十八世纪启蒙时期英国文学课件

PartFourThe18thCentury

TheAgeofEnlightenmentinEngland

1688-1798十八世纪英国启蒙时期theAgeofReasonPartFourThe18thCentury

The1.Theliteratureofthe18thcenturywasdominatedbytheinterestsofcontendingpartiesTheWhigs:determinedtosafeguardpopularliberty;TheTories:conservative,wouldleaveasmuchauthorityaspossibleintheroyalhands;1.Theliteratureofthe18th3.ThedevelopmentofsociallifeThefirsthalfofthe18thcenturyEnglandsawtheappearanceofalargenumberofpubliccoffeehousesandprivateclubs.Nearlyallwritersfrequentedthecoffeehouses,andmattersdiscussedtherebecamesubjectsofliterature.Hencetheenormousamountof18th-centurywritingdevotedtotransientaffairs,topolitics,fashions,andgossip.3.ThedevelopmentofsociallLiteraryDevelopment1.Neo-classicism 2.sentimentalism3.Modernnovel 4.Romanticism 5.EnglishdramaLiteraryDevelopment1.Neo-cla概述英国文学史上的启蒙运动是英国文学18世纪产生的一种进步思潮。启蒙运动,这一时期的思想家和作家们崇尚理性,认为启蒙教化是改造社会的基本手段,因此18世纪又被称为"理性的时代".在文学领域体现为18世纪上半期的新古典主义,代表作家有诗人蒲伯(A.Pope)和期刊随笔的创始人斯梯尔(R.Steele)和艾迪生(J.Addison).

概述英国文学史上的启蒙运动是英国文学18世纪产生的一种进步思TheEnlightenmentinEuropeAprogressiveintellectualmovementbeginninginFranceandthenspreadthroughoutEurope.TheguidingprincipleorsloganisRation/Reason,naturalrightandequality.Rationbecamestandardformeasurementofeverything.Anexpressionofstruggleofthebourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.Theyattemptedtoplaceallbranchesofscienceattheserviceofmankind.Calledforuniversaleducation:acontinuationofRenaissanceinbeliefinthepossibilityofhumanperfectionthrougheducation.Itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.

TheEnlightenmentinEuropeAp概述

1688年的“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝，确定了君主立宪制，建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权，英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。亚历山大·蒲柏（AlexanderPope,1688-1744）是新古典主义诗歌的代表，他模仿罗马诗人，诗风精巧隽俏，内容以说教与讽刺为主，形式多用英雄双韵体，但缺乏深厚感情。

概述1688年的“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝，确定了君主立宪制1.Neoclassicism新古典主义TheEnlightenmentMovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.TheneoclassicistsheldthatformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriters,suchasHomer.Addison,Steele,Popebelongedtothisschool.1.Neoclassicism新古典主义TheEnliGeneralIntroduction

Thisperiodextendsfrom1688to1798,theyearwhenWordsworthandColeridgepublishedtheirLyricalBallads.Itwasthetimewhenthedominantliterarytheoryisneoclassicism.BySamuelJohnson'sdeathin1784,neoclassicismcametoadeclineandromanticismbegantoemerge.Thelastyearsofthe18thcenturysawthebeginningofRomanticismintheworksofPre-RomanticpoetsasBurns,andBlake.GeneralIntroductionThisperi散文18世纪英国散文出现繁荣，散文风格基本建立在新古典主义美学原则之上。理查德·斯梯尔（RichardSteele,1672-1729）与约瑟夫·艾迪生（JosephAddison,1672-1719）创办《闲谈者》（Tatler）与《观察者》（Spectator）刊物，发表了许多以当时社会风俗、日常生活、文学趣味等为题材的文章，他们清新秀雅、轻捷流畅的文体成为后人模仿的典范。

