伏尔泰【英文】-Voltaire课件

Voltaire

伏尔泰Voltaire

伏尔泰NEXTThePhilosophesAdvocateReasonBeliefsofthePhilosophes• The

philosophesareFrenchsocialcriticsinthe mid-1700s• Valuereason,nature,happiness,progress, libertySECTION2VoltaireCombatsIntolerance• Voltaire—influentialphilosophe,pennameof FrançoisMarieArouet• Publishesmanyworksarguingfortolerance,reason• Makespowerfulenemiesandisimprisonedtwicefor hisviewsContinued...ImageNEXTThePhilosophesAdvocateRNewViewsonSocietySomeEnlightenmentphilosophersfocusedongovernment,othersonissuesinsocietyFrancois-MarieArouet,wrote

asVoltaireOutspokenphilosopher,wrotewithbitingwitAttackedinjusticeamongnobility,government,churchCreatedenemies,imprisonedtwiceExiledtoEnglandfortwoyearsDefendedprinciples,foughtsuperstition,ignoranceLifelongstruggleforjustice,toleration,libertyNewViewsonSocietyVoltaireLoathedtheChurchBlockeddevelopmentoffreedom“Crushthehorriblething!”Whatdomonksdo?“sing,eat,digest”PopecondemnedhiswritingsVoltaireLoathedtheChurchVoltaireSuperstition“Thefewersuperstitions,thelessfanaticism,andthelessfanaticism,thefewercalamities”VoltaireSuperstitionVoltaireFrancoisMarieArouetPublishedmorethen70booksMadefrequenttargetsoftheclergy,aristocracy,andthegovernmentTwicesenttoFrenchprisonFoughtfortoleranceExiledfromFrance,returnedaftertwoyearslaterfledanotherprisontermVoltaireFrancoisMarieArouetVoltaire:

Foughtfortolerance,reason,freedomofreligion,andfreedomofspeech.

Gotintolotsoftroubleforhis ideasandspenttimeinjail. Usuallytargetedtheclergy, aristocracy,andgovernment.Voltaire:Voltaire(1694-1778)VoltairewasoneofthemostbrilliantandprolificoftheEnlightenmentthinkers.Playwright,novelistandwrotemanyphilosophicalessays.Especiallywell-knownforhiscriticismofreligionandhisbeliefinreligioustolerationandacceptance.TreatiseonToleration:arguedthatreligioustolerationhadcreatednoproblemsforEnglandandHolland.ArguedthatallmenarebrothersunderGod.WasachampionofDeismVoltaire(1694-1778)VoltairewVoltaire(1694-1778)FrenchintellectualwhocriticizedFrenchsocietyWritingsoffendedpoliticalandreligiousauthoritiesWroteagainstreligiouspersecutionBelievedthatwithreason,societycouldimproveVoltaire(1694-1778)FrenchintVoltaireWrotefunny,satiricworksthatcriticizedthesocietyoftheperiod.WorkedwithFrederickofPrussia—an“enlighteneddespot”WasimprisonedintheBastille,laterwasexiledfromFrance.MostfamousworkwasCandide,thatcriticizedtheideathat“everythingisforthebest.”VoltaireWrotefunny,satiricwVoltaireOpposedevilsofreligiousbigotryandpoliticaloppressionCandidemakesfunofoptimistsCultivateyourowngarden:rejectphilosophicalsolutions;cultivatehimself,workhardandseekacomfortableandreasonablelife.VoltaireOpposedevilsofreligVoltaire’sViewsonRightsEverybodyshouldhave:FreedomofthoughtChampionofhumanrightsFreedomofspeech,press,andreligionVoltaire’sViewsonRightsEverVoltairePennameCriticalofCatholicchurchInfluencedothersbylettersDeniedwritingstoavoidproblemsExiledtoEnglandforawhileReturnedtoliveonSwissborderCandideLedbyPangloss("AllTalk")whobelievedthatallisrightinGod'sworldLisbonearthquakeandfatalism(drowning)"Letusalltendourgarden"VoltairePennameVoltaire’sViewontheNewTrendsManistheownerofhisownmindManiscapableofgoodnessandprogressOnecanuncoverthereasonbehindeventsandcanexplaintheprinciplesthatgovernnature,manandsocietyQuestioningandcriticismofauthoritybroadsolidarityofEnlightenedintellectualsStrongaversiontowardnationalismSource:/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/enlightenment.html(2-16-03)Voltaire’sViewontheNewTreVoltaire’sFamousWorksWorksfilledmorethan90volumesLettersontheEnglish---1734,abouthowheadmiredtheBritishgovernmentandsocietyforitstoleranceandfairgovernment;thisgothimintroublewiththeFrenchabsolutemonarchLouisXVandtheCatholicChurch,thebookwasbannedandburnedinpublic,VoltairehadtogointohidingorbethrownintotheBastilleCandide---asatiricalnovelmakingfunofthenobles;itwasafantasyofaphilosophewhowandersthroughEuropewitnessingsuffering,hardship,andinhumanity,itcriticizesthatviewthatEuropewasthebestofallpossibleworlds;focusesonthethemethathappinesscomesfromtakingcareofoneselfThePhilosophyofNewton---aboutthescientificachievementsofIsaacNewtonandtheimportanceofthescientificmethodVoltaire’sFamousWorksWorksfLiteraryFocusSatireiswritingthatridiculeshumanweakness,vice,orfollyinordertobringaboutsocialreform.AnexpertsatiristlikeVoltaireusesavarietyoftoolstoexposehissubjecttoridicule—fromwittybarbstoheavybludgeonsthatflattenhisopponent’ssacredcows.AsVoltaireexposesoneabsurdityafteranother,readersbecomeconvincedthattheywouldbefoolsnottoagreewithhispointofview.

