二轮总复习作业课时作业：第一版块+阅读理解+作业四

好好努力梦想终会实现好好努力梦想终会实现语篇阅读高分练（四）第一组（2019・北京二模）Don'tputitoff,doitnow!Whydowespendsomuchtimenotdoingtheworkweshoulddo,orputtingoffsmalljobsthathavepileduptocreateabigproblem?Procrastinating,asputtingthingsofflikethisiscalled,isinourcharacterwehavenaturallysincebirth;weavoiddullordifficultjobsuntilit'stoolatetodoanythingelse.“Weoftenputthingsoffalthoughweknowitwillmakelifemorestressful，”saysDr.Steel,anauthorityonthescienceofmotivation.“Ifthesetaskswerefun,we'djustdothemnow.Weputoffwhatisdifficultorunpleasant,suchasthepaperworkthatneedsdoingbeforeleavingtheofficeorcleaningthebitsofyourhomethatpeoplecan'tsee.Butthefactis,thelesspeopleprocrastinate,themoremoneytheyhave,thebetterrelationshipstheyhave,andthehealthiertheyare.”Thisisobviouswhenyoulookatthecoupleswhodon'targueaboutwhetheranyonehascleanedthekitchen,andthepeoplewhosimplygoforaruninsteadofendlesslyreschedulingitintheirheads.Ofcourse,therearetherestofus,whofeelthesmalljobspilinguparoundusdaily.“We'veevolvedtorespondtothemoment,andnottosetoursightstoofarinanuncertainworld，”Dr.Steeladds.“Wearenotsetuptoappreciatelong－termrewards,whetherit'sthebenefitofafour－

yeardegree,doingexerciseordieting.Weusuallyfeelthecostnowandtherewardcomesmuchlater.”AccordingtoDr.Steel,wehavetwodecision－makingsystems.Theyarethelimbic,whichisresponsiblefortheshortterm,andtheprefrontalcortex,whichdealswiththefuture.Webouncebetweenlong－termgoalsandshort－termtemptations,soweneedgoalsthatwilltranslateourplansforthelimbicsystem.Let'staketheexampleofstudents'writingessays.Theyshouldsetthemselvestargetsandwordcountsperday.Thesearethusturnedfromseeminglyendlesstasksintosomethingconcretewithmeasuredprogress.Dr.Steelrecommendssuchtechniques,or“pre－commitments”，addingthatleavingyouamonthbeforethe“deadline”makesitmorelikelyataskwillbecompleted.Thebenefitisthatyou'llavoidtheembarrassmentofnotfollowinguponsomethingpeopleareexpectingyoutodo—tellingeveryoneyouaregoingtotakeupjoggingmakesyoumorelikelytodoso.worthmakingsureyouhaveeverythinginplace.“Successfulpeopledon'tpretendtheydon'tprocrastinate，”Dr.Steelsays.“Peoplewhopretendtheyhavewillpowerarelesssuccessful.”Instead,planforprocrastination:makeyourworkenvironmentatempleofproductivitybycuttingoutwhatstopsyoupayingyourattention,soyoucanreallyfocusonmovingforward.WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutprocrastinationinParagraph1?Itissomethingmanypeoplecan'thelp.Itisanexcusepeopleoftenuseinpublic.Itiscausedbythetechnologyinpeople'slife.Itismorecommonwhenpeoplehavesmalljobstodo.InParagraph3,Dr.Steelbelievesthatpeoplewhoprocrastinateshould.attempttoovercometheirnaturaltendenciestaketheadviceofothersinthesamesituationbeawarethattheirproblemisrelativelysmallfindoutmoreaboutthewaytheymakedecisionsWhydoesDr.Steelrecommendmaking“pre－commitments”inParagraph4?Theyareanalternativetoimpossiblegoals.Theymakechallengesfeelmoremanageable.Theyareaneffectivewayofimpressingothers.Theyallowpeopletoachievetheiraimssooner.Whatdoestheauthordobysayingtheunderlinedsentence?Encouragethereadertodevelopplanseffectively.Advisethereadertodealwithcomplextasksquickly.Warnthereaderagainstspendingtoolonggettingorganized.Remindthereadertotakethetimetofocusproperlyonatask.