Tatler['tætlə]spectator[spek'teitə,]散文18世纪英国散文出现繁荣，散文风格基本建立在新古典主义美小说18世纪被称为“散文世纪”的另一个原因是小说的兴起。丹尼尔·笛福（DanielDefoe,1660-1731）的《鲁滨逊漂流记》（RobinsonCrusoe）采用写实的手法，描写主人公在孤岛上的生活，塑造了一个资产阶级开拓者和殖民主义者形象，具有时代精神。这部小说被认为是现实主义小说的创始之作，为笛福赢得“英国小说之父”的称号。小说18世纪被称为“散文世纪”的另一个原因是小说的兴起。乔纳森·斯威夫特（JonathanSwift,1667-1745）是英国文学史上最伟大的讽刺散文作家，他的文风纯朴平易而有力。斯威夫特的杰作《格列佛游记》（Gulliver'sTravels）是一部极具魅力的儿童故事，同时包含着深刻的思想内容。作者通过对小人国、大人国、飞岛国、慧马国等虚构国度的描写，以理性为尺度，极其尖锐地讽刺和抨击了英国社会各领域的黑暗和罪恶。乔纳森·斯威夫特（JonathanSwift,1667-现实主义小说在亨利·菲尔丁（HenryFielding,1707-1754）的笔下得到进一步发展。他的《汤姆·琼斯》（TomJones）故事在乡村、路途及伦敦三个不同背景下展开，向读者展现了当时英国社会风貌的全景图。小说以代表自然本性的汤姆与代表理智、智慧的索菲娅终成眷属结尾，表达了感情要受理性节制的思想。全书共十八卷，每卷都以作者对小说艺术的讨论开始，表现出菲尔丁对小说创作的一种理论上的自觉意识。现实主义小说在亨利·菲尔丁（HenryFielding,与菲尔丁同时代的塞缪尔·理查逊（SamuelRichardson,1689-1761）采用书信体创作了《帕米拉》（Pamela）、《克拉丽莎》（ClarissaHarlowe）。他将视角投入年轻女主人公的内心深处，心理刻画淋漓尽致，令读者潸然泪下。托比亚斯·斯摩莱特（TobiasSmollett,1721-1771）是18世纪中叶颇具特色的小说家。他的《蓝登传》（TheAdventuresofRoderickRandom）继承欧洲流浪汉小说传统，布局松散，是一连串发展迅速、好恶交替、变化急剧的冒险经历的组合。与菲尔丁同时代的塞缪尔·理查逊（SamuelRichard劳伦斯·斯特恩（LawrenceSterne,1713-1768）的《项狄传》（TheLifeandOpinionsofTristramShandy）打破传统小说叙述模式，写法奇特。小说各章长短不一，有的甚至是空白。书中充满长篇议论和插话，并出现乐谱、星号、省略号等。斯特恩对小说形式的实验引起20世纪俄国形式主义批评家的注意，《项狄传》被认为是“世界文学中最典型的小说”。评论家指出20世纪小说中的意识流手法可以追溯到这部奇异的小说。

劳伦斯·斯特恩（LawrenceSterne,1713-感伤主义

18世纪中叶，英国发生了工业革命。许多作家对资本主义工业化发展给大自然和农村传统生活方式带来的破坏发出悲哀的感叹，以大自然和情感为主题的感伤主义作品一度流行。奥利弗·哥尔德斯密斯（OliverGoldsmith,1730-1774）的长诗《荒村》（TheDesertedVillage）是感伤主义诗歌的杰作。感伤主义18世纪中叶，英国发生了工业革命。许多作家对资本主托马斯·格雷（ThomasGray,1716-1771）的《墓园哀歌》（ElegyWritteninaCountryChurchyard）表达诗人对时代纷乱状态的厌恶和对“自然简朴安排”的向往，吐露了他们的内心感受。英国诗歌开始逐渐摆脱新古典主义的束缚，理性的优势地位为感情或感受所代替。托马斯·格雷（ThomasGray,1716-1771）前浪漫主义思潮18世纪末、19世纪初，英国诗风大变。苏格兰农民诗人罗伯特·彭斯（RobertBurns,1759-1796）给英国诗坛带来一股新鲜的气息。他的抒情诗自然生动、感情真挚，讽刺诗尖锐锋利、妙趣横生。威廉·布莱克（WilliamBlake,1757-1827）是版画家兼诗人，想象奇特，极富个性。他的短诗意象鲜明，语言清新，后期的长诗内容比较晦涩。他在诗歌中建立起自己一套独特的神话体系，具有神秘主义色彩。布莱克的革命性、独创性和复杂性使他成为浪漫主义诗歌的先驱。前浪漫主义思潮18世纪末、19世纪初，英国诗风大变。2.Sentimentalism感伤主义Sentimentalismindulgedinemotionandsentiment.CriticizedthecrueltyofthecapitalistrelationsandthegrosssocialinjusticesbroughtaboutbythebourgeoisrevolutionsandtheIndustrialRevolution.Theyreactagainstanythingrationalandtoadvocatethatsentimentshouldtaketheplaceofreason.ThomasGray,OliverGoldsmith,LaurenceStern,SamuelRichardsonarerepresentativesofthisschool.2.Sentimentalism感伤主义Sentimen3.ThebeginningofmodernnovelModernEnglishnovelbeganinthe18thcenturyandgavetheworldsuchnovelistsasDefoe,Swift,Richardson,Fielding,SmollettandSterne.DanielDefoe’sRobinsonCrusoewasoneoftheforerunnersoftheEnglish18thcenturyrealisticnovel.ButitwasHenryFieldingandTobiasGeorgeSmolletwhobecametherealfoundersofthegenreofthebourgeoisrealisticnovelinEnglandandEurope.3.ThebeginningofmodernnovRealistnovel:bourgeoisinessence