LiteraryFocusSatireiswritin

CANDIDE(CH1,2,17,18,19,30,andsupplements)Background

Candideissubtitled“Optimism”andtellsataleofthewoesthatbefallanaïvesimpletonwhoisbroughtuptobelievethatthisworldisthebestofallpossibleworlds.ThepointofVoltaire’sstoryistoshowhowCandide’soptimismisfoolishinaworldinwhichpeople’slivesareshapedforthemostpartbycruelandincomprehensibleforces.

CANDIDE(CH1,2,17,18,19,Voltaire—ResponsiblefortheTrendofEnlightenedDespotsVoltairepushedtheideathatarulercanjustifyher/hispowerbyimprovingsociety.Voltaireisthephilosopherwhosaid:“Imaydisagreewithwhatyouhavetosay,butIshalldefendtothedeathyourrighttosayit.”Voltaire—ResponsiblefortheTVoltaireVoltairespentalotoftimeatthecourtofFredericktheGreatofPrussia(Voltairewasthefirsttocallhim“theGreat”)correspondedwithCatherinetheGreatofRussia.VoltaireVoltaireVoltaire’sOppositiontoTyrannyHeopposedtyrannyanddogma,buthehadnonotionofreinventingdemocracy.Hehadfartoolittlefaithintheordinarypersonforthat.Hethoughtthateducatedandsophisticatedpeoplecould,throughtheexerciseoftheirreason,seethattheworldcouldandshouldbegreatlyimproved.Voltaire’sOppositiontoTyran

“Idonotagreewithawordyousay,butIwilldefendtothedeathyourrighttosayit.”“Thepenismightierthanthesword.”Voltaire “Idonotagreewithawordy

