,butIwasfeelingmuchmoretiredthanIusuallydid,andmuchmorethanI'danticipated.Boththelong,hardweeksoftrainingthathadleduptothischampionship,andtheexhaustionfromtwodaysofgruellingcompetitionwereshowinginmyperformance.Mentalandphysicalfatiguewerestartingtocrushme,andIhadtofightback.发令枪响了,比赛正式开始。第一圈还好,我跟其他人跑得一样快,但我觉得比平时要累得多,比我预想的要累得多。这次锦标赛赛前长达数周的艰苦训练以及这两天激烈的比赛所带来的疲劳在我的赛跑过程中显现出来。精神和肉体的疲倦开始向我袭来,我不得不反击。9Prokhorovahadsetthepacefromthestart.ItwasimportantthatIdidn'tlethergettoofarinfront.Ihadtostaywithher.AtthebellIwas2.3secondsbehindher.Justonelaptogo.Onelap.Icoulddoit.Ihadtokeepgoing.Inthefinal150metresIcouldheartheroarofthecrowd,givingmeaboostatexactlythemomentIneededitthemost—justwhenmylegswereburningandIcouldseethegapopeningbetweenmeandtheRussian.Thankfully,myfootwasholdingout,sonowitwasalldowntomentalstamina.普罗科霍洛娃一开始就领先。最重要的是我不能被她甩得太远,我得紧紧地跟着她。最后一圈的铃声响起时,我比她落后2.3秒。只剩最后一圈了,就一圈,我能赢,我必须坚持跑下去。到最后150米的时候我听见观众高声叫喊,在我最需要的时候为我加油助威——这时我的腿疼得要命,我看见我和那个俄罗斯运动员之间距离正在拉大。令人欣慰的是,我的脚还在继续向前迈步,这时候就全靠精神毅力来支撑了。10Prokhorovawaspullingaway.Icouldn'tlethergettoofar;Ihadtostaywithher.IbegancountingdownthemetresIhadlefttorun:60m,50m,40m,20m.Icouldseetheclock.Icoulddoit,butitwouldbeclose.Thenfinallythelineappeared.Icrossedit,exhausted.Ihadfinished.普罗科霍洛娃正在向前冲,我不能让她甩开了,我必须跟上她。我开始倒数剩下的距离:60米、50米、40米、20米。我看得见计时器了,我能赢,但成绩会很接近。最后终点线出现了,我冲了过去,累得精疲力竭。我跑完了。11AsIcrossedthelinemyinitialthoughtwashowmuchhardertheracehadbeenthanexpected,bearinginmindhow,onlyeightweeksbefore,Ihadsetanewpersonalbestoftwominutes12.2seconds.Thenmymindturnedtotheresult.HadIdoneit?IthoughtIhad.Iwasawareofwheretheotherathleteswere,andwassurethatI'djustmadeit.But,untilIsawitonthescoreboard,Iwouldn'tletmyselfbelieveit.AsIstoodthere,staringupandwaitingforconfirmation,Itriedhardtokeepnegativethoughtsfrommymind—butIcouldn'thelpthinking,whatifIhavejustmissedout?WhatifI'vebeenthroughallthis,andmissedout?冲过终点线时我最初的念头是这次赛跑比预期的要艰苦得多,记得八周前我以2分12.2秒的成绩打破了个人最好成绩。然后,我的心思转向了比赛成绩:我赢了吗?我想我是赢了,过终点线时,我知道其她运动员的位置,我肯定我赢了。但是,如果我不是亲眼看见记分牌上的成绩,我就无法让自己相信这是真的。当我站在那里,抬头望着记分牌等待确认成绩时,我竭力打消脑子里消极的念头,但是我还是禁不住想:如果我再次与冠军失之交臂怎么办?如果我经历了这些磨难却又一次失败了,那该怎么办?12InthedistanceIcouldhearthecommentaryteamtalkingabouttwodaysoftoughcompetition,thenIcouldalmosthearsomeonesay,"Ithinkshe'sdoneenough."ThenextthingIknew,SabineBraunofGermanycameoverandtoldmeI'dwon.Theyhadheardbeforeme,andsheaskedwhatitfeltliketobetheOlympicchampion.Ismiled,stillnotsure.我听见远处转播比赛的解说员在谈论两天来的艰难赛事,我好像听见有人说:“我觉得她做得够好了。”接下来,来自德国的萨宾•布劳恩走过来告诉我我赢了,他们在我之前打听到了消息,她问我当奥运冠军是什么滋味。我笑了,但还是不敢肯定。13Then,themomentthatwillstaywithmefortherestofmylife—mynameinlights.Thatwaswhenitallhitme.Relief,amomentofcalm,andathankyoutomyinnerselffortakingmethroughthesetwodays.Ifeltatinglethroughthewholeofmybody.Thiswashowitismeanttobe—armsaloftandfistsclenched.接下来的那一刻将让我铭记一生:计分牌上我的名字亮了。那一刻我惊呆了。如释重负,平静了一会儿,感谢我内在的自我帮我度过了这两天。我感到全身一阵振颤,这时候该做的事是:高举双手,紧握双拳。14Ilookedoutatthefans,whowerewavingflags,clappingandshoutingwithdelight.IwastheOlympicchampion.TheOlympicchampion.我向我的支持者望去,他们正兴高采烈地挥舞旗帜,鼓掌呐喊。我是奥运冠军,奥运会的冠军。