---subjectmatter,

---readership,

---didactic（教诲的）

purpose,

---form(prose,comicepic);

---Samuel

Richardson’sPamela(epistolary书信体),Defoe’sRobinsonCrusoe,HenryFielding’sJosephAndrews(comicepicinprose),TomJones

(picaresque以歹徒为题材的),Smollett(seanovel),Sterne(sentimentality),Goldsmith,etc.Realistnovel:bourgeoisineThemostfamouswritersofthisschoolareWilliamBlakeandRobertBurns.Pre-romanticismfounditsmostmanifestexpressioninthe“Gothicnovel”.ThemostfamouswritersofthiGothicNovel

(frommid-18thcentury)againsttherigidrationalityprincipleemphasisontheirrationalanddarksideofhumannature:theimaginative,thesupernatural,thediscarded（遗弃）

MedievalcastleGothicNovel(frommid-18thc“Gothicnovel”哥特小说Setinthemedievalperiod;otherssettheminaCatholiccountry.Thelocalewasoftenagloomycastlefurnishedwithdungeons地牢,windingpassages,andslidingpanels;thetypicalstoryfocusedonthesufferingsimposedonaninnocentheroinebyacruelandlustfulvillain.madeuseofghosts,mysteriousdisappearances,sensationalandsupernaturaloccurrences.Theprincipalaimofsuchnovelswastoevokechillingterrorbyexploitingmysteryandavarietyofhorrors.“Gothicnovel”哥特小说Setinthe5.Englishdramainthe18thcenturyTheEnglishdramaofthe18thcenturydidnotreachthesamehighlevelasitsnovel,butitexperiencedabrieffloweringinthesecondhalfofthiscentury.ThegreatestdramatistofthisperiodisRichardBrinsleySheridan,bestrememberedforhisTheSchoolforScandal.Sheridan['ʃəridən]5.Englishdramainthe18thcCharacteristicsofEarly/Pre-RomanticismRomanticismhasfiveprominentcharacteristics:TheRomanticMovementwasastrongreactionandprotestagainstthebondageofruleandcustom,whichgenerallytendtofetterthefreehumanspirit.Romanticismreturnedtonatureandtoplainhumanityforitsmaterial.CharacteristicsofEarly/Pre-R3.Itismarkedbyrenewedinterestinmedievalidealsandliterature.4.Romanticismwasmarkedbyintensehumansympathy,anunderstandingofthehumanheart.Thesympathyforthepoor,andthecryagainstoppressiongrewstronger.5.TheRomanticMovementwastheexpressionofindividualgeniusratherthanofestablishedrules.3.ItismarkedbyrenewedintAlexanderPope

(1688-1744)AlexanderPope

(1688-1744)AlexanderPope

亚历山大·蒲柏Popeisknownasagreatpoetinhisday.Heexertedmuchinfluenceupontheotherwritersofhisage.Hepopularizedtheneoclassicalliterarytradition,broughtfromFrance.HewasoneoftheearlyrepresentativesoftheEnlightenmentwhointroducedintoEnglishculturethespiritofrationalism.Hewasagreatsatiristandaliterarycriticwhooccupiedaprominentplaceinhistime.Theearlyperiodofthe18thcenturyhasoftenbeennamedafterhimas“TheAgeofPope”.satirist['sætərist]AlexanderPope亚历山大·蒲柏PopeislifestoryBorntoaRomanCatholicfamilyin1688,Popewaseducatedmostlyathome,inpartduetolawsinforceatthetimeupholdingthestatusoftheestablishedChurchofEngland.Fromearlychildhoodhesufferednumeroushealthproblems,includingPott'sdisease(aformoftuberculosisaffectingthespinewhichdeformedhisbodyandstuntedhisgrowth,nodoubthelpingtoendhislifeattherelativelyyoungageof56in1744.Henevergrewbeyond1.37m(4ft6in).lifestoryBorntoaRomanCathHisMajorWorksthePastorals(1709)（田园诗歌）theEssayonCriticism(1711)

（论批评）apoemwritteninheroiccoupletsoutliningcriticaltastesandstandards;TheRapeoftheLock(1714)（卷发遇劫记）,amock-heroic(模仿英雄诗文体的)poemridiculingthefashionableworldofhisday;EssayonMan(人论)第一次把人作为专门议题来赞美和探讨。TheDunciad（愚人记/群愚史诗）HisMajorWorksthePastorals(theEssayonCriticism

批评论/论批评

用英雄双韵体写成的说教诗。Foolsrushinwhereangelsfeartotread.天使不敢涉足的地方,蠢人却蜂拥而前oerrishumantoforgivedivine犯错者为人，谅错者为神。ALittlelearningisadangerousthing一知半解是危险的事。theEssayonCriticism

批评论/论批评TheRapeoftheLock1712年他写作了长篇讽刺诗《夺发记》，1714年又补充了两章。这首诗描写一家男孩偷剪了另一家女孩的一绺金发，因为此事引起两家的争执。蒲柏把此事描写得和《伊利亚特》中特洛伊战争一样壮观，写成了一部英雄史诗。TheRapeoftheLock1712年他写作了长英译荷马的TheIliad《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》Odyssey"。TheDunciad（愚人记/群愚史诗）一首四卷的讽刺诗英译荷马的TheIliad《伊利亚特》EssayonMan(人论)用英雄双韵体写成的哲理诗。由四封写给当时哲学家的信笺组成。Onetruthisclear,whateveris,isright.一个事实毋庸置疑，凡存在的，必合理。EssayonMan(人论)用英雄双韵体写成的哲理诗。由FeaturesandLimitationAmasterofheroiccouplet.

Inwritingheroiccouplets,noonehasbeenabletoapproachhim.Popelackslyricalgift（缺乏抒情天赋）,artificial（造作）

andobscure（晦涩）.Hissatireisnotalwaysjust.ButWilliamBlakeconsideredhisworksaselegantformalismwhileByronthoughthighlyofhim.FeaturesandLimitationAmasteJonathanSwift(1667-1745)

乔纳森·斯威夫特HislifeThemostpowerfulsatiristoftheage(hispamphlets)Havenoequalatpamphletwritingsatirist['sætərist]JonathanSwift(1667-1745)

乔纳森HisLifeHewasborninDublinin1667.Hisfatherdiedbeforehewasborn,andhismotherwaspoor,andhisrelativeshelpedhim,butgrudgingly.HestudiedatTrinityCollege,Dublin,buthedetestedtheroutinecurriculum,readingonlythingappealingtohisnature.Hewasoftenatwarwithauthorities.Between1689and1699heworkedasaprivatesecretarytoadistantkinsmanSirWilliamTemple.HisLifeHewasborninDublinWhilethenoblemanfearedthelashofhispen,thecommonfolkfeltthewarmthofhiskindness.Rememberinghowhehadsufferedinhisyouth,hetriedtohelpeveryyoungmanoftalentwhoseemeddeserving.Hewasafflictedbyabrainillnessfromhisearlyyouthandhedidnotmarry.Hisdiseaseendedinmadnessandhediedin1745ingreatmisery.Inhiswill,hebequeathedallhispropertytoamad-houseinDublin.Itisnowstillthere,called“Dr.Swift’sMadhouse”.WhilethenoblemanfearedtheHismainworksAtaleofaTub(1704):intheformofaparable（寓言）.AsatireuponallreligioussectsofChristianity.《木桶的故事》TheBattleoftheBooks（1704):unfinished.Anattackonpedantry（迂腐，假学者）intheliteraryworldofthetimebythestoryoftheBeeandtheSpider.《书籍的战斗》《书战》HismainworksAtaleofaTubBickerstaffAlmanac《比克斯塔夫历书》almanac

[ɔ:lmənæk]n.历书；年鉴BickerstaffAlmanacGulliver'sTravels(1726)《格列佛游记》AModestproposal(1729)《一个温和的建议》TheDrapier’sLetters(1724-1725)《德拉皮尔的信》十八世纪启蒙时期英国文学课件Gulliver’sTravels