“Theindividualwhopersecutesanotherbecauseheisnotofthesameopinionisnothinglessthanamonster.”Voltaire “TheindividualwhopersecuteVoltairecont.Hisfamouscrywas“Crushtheinfamousthing(superstition)!”Heconstantlyfoughtagainstthesystemthattorturedandplunderedinthenameofreligion“Men…enrichedbyyoursweatandmisery…madeyousuperstitious,notthatyoumightfearGod,butthatyoumightfearthem.”HewasNOTanatheistVoltairecont.HisfamouscrywTheWitandWisdomofVoltaire“IhavenevermadebutoneprayertoGod,averyshortone:‘OhLord,makemyenemiesridiculous.’AndGodgrantedit.”“AlmosteverythingthatgoesbeyondtheadorationofaSupremeBeingandsubmissionofthehearttohisordersissuperstition.Oneofthemostdangerousistobelievethatcertainceremoniesentailtheforgivenessofcrimes.DoyoubelievethatGodwillforgetamurderyouhavecommittedifyoubatheinacertainriver,sacrificeablacksheep…?…Dobettermiserablehumans,haveneithermurdersnorsacrificesofblacksheep.”Godisacomedianplayingtoanaudiencetooafraidtolaugh.Itisdangeroustoberightwhenthegovernmentiswrong.Imaynotagreewithwhatyouhavetosay,butIwilldefendtothedeathyourrighttosayit.TheWitandWisdomofVoltaireQuotesbyandaboutVoltaireVoltaire:“IfGoddidnotexist,itwouldbenecessarytoinventHim.”VictorHugo:“Hewasanage.TonameVoltaireistocharacterizetheentireeighteenthcentury.”WillDurant:“ItalyhadaRenaissance,GermanyhadaReformation,butFrancehadVoltaire.”QuotesbyandaboutVoltaireVoVoltaire

伏尔泰Voltaire

伏尔泰NEXTThePhilosophesAdvocateReasonBeliefsofthePhilosophes• The

philosophesareFrenchsocialcriticsinthe mid-1700s• Valuereason,nature,happiness,progress, libertySECTION2VoltaireCombatsIntolerance• Voltaire—influentialphilosophe,pennameof FrançoisMarieArouet• Publishesmanyworksarguingfortolerance,reason• Makespowerfulenemiesandisimprisonedtwicefor hisviewsContinued...ImageNEXTThePhilosophesAdvocateRNewViewsonSocietySomeEnlightenmentphilosophersfocusedongovernment,othersonissuesinsocietyFrancois-MarieArouet,wrote

asVoltaireOutspokenphilosopher,wrotewithbitingwitAttackedinjusticeamongnobility,government,churchCreatedenemies,imprisonedtwiceExiledtoEnglandfortwoyearsDefendedprinciples,foughtsuperstition,ignoranceLifelongstruggleforjustice,toleration,libertyNewViewsonSocietyVoltaireLoathedtheChurchBlockeddevelopmentoffreedom“Crushthehorriblething!”Whatdomonksdo?“sing,eat,digest”PopecondemnedhiswritingsVoltaireLoathedtheChurchVoltaireSuperstition“Thefewersuperstitions,thelessfanaticism,andthelessfanaticism,thefewercalamities”VoltaireSuperstitionVoltaireFrancoisMarieArouetPublishedmorethen70booksMadefrequenttargetsoftheclergy,aristocracy,andthegovernmentTwicesenttoFrenchprisonFoughtfortoleranceExiledfromFrance,returnedaftertwoyearslaterfledanotherprisontermVoltaireFrancoisMarieArouetVoltaire:

Foughtfortolerance,reason,freedomofreligion,andfreedomofspeech.