Protection1WhenSorenwasleavingforJapantostudycarpentry,heaskedifHogahn,whowashisdogoriginally,couldlivewithme."Ofcourse,"Isaid,"he'llprotectme."Therehadbeenrobberiesintheneighborhoodrecently,andmyhouseinMassachusettswassurroundedbyapondandwoodstothenorthandwest,sothatsomeonecouldeasilyapproachafterdarkwithoutbeingseen.瑟伦要去日本学木工手艺,临走前他问我能否收留他的狗霍根。我说:“当然可以,它可以保护我。”最近我们家附近常有抢劫案发生,我在马萨诸塞州的房子北面靠湖,西面被树林环绕,晚上坏人可以神不知鬼不觉地溜进来。2Sorenlaughed."Hogahndoesn'texactlybarkwhensomeonecomestothedoor,"hesaid."Ifaburglarcame,hewouldprobablylickhim."瑟伦哈哈大笑。他说:“有陌生人进门时,霍根也不一定会叫。如果来了个夜贼,他或许还会去舔他。”3ButHogahnsensedthathisconnectiontomewasdifferentfromhisconnectiontoSoren.Soren,whoisstrongandrelativelyfearless,didnotneedmuchprotection.WhenSorenwasinahurry,hewouldliftHogahnlikeasmallchildintothebedofthepickup.Icouldnotlifthim.Wewerejustaboutthesameweight,andHogahnwasyoungerandstronger.Asawoman,IfaceddangersthatSorenandHogahndidnothavetoknowabout.Afteraweekoflivingwithme,Hogahnwasbarkingatanyonewhocamenearthehouse.不过,霍根感觉到他跟我的关系与他跟瑟伦的关系有所不同。瑟伦体格强壮,而且相对来说比较勇敢,他并不需要太多的保护。匆忙赶路时,瑟伦会像抱小孩那样一下子把霍根抱到皮卡的货箱上。我可抱不动他,我的体重和霍根差不多,而且他还比我年轻力壮。作为女人,我所面临的危险是瑟伦和霍根根本不可能知道的。在我这里生活了一周之后,只要一有陌生人靠近家门,霍根就开始吠叫。4Ourprotectingrelationshipbeganearly,withmeastheinitialprotector.Hogahnwasapuppy,aboutsevenmonthsold,whenSorenlefthimwithmeforthefirsttime,onlyforaweekend.Itwasacold,lateNovembermorningandthewaterinthepondwasjustbeginningtofreeze.Athinlayeroficeheldblowingleavesandlightbranches,butwasmuchtootenuousforanimalpaws.我们之间的保护关系其实早就存在了,起初我是保护者。瑟伦第一次把霍根托付给我看管时,他还只是一只七个月大的小狗,他只在我家里过了一个周末。那是11月底一个寒冷的早晨,湖水刚开始结冰。湖面上的一层薄冰能托得住吹落的树叶和细小的树枝,但是还太脆弱,远不能承受动物的爪子。5Iwashangingupthelaundryinthebackyardonalongclotheslinewhichstretchedfromthegiantoaktreenexttothehousetothespruceattheedgeofthewater.Alightbluesheetwasliftingitselfwiththewindandwastryingtosailoffoverthepondtojointhesky.AsIstruggledtotrapitwithaclothespin,Hogahnwaspantingwarmcloudsofairatmyfeet,liftinganddroppingatwo-footoakbranchthathadfallenintohislovingpossession.那时我正在后院晾衣服,长长的晒衣绳拴在房子旁的一棵参天橡树和湖边的一棵云杉之间。一条淡蓝色的床单随风飘起,眼看着就要掠过湖面飞上天空。当我奋力地用衣服夹子夹床单时,霍根正在我腿边玩得气喘嘘嘘,一段两英尺长的橡树枝成了他的宝贝,被他叼来叼去。6Focusedoncapturingthesheetsothatitdrapedevenlyovertheline,Idistractedlypickedupthestickandtosseditdownthehilltowardthefencethatseparatedtheyardfromthewater.由于一心只想着揪住床单,让它平整伏贴地悬挂在晒衣绳上,我心不在焉地捡起那段树枝,朝山坡下将我们家院子与湖水隔开的围栏方向扔了过去。7Ihadtossedsticksforhimbeforeandknewtheapproximatedistancetheywouldgo,dependingupontheirweightandmymotion.Thisstick,however,caughtagustand,flyingwherethesheetwantedtogo,sailedacrosstheyard,overthefence,and,withafineskater'stouch,glidedontothepond.AsIlookedup,IsawHogahnracingthroughthegateand,withamagnificentleap,crashingthroughtheicejustshortofthestickandintothewater.我以前也经常这样为他扔木头。根据木头的重量和我动作的大小,我知道它们大概能飞多远。但这块木头赶上了一阵疾风,朝着床单想去的方向飞过了院子,越过了围栏,最后以溜冰高手般的优美动作滑进湖水里。我抬头一看,只见霍根飞速穿过院门,以一个漂亮的飞跃撞破薄冰,落入水中,他差一点就够得着那段木头了。8TimefrozeasIstoodattheclothesline.Ithought:Sorenhasgivenmethischildtowatchover.Heismyfirstgrandchild.Ihavetosavehim.IwaspenetratinglyawareofthedangersofthepondinNovember.IhadfallenthroughonceandsavedmyselfbecauseIhadstayedverycalmandmovedveryslowly.IknewthatHogahncouldclawatmeinhispanic,pullingmedown,andwecouldbothgounder.时间凝固了,我站在晒衣绳边,心想:瑟伦把这孩子交给我看管,他可是我的第一个孙子,我必须救他。我深知11月的湖水的危险

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