Gulliver’sTravelsrelatestheadventuresofLemuelGulliver,（Gulliver['ɡʌlivə]）anEnglishsurgeon,who,inthefirstquarterofthe18thcentury,embarksonfourvoyagestounknownpartsoftheworld.Ineachcase,eventsbeyondhiscontrolinterrupthisprogress:astormatsea,thecowardiceofhisshipmates,thecrueltyofpirates,andthetreacheryofhisownsailors.Gulliver’sTravelsGulliverHeisstrandedinLilliput,alandofverysmallpeople;inBrobdingnag,alandofgiants;inLaputa,Balninarbi,Glubbdubdrib,Luggnagg,andJapan,landsofscientificspeculationandmagic;andfinallyinthelandoftheHouyhnhnms,wheredegeneratehumansserveasbeastsofburdenforamasterraceofhorses.HeisstrandedinLilliput,a

Gulliver’sTravel

Gulliver’sTravel

FourParts:

The1stpart:Gulliver’stravelsinLilliput(SwiftsatirizedtheToriesandtheWhigsbytheuseofhighandlowheels.ReligiousdisputeswerelaughedatbytheproblemwhichdividedtheLilliputians:“Shouldtheeggbebrokenatthebigendorthelittleend?”)

The2ndpart:thevoyagetoBrobdingnag.(GulliverlaughedatthestruttingandbowingofEnglishlordsandladies)

The3rdpart:theFlyingIsland---theIslandofSorcerors.Asatireonphilosophersandprojectors,wholivedintheair.

The4thpart:thebitterestsatire.Inthecountryofhorses,wherehorseswerepossessedofreason,andwerethegoverningclass,whiletheYahoos,thoughintheshapeofman,werebrutebeastswithvices.HepraisedthelifeandvirtuesofthehorseswhilehewasdisgustedwiththeYahoos,whoserelationsremindedhimofthoseexistinginEnglishsociety.·.十八世纪启蒙时期英国文学课件IntroductionSwift’sgreatestsatirework,Gulliver'sTravels,iswrittenin1726,thebookhasnotlostitssignificancetothepresentdayandcanbejustlyrankedamongthebestnovelofworldliterature.IntroductionSwift’sgreatesPlotandMajorCharacters

Writtenintheformofatraveljournal,Gulliver'sTravelsisthefictionalaccountoffourextraordinaryvoyagesmadebyLemuelGulliver,aphysicianwhosignsontoserveasaship'ssurgeonwhenheisunabletoprovidehisfamilywithasufficientincomeinLondon.PlotandMajorCharacters

Gullivermakesourdeep-seavoyages,whicharedescribedinthefourpartsofthebook.

Lilliput

利立浦特(小人国）Laputa（飞岛国）Brobdingnag布罗丁奈格（大人国）Houyhnhnms

慧马国GullivermakesourdeepFirstvoyage---Lilliput（利立普特）Ontheveryfirstvoyage,Gulliverisshipwrecked.

Ofalltheship’screwhealonesurvives.Heswimstotheshoreofastrangeland,inhabitedbyLilliputians,thetallestofwhomissixincheshigh.Firstvoyage---Lilliput（利立普特）"WhenbendingmyeyesdownwardasmuchasIcould,Iperceivedahumannotsixincheshigh!""WhenbendingmyeThekingoflilliputThekingoflilliputLittlebylittlehegetsusedtotheirlifeandeventakespartinthewarwiththeneighbouringstateofBlefuseu.Treason叛国罪LittlebylittlehegetsusedMajorthemesThefirstvoyagehasbeeninterpretedasanallegorical(讽喻的)satireofthepoliticaleventsoftheearlyeighteenthcentury,acommentaryonthemoralstateofEngland.ThewarwiththetinyneighboringislandrepresentsEngland‘srivalry（对抗）betweenWhigsandTories.MajorthemesThefirstvoyagehwater-towerSecondvoyage---Brobdingnag（布罗丁奈格）GulliverfinallyescapesLilliputandreturnsbrieflytoEnglandbeforeasecondvoyagetakeshimtoBrobdingnag.Whileonshore,Gulliveriscapturedbygiants,eachofwhomisthesizeofa.water-towerSecondvoyage---BroOnthewhole,theBrobdingnagiansaregood-naturedcreatures,andtheytreatGulliverkindly,thoughtheyareamusedbyhistinysizeandlookeduponhimasaplaything.Onthewhole,theGulliverGulliverComparewithLilliput,theBrobdingnagianshaveanenlightenedmonarch（开明的君主）.Sheofteninterrogates（询问）GulliveronEuropeanaffairs.ComparewithLilliput,theGulliverabruptlydepartsBrobdingnagwhenagianteaglefliesoffwithhimanddropshimintheocean.（2years）GulliverabruptlydepartsBThirdvoyage---Laputa（勒普它岛）HesoonembarksonhisthirdvoyagetotheflyingislandofLaputaThirdvoyage---Laputa（勒普它岛）Laputaisamysteriouslandinhabitedbyscientists,magicians,andsorcerers（男巫）whoengageinridiculousexperiment.LaputaisamysteriouTheintellectualsofLaputawerefartoobusyhavinggreatthoughtstobeburdeningwiththechoresoffarming.Sotheyjustflyingoverlands,collectingBrainTaxes（人头税）fromthevillagesbelow.Thenbucketswouldbeloweredtobefilledwithfoodanddrinkandwhateverelsetheywant.Theintellectualso

