lesson-2-Pronoun-refere教学讲解课件

SATGrammar——Pronounreference

---byMelissa2020/12/101SATGrammar——PronounreferenceWhatispronoun?Apronounisawordusedtostandfor(ortaketheplaceof)anoun.Apronounshouldreferclearlytoone,clear,unmistakable

nouncomingbeforethepronoun.

Thisnouniscalledthepronoun’santecedent.Unfortunately,itisveryeasytocreateasentencethatusesapronounWITHOUTaclear,unmistakablenounantecedent.2020/12/102Whatispronoun?ApronounisaPronouns：Personalpronouns:

I,you,he,she,they,me,you,him,her,them

Possesivepronouns:

my,his,her,their,mine,his,hers,theirs

Demonstrativepronouns:

this,that,these,thoseSelf-reflexivepronouns:

myself,himself,herself,themselvesInterrogativepronouns:

who,what,whichIndefinitepronouns:

some,any,many,bothRelativepronouns:

which,who,thatReciprocalpronouns:

eachother,oneanotherConjunctivepronouns:

who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever2020/12/103Pronouns：2020/12/103VAGUE

PRONOUNREFERENCEThepronoundoesnothaveaclearnounantecedent.Asaresult,thereadercannotknowforsurewhichnounthepronounrefersto.

Thepronounreferenceisfaultybecausethepronounhastwo

antecedents.e.g.：Jeffersonandhissonwenttoplayfootballafter

he

returnedhome.TomcameacrossJerryafter

he

ateamouse.Note:Thepronoun“he”isavaguepronounreference.2020/12/104VAGUE

PRONOUNREFERENCETheprDavid,JasonandIsaacwerehikingwhen,stumblingoverarock,hefelldownasteepembankmentwhen,stumblingoverarock,hefelldownasteepembankmentandthenhefelldownasteepembankmentafterhestumbledoverarockwhenIsaacfelldownasteepembankmentafterstumblingoverarockwhenIsaacfelldownasteepembankment,sincehestumbledoverarockand,sincehestumbledoverarock,hefelldownasteepembankmentC2020/12/105David,JasonandIsaacwerehiFivetypesofpronounerror1:

Toomany

antecedentsApronounshouldhaveonlyoneantecedent.

Thatantecedentshouldbeclearandunmistakable.eg.：Taketheradiooutofthecarandfixit.Anyonewhoreadsthissentencewouldnotknowwhichitemwastobefixed.Doesitrefertotheradioorthecar?

Theanswerisunclear.Intheaboveexample,faultypronounreferenceoccursbecausethepronounithastwopossiblenounantecedents.2020/12/106Fivetypesofpronounerror1:

2.

Hidden

Antecedents

Faultypronounreferenceerrorsalsooccurwhenthepronoun'santecedentfunctionsasanadjectiveratherthananoun.Insuchcases,thetrueantecedentis

hiddenorobscuredfromthereaderbecauseithasbeensubordinatedtoanothernoun.2020/12/1072.

HiddenAntecedents2020/12Eg.:Thecandydishwasempty,butweweretiredofeatingitanyway.Thereaderofthissentencemightthinkthatthedishwasbeingeatenbecausedishappearstobetheantecedentforthepronounit.Obviously,peopledonoteatdishes.

Whatthiswritermeanstosayis,"Weweretiredofeatingcandy."However,candycannotbetheantecedentforitbecausecandy,situatedinfrontofthenoundish,isactinglikeanadjective.

Onlynounscanbeantecedents.2020/12/108Eg.:Thecandydishwasempty,3.NOAntecedentAnotherkindoffaultypronounreferenceproblemoccurswhenwritersuseapronounwithoutgivingthepronounanyantecedentatall.eg.:Icalledthepoliceoffice,buttheydidn’tanswer.Inthisexample,thepronountheyhasnoantecedenttowhichitcanrefer.2020/12/1093.NOAntecedent2020/12/1094.Falsepronounform：subjectorobjecteg.:Itishimwhosuccessfullyfinishedthetask.2020/12/10104.Falsepronounform：subject5.Falsepronounreference：singularorpluralAnotherkindoffaultypronounreferenceproblemoccurswhenwritersuseapronounwithoutconsideringtheantecedentissingularorplural.Eg.：Irecognizedoneofthegirls,butIcouldnotremembertheirname.2020/12/10115.Falsepronounreference：sinFaultyPronounReference-Exercise1.Untilitcanbereplacedbyafaster,moreefficientandmoreA Beconomicalmeansoftransportation,truckswillcarrymostof Cthefreightwithinandthroughmetropolitanareas.Noerror. D EA。itcannotrefertotrucks2020/12/1012FaultyPronounReference-Exe2.NeitherMs.PereznorMs.TanakabelievesthatwatchingasAB