Gotintolotsoftroubleforhis ideasandspenttimeinjail. Usuallytargetedtheclergy, aristocracy,andgovernment.Voltaire:Voltaire(1694-1778)VoltairewasoneofthemostbrilliantandprolificoftheEnlightenmentthinkers.Playwright,novelistandwrotemanyphilosophicalessays.Especiallywell-knownforhiscriticismofreligionandhisbeliefinreligioustolerationandacceptance.TreatiseonToleration:arguedthatreligioustolerationhadcreatednoproblemsforEnglandandHolland.ArguedthatallmenarebrothersunderGod.WasachampionofDeismVoltaire(1694-1778)VoltairewVoltaire(1694-1778)FrenchintellectualwhocriticizedFrenchsocietyWritingsoffendedpoliticalandreligiousauthoritiesWroteagainstreligiouspersecutionBelievedthatwithreason,societycouldimproveVoltaire(1694-1778)FrenchintVoltaireWrotefunny,satiricworksthatcriticizedthesocietyoftheperiod.WorkedwithFrederickofPrussia—an“enlighteneddespot”WasimprisonedintheBastille,laterwasexiledfromFrance.MostfamousworkwasCandide,thatcriticizedtheideathat“everythingisforthebest.”VoltaireWrotefunny,satiricwVoltaireOpposedevilsofreligiousbigotryandpoliticaloppressionCandidemakesfunofoptimistsCultivateyourowngarden:rejectphilosophicalsolutions;cultivatehimself,workhardandseekacomfortableandreasonablelife.VoltaireOpposedevilsofreligVoltaire’sViewsonRightsEverybodyshouldhave:FreedomofthoughtChampionofhumanrightsFreedomofspeech,press,andreligionVoltaire’sViewsonRightsEverVoltairePennameCriticalofCatholicchurchInfluencedothersbylettersDeniedwritingstoavoidproblemsExiledtoEnglandforawhileReturnedtoliveonSwissborderCandideLedbyPangloss("AllTalk")whobelievedthatallisrightinGod'sworldLisbonearthquakeandfatalism(drowning)"Letusalltendourgarden"VoltairePennameVoltaire’sViewontheNewTrendsManistheownerofhisownmindManiscapableofgoodnessandprogressOnecanuncoverthereasonbehindeventsandcanexplaintheprinciplesthatgovernnature,manandsocietyQuestioningandcriticismofauthoritybroadsolidarityofEnlightenedintellectualsStrongaversiontowardnationalismSource:/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/enlightenment.html(2-16-03)Voltaire’sViewontheNewTreVoltaire’sFamousWorksWorksfilledmorethan90volumesLettersontheEnglish---1734,abouthowheadmiredtheBritishgovernmentandsocietyforitstoleranceandfairgovernment;thisgothimintroublewiththeFrenchabsolutemonarchLouisXVandtheCatholicChurch,thebookwasbannedandburnedinpublic,VoltairehadtogointohidingorbethrownintotheBastilleCandide---asatiricalnovelmakingfunofthenobles;itwasafantasyofaphilosophewhowandersthroughEuropewitnessingsuffering,hardship,andinhumanity,itcriticizesthatviewthatEuropewasthebestofallpossibleworlds;focusesonthethemethathappinesscomesfromtakingcareofoneselfThePhilosophyofNewton---aboutthescientificachievementsofIsaacNewtonandtheimportanceofthescientificmethodVoltaire’sFamousWorksWorksfLiteraryFocusSatireiswritingthatridiculeshumanweakness,vice,orfollyinordertobringaboutsocialreform.AnexpertsatiristlikeVoltaireusesavarietyoftoolstoexposehissubjecttoridicule—fromwittybarbstoheavybludgeonsthatflattenhisopponent’ssacredcows.AsVoltaireexposesoneabsurdityafteranother,readersbecomeconvincedthattheywouldbefoolsnottoagreewithhispointofview.

LiteraryFocusSatireiswritin

CANDIDE(CH1,2,17,18,19,30,andsupplements)Background

Candideissubtitled“Optimism”andtellsataleofthewoesthatbefallanaïvesimpletonwhoisbroughtuptobelievethatthisworldisthebestofallpossibleworlds.ThepointofVoltaire’sstoryistoshowhowCandide’soptimismisfoolishinaworldinwhichpeople’slivesareshapedforthemostpartbycruelandincomprehensibleforces.

CANDIDE(CH1,2,17,18,19,Voltaire—ResponsiblefortheTrendofEnlightenedDespotsVoltairepushedtheideathatarulercanjustifyher/hispowerbyimprovingsociety.Voltaireisthephilosopherwhosaid:“Imaydisagreewithwhatyouhavetosay,butIshalldefendtothedeathyourrighttosayit.”Voltaire—ResponsiblefortheTVoltaireVoltairespentalotoftimeatthecourtofFredericktheGreatofPrussia(Voltairewasthefirsttocallhim“theGreat”)correspondedwithCatherinetheGreatofRussia.VoltaireVoltaireVoltaire’sOppositiontoTyrannyHeopposedtyrannyanddogma,buthehadnonotionofreinventingdemocracy.Hehadfartoolittlefaithintheordinarypersonforthat.Hethoughtthateducatedandsophisticatedpeoplecould,throughtheexerciseoftheirreason,seethattheworldcouldandshouldbegreatlyimproved.Voltaire’sOppositiontoTyran

“Idonotagreewithawordyousay,butIwilldefendtothedeathyourrighttosayit.”“Thepenismightierthantheswo