ThevoyagetoLaputa

isascathing（尖刻的）attackuponscienceinthesixteenthandseventeenthcenturiesandrevealsSwift‘scontemptanddisdainforabstracttheoryandideology（思想）thatisnotofpracticalservicetohuman.MajorthemesThevoyagetoLaputaisasFinalvoyage---Houyhnhnm慧马国

Houyhnhnm['huihnəm]Finalvoyage---Houyhnhnm慧马国

HoHouyhnhnmHorseYahooVeritablereplicasofhumanracedebasedhumanityRationalandvirtuousHouyhnhnmHorseYahooVeritableRaInHouyhnhnm’slanguageThereisnoevil,nolie,noillness,nopower,nowar,nogovernment,nolaw,nopunishmentandthousandsofotherthingsthatexistsinthesociety.Houyhnhnmsareasuperiorraceofintelligenthorses.InHouyhnhnm’slanguageAnythingbadisaboutYahoosYahoos,avile(极坏的)anddepraved（堕落的）raceofape-likecreatures.AnythingbadisaboutYahoosYaGulliveriseventuallyexiledfromHouyhnhnmsocietywhenthehorsesgentlyinsistthatGullivermustreturntoliveamonghisownkind.Afterthisfourthandfinalvoyage,hereturnstoEngland,wherehehasgreatdifficultyadjustingtoeverydaylife.AllpeopleeverywhereremindhimoftheYahoos.Gulliveriseventuall

ThefinalvoyagerevealsSwift‘sultimatesatiricobject—man’sinabilitytocometotermswithhistruenature.TheYahoosasasatiricrepresentationofdebased(品质恶劣的)humanity,whiletakingtheHouyhnhnmsasrepresentativesofSwift‘sidealsofrationalityandorder.MajorthemesThefinalvoyagerevealsSwGulliver’sTravels格列佛游记斯威夫特最著名的寓言小说。以里塞缪尔·格列佛船长的口气叙述周游四国的情景。格列佛船长到达的第一个国家是小人国，居民身高仅6英寸。君主和大臣贪婪残暴，党派之间倾轧争夺，国家之间战祸连绵不断，都为映射时政而发。格列佛然后来到了大人国，居民身高有如铁塔。格列佛在与大人国国王谈话时竭力宣扬英国政体之完善，军威之无敌，武器之高超，但都受到国王的谴责。Gulliver’sTravels格列佛游记斯威夫特最著随后格列佛来到飞岛国。飞岛国有一块属地，如果居民稍有不顺，飞岛就飞临上空断其阳光，或降落在国土之上，把属地居民压成粉末。这是对英国剥削爱尔兰的殖民主义政策的尖锐抨击。最后格列佛来到贤马国，统治者是具有高度理性的贤马，另外有人形动物，他们贪婪忌妒凶残心毒，从外表到内心都令人憎恶，可以说是罪恶的化身。斯威夫特借此表明，如果人类让贪欲战胜理智，人类就可能堕落成为人形动物。这是对资本主义社会的猛烈抨击。随后格列佛来到飞岛国。飞岛国有一块属地，如果居民稍有不顺，飞Masterpiece:Gulliver’sTravelsItcontainsfourparts,eachaboutoneparticularvoyageduringwhichGulliverhasextraordinaryadventures.Thefourplaceshevisitsare:Lilliput,Brobdingnag,theFlyingLandandtheHouyhnhnmland,wherehemeetstheYahoos,hairy,wild,lowanddespicablebrutes,whoresemblehumanbeingsnotonlyinappearancebutalsoinalmosteveryotherway.Masterpiece:Gulliver’sTravelAsawhole,thenovelisabittersatireandharshcriticismofallaspectsinthethenEnglishandEuropeanlifephilosophically,socially,politically,scientifically,religiously,andmorally.Asawhole,thenovelisabitGulliver’sTravels