答案与解析【语篇解读】本文属于议论文，主要介绍拖延症的影响以及处理拖延症需要注意的事项。1.答案A解析推理判断题。根据第一段中的“Procrastinating,asputtingthingsofflikethisiscalled,isinourcharacterwehavenaturallysincebirth;weavoiddullordifficultjobsuntilit'stoolatetodoanythingelse.”可知，拖延症是我们出生就在我们性格里面的东西，我们逃避一些枯燥或者困难的事情直到太晚而什么都做不了，故可知，拖延症是很多人无法摆脱的，因为天生就有，故选A项。答案A解析推理判断题。根据第三段中的"We'veevolvedtorespondtothemoment,andnottosetoursightstoofarinanuncertainworld”可知，我们已经进化到对当下做出反应，而不是把我们的目光放在一个不确定的世界里太远，故可知，要克服拖延症，还必须要克服天性，故选A项。答案B解析推理判断题。根据第四段中的"Thesearethusturnedfromseeminglyendlesstasksintosomethingconcretewithmeasuredprogress.Dr.Steelrecommendssuchtechniques,or‘pre－commitments'，addingthatleavingyouamonthbeforethe‘deadline'makesitmorelikelyataskwillbecompleted.”可知，pre-commitments就是把一些似乎无尽的任务转换成一些可以量化进步的具体事务，在截止日期前给自己一个月的时间让任务完成得可能性更高，故可知，precommitments会让自己要做的事情更可控，故选B项。4.答案C解析推理判断题。本句意思为，最终解决拖延症落实到了计划，但是如果不小心，计划本身就会成为拖延症的一种表现，故可知，要计划，计划之后要立即落实，故作者说这句话的意义在于警告计划不能太拖延，故选C项。(2019・天津模拟)AlbertEinsteinsaid,“Onlyalifelivedforothersisworthliving.”Howdoesthisjoboffersound?You'llneedtobeavailableonshortnotice,includinglateatnightandonweekends.Youcouldbeaskedtodoanythingfromhelpingatcommunityeventstorespondingtolife－threateningemergencies(sometimesputtingyourownsafetyatrisk).Thisjobalsoinvolvesalotofregulartraining.Oh,andyouwon'tbepaidforanyofthis.Wouldyoutakethejob?Thisjobmightnotnecessarilyappealtoeveryone,butifthissoundslikeanopportunityyou'deagerlyaccept,thenyou'dfitrightinwithWesternAustralia's26，000emergencyservicevolunteers.Theemergencyservicesaren'ttheonlyindustrybenefitingfromvolunteers.AcrossbothAustraliaandAmerica,betweenaquarterandhalfofthepopulationvolunteereachyearinareasincludingeducation,sports,health,religion,andsocialservices.Whatmotivatespeopletovolunteer?Yes,volunteersdon'tgetpaid.Butitdoesn'tmeanpeopledon'tgetbenefitsfromvolunteering.Indeed,researchshowstherearesignificantmentalhealthbenefitscomingwithvolunteering.Itcanbeameanstomakenewfriends,buildnewskillsortrythingsoutofyourcomfortzone.Itcanalsobeameanstohelplovedones.Acaseissomeoneclosetomewhorecentlylostherhusbandtoadisease.Whenherhusbandwasadmittedtoanursingfacility,shedecidedtovolunteerforthepatientadvocacycommittee.Shefoundgreatsupportandfeltshecouldmakeadifferenceinthelivesofthepatients.Afterherhusband'spassing,shedecidedtocontinuevolunteeringforthecommitteenotonlyasawaytoshowgratitudeforthegreatcareherhusbandreceivedbutalsobecauseshemadefriendsthere.Shefoundawaytoputhercareerskillstouseforthecommongoodandkeepactiveafterretirement.Therearecountlesswaystovolunteer.Nomatterhowyoudoit,itisdefinitelywortheveryminuteyouputintoit.Ifwearecommittedto“thisjob”describedinPara.2,wearealwaysindangeroflosingourlivesoncall24hoursaday,7daysaweekbusyprovidingfirst－aidtrainingincommunitiesgoingtoworkonweekendsandrestonweekdaysWhatdoestheauthormainlytellusinthethirdparagraph?Noteveryoneisfittobeavolunteer.Manyindustriesintheworldneedvolunteers.ManyemergencyservicesexistinWesternAustralia.ManypeopledevotethemselvestovolunteeringinAustraliaandAmerica.Wecancometotheconclusionthatvolunteering.isawin－winsituationbenefitsboththebodyandthemindspreadsquicklyamongpeopleishardtosticktowithoutrewardsTheauthor'sfriendkeptvolunteeringafterherhusband'sdeathforherinteresttolearncareerskillstostayhelpfulandrelatedtopeople

asameanstogetoverhergreatlossbecauseitwasherhusband'slastwillWhatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthispassage?Toencouragevolunteering.Toadvertiseajobopportunity.Toexpressgratitudetovolunteers.Togiveadviceonvolunteering.答案与解析文章结构】Para.「用爱因斯坦的话——貝有为别人而活的生命才有价值，引出做志愿者的话题主题：豉励人01做｛志愿者Para,2；介紹志愿者工作的性质：随叫随到■.无主题：豉励人01做｛志愿者Para.3：介绍志愿者服务的现狀；在澳大利亚和美国.许多人致力于志愿脱务Para.43介绍当志愿者的好处自.5；呼吁人们当志愿者语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述做志愿者的好处，鼓励人们做志愿者。1.答案B解析推理判断题。根据第二段中“You'llneedtobeavailableonshortnotice,includinglateatnightandonweekends.”（你需要一接到通知就得有空，包括深夜和周末。）可知，如果我们致力于第2段所述的“这项工作”，我们每周7天、每天24小时随叫随到。故选B项。2.答案D解析段落大意题。根据第三段中“AcrossbothAustraliaandAmerica,betweenaquarterandhalfofthepopulationvolunteereachyearinareasincludingeducation,sports,health,religion,andsocialservices.”（在澳大利亚和美国，每年有四分之一到一半的人口在教育、体育、健康、宗教和社会服务等领域志愿服务。）可知，在澳大利亚和美国，许多人致力于志愿服务。故选D项。3.答案A解析推理判断题。根据第四段中“Indeed,researchshowstherearesignificantmentalhealthbenefitscomingwithvolunteering.Itcanbeameanstomakenewfriends,buildnewskillsortrythingsoutofyourcomfortzone.Itcanalsobeameanstohelplovedones.（事实上，硏究表明志愿服务对心理健康有很大的好处。它可以是一种结交新朋友、培养新技能或尝试新事物的方式。它也可以是帮助所爱的人的一种方式。）”可知，当志愿者既让被帮助的人受益，又让志愿者本人受益，这是一个双赢的局面。故选A项。4.答案B解析细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中“Afterherhusband'spassing,shedecidedtocontinuevolunteeringforthecommitteenotonlyasawaytoshowgratitudeforthegreatcareherhusbandreceivedbutalsobecauseshemadefriendsthere.（在她丈夫去世后’她决定继续担任委员会的志愿者，这不仅是为了表达对她丈夫受到的极大关怀的感激之情，也是因为她在那里结交了朋友。）”可知，作者的朋友在她丈夫死后继续做志愿服务，以保持乐于助人的精神和与人们的交往。故选B项。5.答案A解析目的意图题。根据最后一段中“Therearecountlesswaystovolunteer.Nomatterhowyoudoit,itisdefinitelywortheveryminuteyouputintoit.（志愿服务有无数种方式。不管你怎么做，你投入的每一分钟都是值得的。）”可知，这篇文章的目的是“鼓励人们做志愿者”故选A项。