muchtelevisionashersonSamdoeswillleadtoanything C Dproductive.Noerror. EC2020/12/1013C2020/12/10133.Homeoftheworld’slargestchocolate-manufacturingplant,AHershey,Pennsylvania,wasoriginallyknownasDerryChurch,butB

itsnamewaschangedin1906tohonoroneoftheirmostfamousCD

residents.Noerror ED2020/12/1014D2020/12/10144.Apparentlyimpressedwithourplans,thefoundationawardedA

CarlosandIagranttoestablishanetworkofcommunitycentersB Cthroughoutthecity.Noerror.

D EB2020/12/1015B2020/12/10155.ThereportAlexanderisdiscussing,areportpreparedjointlybyA

heandthecommittee,doesnottakeintoaccounttheB Csocioeconomicstatusofthoseinterviewed.Noerror. D EB2020/12/1016B2020/12/10166.Interestedinstudyinginsectsandtheireffectsonagriculture,A

LarissaandTariqplantobecome

anentomologistandthenreturnBC

tohelpthefarmersintheirsmalltown.Noerror.DE

C2020/12/1017C2020/12/10177.Joiningagrassrootsmovementagainstinhumaneworkingconditions,someconsumersintheUnitedStateshavestopped A buyingproductsfromcountriesinwhichworkersBCareessentiallyaslavelaborer.Noerror.D ED2020/12/1018D2020/12/10188.Horsepsychology,asciencethatinvestigatesthereasonsforthe Abehaviorofhorses,helptrainersbothmotivatetheirchargesB C andpreventproblems.Noerror. D EB2020/12/1019B2020/12/10199.Tointroduceitselftoawideraudience,thelittle-knownbandsolditsCD’scheaplytoenthusiasticfans,whointurnsharedthemusicwithfriends.solditsCD’scheaplysoldtheirCD’scheaplysellsitsCD’satalowpricepricestheirCD’slowfortosellwillsellitsCD’satacheappriceA2020/12/1020A2020/12/1020PPT教学课件谢谢观看ThankYouForWatching21PPT教学课件谢谢观看ThankYouForWatchSATGrammar——Pronounreference

---byMelissa2020/12/1022SATGrammar——PronounreferenceWhatispronoun?Apronounisawordusedtostandfor(ortaketheplaceof)anoun.Apronounshouldreferclearlytoone,clear,unmistakable

nouncomingbeforethepronoun.

Thisnouniscalledthepronoun’santecedent.Unfortunately,itisveryeasytocreateasentencethatusesapronounWITHOUTaclear,unmistakablenounantecedent.2020/12/1023Whatispronoun?ApronounisaPronouns：Personalpronouns:

I,you,he,she,they,me,you,him,her,them

Possesivepronouns:

my,his,her,their,mine,his,hers,theirs

Demonstrativepronouns:

this,that,these,thoseSelf-reflexivepronouns:

myself,himself,herself,themselvesInterrogativepronouns:

who,what,whichIndefinitepronouns:

some,any,many,bothRelativepronouns:

which,who,thatReciprocalpronouns:

eachother,oneanotherConjunctivepronouns:

who,whom,whose,what,which,whatever,whichever,whoever,whomever2020/12/1024Pronouns：2020/12/103VAGUE

PRONOUNREFERENCEThepronoundoesnothaveaclearnounantecedent.Asaresult,thereadercannotknowforsurewhichnounthepronounrefersto.

