夜色温柔 英语文学论文

XXUniversityCONTRADICTORYLIFEONTHECONNECTIONBETWEENDICK’SDUALPERSONALITYANDHISTRAGICFATEAThesisSubmittedtotheCollegeofForeignLanguageandCultureStudiesInPartialFulfillmentofRequirementsforDegreeofBachelorofArtsByxxxUnderSupervisionofProfessorxxxJune2015摘要《夜色温柔》是20世纪美国著名作家菲茨杰拉德以自己为原型创作的长篇小说。该论文研究了本书主人公迪克·戴佛的双重人格形成原因和其悲剧命运的必然性。本论文分三章进行了讨论：第一章介绍迪克双重人格的体现，主要表现在他日神精神和酒神精神的交错互响上；第二章探讨了其双重人格的成因，社会风气的异常和自身性格的矛盾难辞其咎；第三章分析了双重人格导致的结局，性格中的绝对矛盾必然导致一系列悲剧的诞生。从某种意义上讲，迪克自我毁灭的结局从一开始就注定了。关键词：双重人格；自我毁灭；悲剧AbstractTenderistheNightisaproto-novelwrittenbythefamousAmericanwriterinthe20thcenturyF.ScottFitzgeraldwhowrotethisnovelforhisownprototype.ThispaperstudiedtheformationreasonsoftheprotagonistinthisbookDickDiver'sdualpersonalityandthenecessityofhistragicfate.Thisthesisisdividedintothreechapters.ThefirstchapterintroducestheembodimentofDick’sdualpersonality.HeisstrugglinginhisApollonianspiritandDionysianspirit.Thesecondchapterdiscussesthecauseofhisdualpersonality.Theanomaliesofsocialclimateandcontradictionsinhisowncharacteraretoblamesuchdualpersonality.Thethirdchapteranalyzestheresultsthatdualpersonalityleadsto.Theabsolutecontradictioninhischaracterinevitablyleadstoaseriesoftragedy.Inasense,self-destructionasDick’sendingisdoomedfromthestart.KeyWords:dualpersonality;self-destruction;tragedyContents摘要 2Abstract 3Introduction 5Chapter1 6Embodimentofthedualpersonality 61.1Apollonianspirit 61.2Dionysianspirit 6Chapter2 7Causeofthedualpersonality 72.1Dick’scontradictorycharacters 72.2Socialenvironment 7Chapter3 8Resultsofthedualpersonality 83.1Self-indulgence 83.2Self-destruction 9Conclusion 9Bibliography 10IntroductionFrancisScottKeyFitzgerald(1896-1940),whooccupiesanenduringandoutstandingpositioninAmericanliteraryhistory,ispeculiaraswellasenigmaticwithhisspeciallifetimewhichisfullofupsanddowns.RarelydoesanyotherwriterinAmericanliteraryhistorypossesssomanytitlessuchasthespokesmanandlaureateoftheJazzAge,oneofthetypicalrepresentativesoftheLostGeneration,apopularorserioussocialwriter,andsoforth.BecauseofthedivergentcriticalassertionsonFitzgerald,hisworks,especiallyTITN(Hereafter,TenderIstheNightisabbreviatedasTITN)stillundergoacomplicatedjourneyofacceptanceincriticalworld.Atitsfirstpublicationin1934,TITNwasconfrontedwithmanyunfavorablecriticisms,whichmadeFitzgeraldheadedintoobscurity.Forthenewstructureofthenovel,manycriticsreckonedthatitwasconfusingandthattherealreasonforthehero'sdegenerationwasnotaccountedclearly.Since1960s,thesocialandhistoricalsignificanceandartisticvaluesofTITNhavebeenre-evaluated.Andmorethan1000criticalarticlesandover10booksonTITNhavebeenpublished.Attheverybeginningof21thcentury,ChineseacademiahasmadeenormousprogressinthestudyofFitzgerald.AllcriticismsfromhomeandabroadhavebuiltafoundationforaneventualacceptanceofTITNasalasting,brilliantworkwhichintensifiedFitzgerald'sliteraryreputationandposition.However,throughclosereadingbothofthenovelanditsliteraturereview,theauthorofthisthesisfindsthatthereviewofTITNmainlyfocusesontheanalysisofitsdisillusionedtheme,orpeculiarstructuresystembutrarelyreferstotheconnectionbetweenDick’sdualpersonalityandhistragicfate