（2019・孝义模拟）Ifyouwanttobeproductive,youmustcompletework.Almosteverythingwedohasmanystagestocompletionandinmanysituations,youdon'tactuallycreatevalueuntilyoufinishthelaststage.Farmerscan'tselltheirgrainuntilitisharvested.Automakerscan'tsellcarsthathavemadeit90%ofthewaythroughtheassemblyline（生产线）.Mostemployersaren'tgoingtopayyouforhavingadegreeunlessyoufinishedthelastclassandgraduated.Nowallthosethingsrequirestarting,butifyouhaveworkinprogress,themostvaluablethingyoucandoistopicksomethingandfinishit.Finishingiswhereyoustartbenefitingfromthevalueyou'vecreated.I'venoticedthatmanysuccessfulpeoplearen'ttheoneswhoarethesmartestorhavethebestideas.Theyareoftentheoneswhodothebestjoboftakinganideaandcompletingit.Agoodideafullycarriedoutisbetterthanagreatideathatnevergetscompleted.Doesthismeanyouneedtofinisheverythingyoustart?Notnecessarily,butifyoudon'tthinksomethingisworthfinishing,behonestwithyourselfandtERminAtetheproject.Don'tleavehundredsofhalffinishedeffortslyingaroundphysicallyormentallyactinglikeyouaregoingtocomebackandpickthemup.Ifyouneedtodropsomething,dosostrategicallyandintentionally.Ifyou'veputsignificanteffortintoaproject,youmaystillbenefitfromfinishingitevenifyouwouldn'tstartitagainbasedonchangedcircumstances.Forexample,ifyouareinyourlastfewmonthsbeforegraduatingfromcollegeandrealizeyoudon'twanttocareerinwhatyouaremajoringin,youprobablyshouldgoaheadandgraduatebecausethereissignificantvalueinhavingthedegree—evenifyoudon'tintendtoactuallyworkinthatfield.Whatprojectsdoyouhavethatarecurrentlyinprogress?Canyoufindsomethingandfinishit?Whydomanypeoplebecomesuccessfulaccordingtotheauthor?Theyarethesmartest.Theyhavethebestideas.Theystartthingssmoothly.Theymakeideasfullycompleted.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“terminate”inParagraph3mean?Develop.B.End.C.Plan.D.Support.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingisthecorrectwayofcreatingvalue?Amandecidestofinishallhestartstodo.Farmershurrytoselltheircropsbeforetheyareripe.Acollegestudentchoosestostudyuntilhegetshisdegree.Astudentkeepsahalf－filledstampalbumaroundforfutureuse.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?Finishingvs.StartingWellBegunIsHalfDonePlanningvs.PerformingD.ItIsEasierSaidthanDone答案与解析【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。文章作者主要讨论了并非所有事情开始了都需要完成。1.答案D解析细节理解题。根据文章第二段中“I'venoticedthatmanysuccessfulpeoplearen'ttheoneswhoarethesmartestorhavethebestideas.Theyareoftentheoneswhodothebestjoboftakinganideaandcompletingit.Agoodideafullycarriedoutisbetterthanagreatideathatnevergetscompleted.”可知，成功的人是那些能够把自己的好想法付诸实践并完成的人。故选D项。2.答案B解析词义猜测题。根据文章第三段中“Notnecessarily,butifyoudon'tthinksomethingisworthfinishing,behonestwithyourselfandterminatetheproject.”可知，开始了的事情未必将要全部完成。如果你认为某事不值得做，要忠实于自己，并可以终止它。故选B项。3.答案C解析细节理解题。根据文章第三段最后一句可知，除非你完成了最后一门课程并毕业，否则大多数雇主不会为你的学位支付薪水。因此大学生选择学习直到获得学位是能够创造价值的正确方式，故选项C正确。根据文章第三段前两句可知，不必完成所有开始了的事情，故选项A错误；根据文章第一段中“Farmerscan'tselltheirgrainuntilitisharvested.”可知，农民们只有等到粮食收割后才能出售他们的粮食，故选项B错误；根据文章第三段第三句可知，不要把成百上千的半途而废的工作放着，就好像你要回来把它们捡起来一样。因此选项D错误。4.答案A解析标题判断题。本文中作者主要讨论了并非所有事情开始了都需要完成。所以用标题Finishingvs.Starting。古攵选A项。