InthefirstpartGulliverdescribeshisshipwreckinLilliputwherethetallestpeopleweresixincheshigh.Theemperorbelievedhimselftobethedelightandterroroftheuniverse,butsuchabeliefappearedquiteabsurdtoGulliverwhowastwelvetimesastallashe.Inhisaccountofthetwopartiesinthecountry,distinguishedbytheuseofhighandlowheels,SwiftsatirizestheToriesandtheWhigsinEngland.Gulliver’sTravelsInthefirsPart1:toLilliputPart1:toLilliputInthesecondpart,thevoyagetoBrobdingnag.Gulliverfoundhimselfadwarfamongmen60feetinheight.TheKing,whoregardedEuropeasifitwereananthill,said,“Icannotbutconcludethebulkofyour(Gulliver’s)nativestobethemostperniciousraceoflittleodiousverminthatNatureeversufferedtocrawluponthesurfaceoftheearth.”AndGulliver,afterlivingamongsucharacegiants,couldnotbutfeeltemptedtolaughatthestrutting趾高气扬andbowingofEnglishlordsandladiesasmuchastheKingofBrobdingnaglaughedathim.Inthesecondpart,thevoyagePart2:toBrobdingnag

Theme:accusedtheEnglishcorruptpoliticsandjingoism(侵略主义)throughthekings’wordsinBrobdingnag.Part2:toBrobdingnagTheme:ThethirdpartisasatireonphilosophersliketheinhabitantsoftheFlyingIsland.Gulliverwasabletocallupfamousmenofancienttimesandquestionthem.Thenhefoundtheworldtohavebeenmisledbyprostitute堕落的writerswhoascribethegreatestexploits业绩

inwartocowards,thewisestcounselstofools,andsinceritytoflatterers.ThethirdpartisasatireonPart3:toLaputa(flyingisland)Thetheme:satirizedtheivory-towered(脱离实际的)researchworkofEnglishphilosophersandprojectorsthroughdescriptionoftheprojects(e.g.extractingsunbeamoutofcucumbers,turningiceintogunpowder,andmakingclothfromcobweb蜘蛛网)intheflyingisland.Part3:toLaputa(flyingislaInthelastpart,thesatireisofthebitterest.Gulliverwasnowinacountrywherehorseswerepossessedofreason,andwerethegoverningclass,whiletheYahoos,thoughintheshapeofmen,werebruteswithsuchvicesasstealingandlying.InendeavoringtopersuadethehorsesthathewasnotaYahoo,Gulliverwasmadetoshowhowlittleamanwasremovedfromthebrute.Inthelastpart,thesatireiHepraisedthelifeandvirtuesofthehorseswhilehewasdisgustedwiththeYahoos,whoserelationsremindedhimofthoseexistinginEnglishsocietytosuchadegreethatheshudderedattheprospectofreturningtoEngland.SowhenGulliverreturnedhome,itwassaidthathisfamilyfilledhimwithsuchdisgustthatheswooned昏厥whenhiswifekissedhim.HepraisedthelifeandvirtuePart4:tothecountryoftheHouyhnhnms‘Yahoo’

–theappellationofhumanbeingThetheme:Whatonearthishumanbeing?Part4:tothecountryofthe第一卷写的是格列佛在小人国(利立普特)的遭遇，格列佛与利立普特人的大小比例为十二比一，那里的居民身高仅6英寸，格列佛置身其中，就像一座“巨人山”。起先他被小人们捆了起来，但后来由于他表现温顺并答应接受某些条件，小人国国王同意恢复他的自由。此时，该国正遭到另一小人国(布莱夫斯库)入侵，格列佛涉过海峡把敌国舰队的大部分船只掳来，迫使敌国遣使求和。尽管格列佛立了大功，但后来因在几件事情上得罪了国王，国王决定刺瞎他的双眼，将他活活饿死。格列佛得知消息，仓皇逃向邻国，修好一只小船，起航回家。第一卷写的是格列佛在小人国(利立普特)的遭遇，格列佛与利立普第二卷描述格列佛在大人国的遭遇。格列佛又一次出海时，遭遇风暴，船被刮至一片陌生的陆地。这陆地叫布罗卜丁奈格(大人国)。那里的居民身高有如铁塔。格列佛一到这里，由“巨人山”一下子变成了侏儒，置身大人国，自己仿佛变成了一个利立普特(小人国)人，比例倒了过来，成了一比十二。在大人国的农夫面前，格列佛像鼹鼠般大小，被农夫当作玩物带回家。为了赚钱，农夫竟把他带到市镇，让他耍把戏，供人观赏。后来他被王后买去，得以与大人国的国王相处。逐渐地，格列佛思乡之情日益浓烈，在一次随国王巡视边境时佯称有病，去海边呼吸新鲜空气。当他在岸边钻进小木箱睡觉时，一只大鹰将木箱叼走。后来木箱落入大海，被路过的船只发现，里面的格列佛获救，终于又回到英国。第二卷描述格列佛在大人国的遭遇。格列佛又一次出海时，遭遇风暴第三卷写的是飞岛国。这一卷写格列佛以勒皮他(飞岛)游历为中心，兼及巴尔尼巴比、拉格奈格、格勒大锥和日本四个地方的游记。第四卷描述了格列佛在贤马国(“慧骃国”)的所见所闻。这是历来最为争议的部分。在那里，格列佛遭到智慧而理性的慧骃的放逐，满心怅惘地回到那块生他养他如今却叫他厌恶的故土，愤怒而又无可奈何地与一帮“野胡”在一起度过自己的余生。