.Besides,therearestillprejudicedandcontroversialopinionsonFitzgeraldandTITN.Lastbutnotleast,theaccumulationofstudiesonFitzgeraldandTITNhasalreadyreachedastatethattheresearchshouldbefurtheredastimedevelopsbydiscoveringnewangleofexplorationandnewmethodofanalysis.ThetragicaestheticsenseofTITNandthedualityofApollonianandDionysianspiritsofNietzsche'stheoryontragedyarerespectivelysuchararelytroddenfieldandanewapproachthatfewformerscholarshaveworkedupon.InTITN,thetragicfigureDickepitomizestheauthor'sowntragicexperiencesoflifeandself-contradictorydualpersonalitywithhisinnerconflicts.Frompoint,thisthesis,baseduponthepreviousscholar'sresearchaboutthetragedyofTITNaimsatfurtheranalyzingthetragicconsciousnessofFitzgeraldandthecontradictorydualpersonalityoftheprotagonistDickasatragicfigurebyemployingApollonianandDionysianspiritsofNietzsche'searlytheoryontragedy.Thisthesisisdividedintothreechapters.ThefirstchapterintroducestheembodimentofDick’sdualpersonality.HeisstrugglinginhisApollonianspiritandDionysianspirit.Thesecondchapterdiscussesthecauseofhisdualpersonality.Theanomaliesofsocialclimateandcontradictionsinhisowncharacteraretoblamesuchdualpersonality.Thethirdchapteranalyzestheresultsthatdualpersonalityleadsto.Theabsolutecontradictioninhischaracterinevitablyleadstoaseriesoftragedy.Chapter1Embodimentofthedualpersonality1.1ApollonianspiritInthischapter,theauthorofthethesismainlyanatomizestheApollonianspiritthatisreflectedbyDick.DickismuchsimilartohandsomeApollopossessingvariousattributeswhicharemuchakintothoseofApollo,suchasconfidence,rationality,soberness,repose,ideal,andsoforth.Apollowhoisthesymbolofallthebeautifulillusionorappearance,isveryhandsomeandgentle.Franzpraiseshimthat:"Youareattractivetowomen,Dick"(TITN153).Inthenovel,womenespeciallyNicoleandRosemaryareattractedbyDick'sApollonianfigureatfirstsight.Dick'smatureattractivenessasApolloismostlyexhibitedtoreadersbyRosemaryinthefirstsectionofthenovel.RosemarybelievesthatDickisthemostwonderfulpersonshehasevermet.Sheadmiresandadoreshim:"Hisstepwasalertasifhehadjustcomefromsomegreatdoingsandwashurryingontowardothers.Organizerofprivategaiety,curatorofarichlyencrustedhappiness.Hishatwasaperfecthatandhecarriedaheavystickandyellowgloves"(TITN87)AccordingtoNietzsche,"Apolloisthemostsublimeexpressionofthereposeofmanwrappedinhisindividuality一sublimeinthat,byhisverydistance,bythewayinwhichheexceedsearth-faringmen,hedrawsthemupintotheirrepose"(TheBirthofTragedy33).Inaword,theexternalqualitiesandmannersofDickbearastrikinglikenesstothatofApollo.PossessingsomeenchantmentofApolloniannature,Dickhasachancetotemporarilyclimbtoupperclassasapopularsocialite.1.2DionysianspiritInTITN,DickatfirstleavesanimpressionofApolloniantemperamentasaself-confidentandpromisingdoctoronthepeoplewhospendtheirsummerholidayonthebeachofFrenchRiviera.However,underneathhisshinningfantasy,whichappealstopeople'sadmiration,theirrational,chaoticandfrenziedDionysianspiritisunconsciouslyarisinginhim.AsZhuGuangqianputsit:"Itisindeedverydifficulttoimagineapersonwithapurer`Apollonianspirit'andagreaterdissociationwiththe`Dionysianspirit"'(ThePsychologyofTragedy12),DickalsohasspecialtiesofDionysus.Thus,itremindsusofthephenomenonthatpainbegetsjoy,thatjubilationmaywringsoundsofagonyDick,whoisinwardlyonthevergeofbreakdownwhileoutwardlykeepinggood,slowlyshowshisDionysiacharacteristicswithhisconsequentialself-indulgenceintheextramaritallovewithRosemaryandhisexcessivedrinkingaswellashisviolentbehaviors.Chapter2Causeofthedualpersonality2.1Dick’scontradictorycharactersDickisabounded,fullofhopeforthefuture,familyandlove,apromisingyoungpsychiatrists.SincehemetNicole,heshowedhisuncommonkindnessandextremelyoptimisticattitudetowardlife.Foralongtime,Dickhasbeentryingtoassumethedualresponsibilityofthehusbandanddoctor.Andhewassufferingfromhighsociety,Warrenfamilyandhiswifewhoisaseriouslymentalpatient.Underthepressure,hestillshowstheelegantdemeanor.BecauseNicoleherselfisanupper-classvictimsofmaterialisticexpansion,moraldecay.Shewasinsanitiedbyherbiologicalfather,thisstoryinspiredDickstrongcompassion.Heoncehaddreamscompletinghisgreatmedicinebook.ButthisisjustDick’sidealkingdom.Heeventuallyreturnedtohisontology.Inthesixthyearaftermarriage,youngandcloseofrosemarywithboldanddirectness,budintelligencesinusintohis"quietplace".SheobsessedwithDickandunreservedlytoexpresstheemotion.Afterallsortsofstruggle,hegotdivorcedwithNicoleabandoningallelaborationinpastdecade.AndquietlywentbacktotheremotetowninthewesternUnitedStateswiththeendofthebusinessdeclinegradually.Tenyearsheexperiencedhope,depression,guilt,anger,disappointment,suchasmultipleemotionalchange.Thesefeelingsofinternalcauseandexternalcausemadehimstruggling,aggregation,splitting.AndeventuallymadeDickamanwithextremelycomplexedcontradiction,complexedemotions.2.2SocialenvironmentInadditiontoDick'sownpersonality,socialfactorisalsotoblame.Inhisera,thereareonlyparties,danceanddrink.TheJazzAgewillbeshroudedinatenderandsoftinthedimlightofnightwithoutanybrightfuture.Thisisanerafullofcontradictions,boomandunrest,peaceandriots,thepostwarnewideasandtraditionalvalues.Therapiddevelopmentofeconomy,scienceandtechnologystimulatesthebrainofthepeople.Everyonehasitsown"Americandream"intheirheart.InTITN,Dickmarriedliferomanticandluxurious,frequentedcocktailparties,travellingtoEurope.ButJazzAgeofprosperityandpeaceistheillusionofatableonly.ExperiencedthedevastationoftheFirstWar,thetraditionalmoralideasarecollapsed,peopleexpectalastingpeace.Hedonismbecameakindoffashion,theybingeatthecocktailpartyseekingstimulation.Disillusionmentof"Americandream"madepeoplefeeltheunprecedentedunrestintheemptyandinsensitive.Dickwantedtoagreatdoctor,thetemptationoftimemadehimindulgedinmaterialworld.Hewantedtokeeptheeconomicindependenceandpersonalitydignity,butheeventuallygaveuptomoney.PeopleinJazzAgedestinedtothecollapseofthespiritoftragedyfate.TheJazzAgeistheagewhenpeoplelivealifewithoutsoul.AndasoullikeDick’ssoulcouldnotescapetrapsandfinallycometothecollapseofspirit.Dick'stragedyisnotonlyhisowntragedy,butalsothetragedyofTheTimes.Chapter3Resultsofthedualpersonality3.1Self-indulgenceAtthebeginningofthenovel,DickisviewedfromtheeyesofRosemaryHoyt.Dick,seriouslyexhaustedbythepatronage,isimmediatelyandunavoidablyattractedbyRosemary'syouthfulvigorandenthusiasm,whichheusedtoownandnowhaslostforalongtime.AccordingtotheexplanationofZhuGuangqianwhowillgivefullreintohisprimitiveinstincts,andabandonshimselfwithhisfellow-revelerstoriotousorgiesofsexuallicenses.Dickslowlystartstogetonthewayofself-indulgenceasRosemaryincessantlyseduceshimwithherpowerofbeautyandenthusiasticpassion.Dickeventuallyabandonsallmoralrestrictsanddisciplinesandaswellasforgetsheryouth.Hekissesherbreathlessly,and"Loversnowtheyfellravenouslyonthequickseconds"(TITN85).Now,Dick"wasoutoflinewitheverythingthathadprecededit[...]andbehavingashedidwasaprojectionofsomesubmergedreality:hewascompelledtowalkhere,orstandhere"(TITN105).ThissubmergedrealityisvirtuallyDionysianspirit,simulatinganddrivingDicktoaddicttoself-indulgence,whichmarksaturningpointinhislife.Dickgivesuphissoberandself-restrainednatureandactsasaself-indulgentperson."Hewasinlovewitheveryprettywomanhesawnow,theirformsatadistance,theirshadowsonawall"(TITN176).Hedoesn'thesitateamomentbutresumesaffairwithRosemaryatonce."Shewantedbetakenandshewas,andwhathadbegunwithachildishinfatuationonabeachwasaccomplishedatlast"(TITN248).Fromtheself-indulgenceinextremaritallovewithRosemary,Dickplungesintostrongersenseofdesperation,slumpandloss.Asaresult,headdictshimselftoexcessivealcoholforthesakeofsearchingforanotherwayofsalvation.3.2Self-destructionDick’sself-destructinisrevealedonhisdrunkness.ThefirsttimewemeetDick,heis"goingfromumbrellatoumbrellacarryingabottleandlittleglassesinhishands"(TITN11).Fromthatpointon,thereisalcoholinvolvedinalmosteveryscene.Inthebeginning,hehastakentodrinkalittlebecausethealcoholperhapswouldbringRosemary"closertohim,[itmay]beapartoftheequipmentforwhatshehaddo"(TITN70).Later,hegraduallycontinuestodevelopanarcoticalcoholism.MatthewJ.Bruccolianalyzesthat:TheholidayinRomeshowsabreakupofafinepersonalityUnlike"TheBeautifulandtheDamnedthebreak-upwillbecausednotbyflabbinessbutreallytragicforcessuchastheinnerconflictsoftheidealistsandthecompromisesforceduponhimbycircumstances.(SomeSortofEpicGander332)Afterbeingdrunk,Dickoftenoffendsomeone.NicoleisfuriousatDickforhavingbecomefuddledandhumiliated.Shebelievesthat"hisawfulfacultyofbeingrightseemedtohavedesertedhimatlast"hasgonebankruptcyTITN275).Consequently,Dick'spromisingcareerbecauseofthebetrayalofthecooperatorwho`neverafterbelievedthatDickwasaseriousperson"(TITN280).Onallaccounts,Dick'swild,recklessactionsrepresentedbyhisself-indulgenceandself-destruction.However,hisfinaltrampingfromonesmalltowntoanotherisnottheindicationofhisfulldegeneration.ItdemonstratesthatDickhasrealizedthecruelrealityandthedarksideoflife.Intheend,Dickinfacthaseventuallytransformedhimselffromapriesttoatragicherobytrampingamongsmallandobscurevillages,whichimpliesthefinalformationofhistragicoutlookonlife.ConclusionThispaperstudiedtheprotagonistDick'sdualpersonalityformationreasonsandthenecessityofhistragicfate.Andthereisaninseparableconnectionbetweenthese.Thecauseofhiscontradictorycharacteristheindirectfactorswhichleadstohistragedyfate.DistortionofDick'spersonalityandsocialclimatemaketheendoftragicfatedoomed.Althoughtheauthoren