（2019・衡水模拟）Atyournextmeeting,waitforapauseinconversationandtrytomeasurehowlongitlasts.AmongEnglishspeakers,chancesarethatitwillbeasecondortwoatmost.Butwhilethispatternmaybeuniversal,ourawarenessofsilencediffersdramaticallyacrosscultures.Whatonecultureconsidersaconfusingorawkwardpausemaybeseenbyothersasavaluablemomentofreflectionandasignofrespectforwhatthelastspeakerhassaid.ResearchinDutch（荷兰语）andalsoinEnglishfoundthatwhenasilenceinconversationstretchestofourseconds,peoplestarttofeeluneasy.Incontrast,aseparatestudyofbusinessmeetingsfoundthatJapanesepeoplearehappywithsilencesof8.2seconds—nearlytwiceaslongasinAmericans'meetings.InJapan,itisrecognizedthatthebestcommunicationiswhenyoudon'tspeakatall.It'salreadyafailuretounderstandeachotherbyspeakingbecauseyou'rerepairingthatfailurebyusingwords.IntheUS,itmaystartfromthehistoryofcolonial（殖民地的）Americaasacrossroadsofmanydifferentraces.Whenyouhaveacomplexofdifference,it'shardtodevelopcommonunderstandingunlessyoutalkandthere'sunderstandablyakindofanxietyunlesspeopleareverballydevotedtodevelopingacommonlife.ThisappliesalsotosomeextenttoLondon.Incontrast,whenthere'smorehomogeneity,_perhapsit'seasierforsomekindsofsilencetoappear.Forexample,amongyourclosestfriendsandfamilyit'seasiertositinsilencethanwithpeopleyou'relesswellacquaintedwith.Whichofthefollowingpeoplemighthavethelongestsilenceinconversation?TheDutch.B.Americans.C.TheEnglish.D.TheJapanese.WhatmighttheJapaneseagreewithinconversation?Speakingmoregivestheupperhand.Speakoutwhatyouhaveinyourmind.Greatmindsthinkalikewithoutwords.Theshortertalkingsilence,thebetter.Whatcanwelearnfromthetext?Afour－secondsilenceinconversationisuniversal.It'shardforAmericanstoreachacommonagreement.EnglishspeakersaremoretalkativethanJapanesespeakers.Thecloserweandourfamilyare,theeasierthesilenceappears.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“homogeneity”inthelastparagraphmean?Similarity.B.Difference.C.Diversity.D.Misunderstanding.答案与解析【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。主要讲述了谈话中的沉默文化。尽管交谈中出现停顿是普遍存在的，但我们对沉默的认识在不同的文化中有着巨大的差异。不同的文化中沉默时间不同，对于沉默的看法也不同。相比而言，亲密的朋友和家人之间更容易出现沉默。1.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第三段最后两句可知，当沉默时间到达4秒时，荷兰人和英国人就会感到不安；而日本人对于8.2秒的沉默时间感到很满意；8.2秒是美国人参加会议时能够忍受的沉默时间的两倍。故可知日本人可能在谈话中有最长沉默时间。故选D项。2.答案C解析推理判断题。根据第四段首句“InJapan,itisrecognizedthatthebestcommunicationiswhenyoudon'tspeakatall.”可知，在日本，一般认为最好的交流是一句话都不说的时候。因此推断日本人认为“伟大的心灵，无言而思”。故选C项。3.答案D解析推理判断题。根据文章最后一句'Forexample,amongyourclosestfriendsandfamilyit'seasiertositinsilencethanwithpeopleyou'relesswellacquaintedwith.”可知/亲密的人之间更容易出现沉默，因此我们和家人越亲密，沉默越容易出现。故选D项。4.答案A解析词义猜测题。根据下文的举例可知，越亲密的人，越容易出现沉默，因此推断画线句句意是：相比而言，当有更多相似时，也许沉默更容易出现。故画线词意思与similarity意义相近。故选A项。