第三卷写的是飞岛国。这一卷写格列佛以勒皮他(飞岛)游历为中心在这些虚构的国度里可以找到当时英国社会的痕迹。作品集中反映了18世纪前半期英国社会的种种矛盾，对英国政治制度作了辛辣的讽刺。如小人国里的高跟鞋代表的是当时的辉格党，而低跟鞋代表的是托利党，关于打破鸡蛋是从大的一头打还是从小的一头打的争论反映了宗教战争。主人公格列佛勤劳、勇敢、机智、善良。作品想象丰富，构思奇特，勾画出一个五彩缤纷的神奇世界。幻想与现实的有机统一是这部作品的最大特点。首版在一周内售完，并立即被译成法文和荷兰文。18世纪末叶出现了改编的小册子。伦敦塔巴特出版社于1805年首次出版了专门的儿童版本，并附有三幅彩色铜板插画。迄今的儿童版本一般只涉及格列佛在小人国和大人国的奇遇。《格列佛游记》对英国和世界儿童文学产生过重要影响,尤其是其勾想手法,离奇描写在英国儿童文学史上有开拓意义。在这些虚构的国度里可以找到当时英国社会的痕迹。作品集中反映了Hispoliticalattitudeandwritingstyle

PoliticalattitudeSwiftwasamanofgreatmoralintegrityandsocialcharm.Amanwithabitterlifeexperience,hehadadeephatredforalltherichoppressorsandadeepsympathyforallthepoorandoppressed.

Hisunderstandingofhumannatureisprofound.Inhisopinion,humannatureisseriouslyandpermanentlyflawed.Tobetterhumanlife,enlightenmentisneeded,buttoredressitisveryhard.So,inhiswritings,althoughheintendsnottocondemnbuttoreformandimprovehumannatureandhumaninstitutions,thereisoftenanunderorovertoneofhelplessnessandindignation.

Hispoliticalattitudeandwri

Swiftisamastersatirist.Hissatireisusuallymaskedbyanoutwardgravityandanapparentearnestnesswhichrendershissatireallthemorepowerful.His"AModestProposal"isgenerallytakenasaperfectmodel.BysuggestingthatpoorIrishparentsselltheirone-year-oldbabiestotherichEnglishlordsandladiesasfood,SwiftismakingthemostdevastatingprotestagainsttheinhumanexploitationandoppressionoftheIrishpeoplebytheEnglishrulingclass.Theapparenteagerness,sincerityanddetachmentoftheauthoraddsforcetothebitterironyandbitingsarcasm.HisStyleSwiftisamastersatirist Swiftisoneof

thegreatestmastersofEnglishprose.Heisalmostunsurpassedinthewritingofsimple,direct,preciseprose.Hedefinedagoodstyleas"properwordsinproperplaces."

Clear,simple,concretediction,uncomplicatedsentencestructure,economyandconcisenessoflanguagemarkallhiswritings—essays,poemsandnovels. SwiftisoneofthegreatestThesignificanceof“Gulliver'sTravels”insocialcriticismThenovelisoneofthemosteffectiveandbittercriticismandsatireofallaspectsinthethenEnglishandEutopeanlife:socially,politically,religiouslyscientificallyandmorally.toimprove

humanityandsocietyandhopedtochangepeople'sattitudesandbehaviorsbyholdingthemupforridicule.

Tocurethevicesofthesocietybygraveirony.Chrishedadeeploveforthepeople.Itsexplora