Thepronounreferenceisfaultybecausethepronounhastwo

antecedents.e.g.：Jeffersonandhissonwenttoplayfootballafter

he

returnedhome.TomcameacrossJerryafter

he

ateamouse.Note:Thepronoun“he”isavaguepronounreference.2020/12/1025VAGUE

PRONOUNREFERENCETheprDavid,JasonandIsaacwerehikingwhen,stumblingoverarock,hefelldownasteepembankmentwhen,stumblingoverarock,hefelldownasteepembankmentandthenhefelldownasteepembankmentafterhestumbledoverarockwhenIsaacfelldownasteepembankmentafterstumblingoverarockwhenIsaacfelldownasteepembankment,sincehestumbledoverarockand,sincehestumbledoverarock,hefelldownasteepembankmentC2020/12/1026David,JasonandIsaacwerehiFivetypesofpronounerror1:

Toomany

antecedentsApronounshouldhaveonlyoneantecedent.

Thatantecedentshouldbeclearandunmistakable.eg.：Taketheradiooutofthecarandfixit.Anyonewhoreadsthissentencewouldnotknowwhichitemwastobefixed.Doesitrefertotheradioorthecar?

Theanswerisunclear.Intheaboveexample,faultypronounreferenceoccursbecausethepronounithastwopossiblenounantecedents.2020/12/1027Fivetypesofpronounerror1:

2.

Hidden

Antecedents

Faultypronounreferenceerrorsalsooccurwhenthepronoun'santecedentfunctionsasanadjectiveratherthananoun.Insuchcases,thetrueantecedentis

hiddenorobscuredfromthereaderbecauseithasbeensubordinatedtoanothernoun.2020/12/10282.

HiddenAntecedents2020/12Eg.:Thecandydishwasempty,butweweretiredofeatingitanyway.Thereaderofthissentencemightthinkthatthedishwasbeingeatenbecausedishappearstobetheantecedentforthepronounit.Obviously,peopledonoteatdishes.

Whatthiswritermeanstosayis,"Weweretiredofeatingcandy."However,candycannotbetheantecedentforitbecausecandy,situatedinfrontofthenoundish,isactinglikeanadjective.

Onlynounscanbeantecedents.2020/12/1029Eg.:Thecandydishwasempty,3.NOAntecedentAnotherkindoffaultypronounreferenceproblemoccurswhenwritersuseapronounwithoutgivingthepronounanyantecedentatall.eg.:Icalledthepoliceoffice,buttheydidn’tanswer.Inthisexample,thepronountheyhasnoantecedenttowhichitcanrefer.2020/12/10303.NOAntecedent2020/12/1094.Falsepronounform：subjectorobjecteg.:Itishimwhosuccessfullyfinishedthetask.2020/12/10314.Falsepronounform：subject5.Falsepronounreference：singularorpluralAnotherkindoffaultypronounreferenceproblemoccurswhenwritersuseapronounwithoutconsideringtheantecedentissingularorplural.Eg.：Irecognizedoneofthegirls,butIcouldnotremembertheirname.2020/12/10325.Falsepronounreference：sinFaultyPronounReference-Exercise1.Untilitcanbereplacedbyafaster,moreefficientandmoreA Beconomicalmeansoftransportation,truckswillcarrymostof Cthefreightwithinandthroughmetropolitanareas.Noerror. D EA。itcannotrefertotrucks2020/12/1033FaultyPronounReference-Exe2.NeitherMs.PereznorMs.TanakabelievesthatwatchingasAB

muchtelevisionashersonSamdoeswillleadtoanything C Dproductive.Noerror. EC2020/12/1034C2020/12/10133.Homeoftheworld’slargestchocolate-manufacturingplant,AHershey,Pennsylvania,wasoriginallyknownasDerryChurch,butB

itsnamewaschangedin1906tohonoroneoftheirmostfamousCD

residents.Noerror ED2020/12/1035D2020/12/10144.Apparentlyimpressedwithourplans,thefoundationawardedA

CarlosandIagranttoestablishanetworkofcommunitycentersB Cthroughoutthecity.Noerror.

D EB2020/12/1036B2020/12/10155.ThereportAlexanderisdiscussing,areportpreparedjointlybyA

heandthecommittee,doesnottakeintoaccounttheB Csocioeconomicstatusofthoseinterviewed.Noerror. D EB2020/12/1037B2020/12/10166.Interestedinstudyinginsectsandtheireffectsonagriculture,A

La