第二组（2019・长沙模拟）Thevaluesofartisticworks,accordingtoculturalrelativism（相对主义）,aresimplyreflectionsoflocalsocialandeconomicconditions.Suchaview,however,failstoexplaintheabilityofsomeworksofarttoexcitethehumanmindacrossculturesandthroughcenturies.HistoryhaswitnessedtheendlessproductionsofShakespeareanplaysineverymajorlanguageoftheworld.ItisneverraretofindthatMozartpacksJapaneseconcerthalls,asJapanesepainterHiroshigedoesParisgalleries.Uniqueworksofthiskindaredifferentfromtoday'spopularart,eveniftheybeganasworksofpopularart.Theyhavesetthemselvesapartintheirtimelessappealandwillprobablybeenjoyedforcenturiesintothefuture.Ina1757essay,thephilosopherDavidHumearguedthatbecause“thegeneralprinciplesoftasteareuniform（不变的）inhumannature，”thevalueofsomeworksofartmightbeessentiallypermanent.HeobservedthatHomerwasstilladmiredaftertwothousandyears.Worksofthistype,hebelieved,spoketodeepandunvaryingfeaturesofhumannatureandcouldcontinuetoexistovercenturies.Nowresearchersareapplyingscientificmethodstothestudyoftheuniversalityofart.Forexample,evolutionarypsychologyisbeingusedbyliteraryscholarstoexplainthelong－lastingthemesandplotdevicesinfiction.Thestructuresofmusicalpiecesarenowopentoexperimentalanalysisasneverbefore.Researchfindingsseemtoindicatethatthecreationbyagreatartistisaspermanentanachievementasthediscoverybyagreatscientist.Accordingtothepassage,whatdoweknowaboutculturalrelativism?Itintroducesdifferentculturalvalues.Itexplainsthehistoryofartisticworks.Itrelatesartisticvaluestolocalconditions.Itexcitesthehumanmindthroughouttheworld.InParagraph2,theartistsarementionedinordertoshowthatgreatworksofartcangobeyondnationalboundarieshistorygivesartworksspecialappealtosetthemapartpopularartsarehardlydistinguishablefromgreatartsD.greatartistsareskilledatcombiningvariousculturesAccordingtoHume,someworksofartcanexistforcenturiesbecause.theyareresultsofscientificstudytheyestablishsomegeneralprinciplesofarttheyarecreatedbytheworld'sgreatestartiststheyappealtounchangingfeaturesofhumannatureWhichofthefollowingcanbestserveasthetitleofthepassage?ArePopularArtsPermanent?AreArtisticValuesUniversal?IsHumanNatureUniform?IsCulturalRelativismScientific?答案与解析【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。主要讨论了艺术价值是否是普遍的这个问题。1.答案C解析细节理解题。根据第一段中“Thevaluesofartisticworks,accordingtoculturalrelativism（相对主义）,aresimplyreflectionsoflocalsocialandeconomicconditions.”可知，文化相对主义把艺术价值与当地条件联系起来。故选C项。2.答案A解析推理判断题。根据第一段末的“Suchaview,however,failstoexplaintheabilityofsomeworksofarttoexcitethehumanmindacrossculturesandthroughcenturies.”可知“文化相对主义把艺术价值与当地条件联系起来”这样的观点是无法解释某些艺术作品在不同文化和几个世纪中都有着激发人类心灵的能力的。可以推断出在第二段出现这些伟大的艺术家，就是为了说明这些至今还在全世界流行的伟大的艺术作品可以超越时间和国界。下文的例子就是对上文观点的解释。故选A项。3.答案D解析细节理解题。根据第三段中的“Ina1757essay,thephilosopherDavidHumearguedthatbecause‘thegeneralprinciplesoftasteareuniform（不变的）inhumannature，'thevalueofsomeworksofartmightbeessentiallypermanent.”可知Hume认为，一些艺术作品可以存在几个世纪，是因为他们反映了人性不变的特征。故选D项。4.答案B解析标题归纳题。本文主要讨论了艺术价值是否是普遍的这个问题。特别在文章最后也进行了点题“Nowresearchersareapplyingscientificmethodstothestudyoftheuniversalityofart.”，由此可知本文最佳标题，故选B项。（2019•重庆模拟）Inmanycountries,authorityisseldomquestioned,eitherbecauseitishighlyrespected,orbecauseitisfeared.Becauserankhasbeenimportantincertainsocietiesforalongtime,peoplehavebeentrainednevertoquestionthoseinauthority.Forexample,childrenarenotexpectedtoquestiontheirteachersinschool.Itmaybeconsideredimproperforyoungbusinessmentosuggestideasthatdifferfromthoseofolder,moreexperiencedmembersofthebusiness.Inothercountries,includingAmerica,childrenaretrainedtoquestionandsearchforanswers.Whenachildasksaquestion,hewilloftenbetoldtogotothelibraryandfindtheanswerforhimself.Bythetimestudentsreachtheageof14or15,theymaybedevelopingexcitingnewideasinallfieldsofscienceandarts.Toencouragesuchcreativity,therearemanynationalprizesofferedtostudentseveryyearfortheirscientificdiscoveriesandartisticaccomplishments.Thisinterestinquestioningandsearchingmaybeconsideredbysomepeopleasbadforyoungpeople'smanners,thatyoungpeoplelackrespectforauthority.ThisimpressionmaybecreatedwhenvisitorsnoticeyoungAmericansaskingquestionsandarguingwitholderpeople.However,thisisbecausemanyAmericanshaveadifferentattitudetowardauthoritythanmayexistinotherareasoftheworld.Inaworkorbusinesssituation,ideasarefreelyandopenlydiscussedandargued.Itisimportanttorememberthatitistheperson'sideasthatarebeingquestioned,nottheindividualhimself.Thetwoarequiteseparate.Thepurposeofthesearching,questioning,andarguingistofindthefactsinaparticularsituation,andthereforeasolution,sothattheworkofthebusinesscanprogressinthemosteffectivemannerpossible.Aswasmentionedearlier,youmaynoticethesamequestioninginsocialconversations.AlthoughsomeindividualmaythinkthatAmericansarerudebecauseofthedirectmannerwithpeople,theyaremerelytryingtolearnmoreaboutyourideas.InmanycountriesauthorityisseldomquestionedforthefollowingreasonsEXCEPTthat.peopleshowgreatrespectforitpeopleareafraidofitpeopledon'tcareaboutitpeoplearenottrainedtoquestionthoseinauthorityNationalprizesareofferedtostudentsinAmericaeveryyearbecause.thestudentsofthisageareverycuriousthestudentsoftengotothelibraryandfindtheanswertoaquestionforthemselvesthestudentsmaybedevelopingexcitingnewideasinallfieldsofscienceandartsthestudentsareencouragedtodeveloptheircreativityFromthetextwecaninferthat.youngpeoplelackrespectforauthorityinAmericawhatmattersisthatthequestioningofauthorityleadstoaneffectivesolutionquestioningapersonisimpoliteandhisideasaswellAmericanyoungpeoplealwaysgivetheimpressionofbeingrudetoothersWhatispossiblythebesttitleofthetext?DevelopingtheQualityofQuestioningRudeorHonest？—TrueAmericansQuestioningtheAuthorityIsImpoliteBadMannersorGoodWays答案与解析【语篇解读】这是一篇议论文。文章说明了在许多国家，权威很少受到质疑，要么是因为它受到高度尊重，要么是因为它令人畏惧。但是，对权威的质疑有时会有助于有效的解决方案。因此本文倡导质疑品质的发展。1.答案C解析细节理解题。该题适宜用排除法来解答。根据第一段可知，在许多国家，权威很少受到质疑，要么是因为它受到高度尊重，要么是因为它令人畏惧。因为长期以来，等级在某些社会中一直很重要，人们也从来没有学过去质疑这些权威的东西。因此排除A、B、D三项，故选C项。2.答案D解析细节理解题。答案定位在第二段中“Toencouragesuchcreativity,therearemanynationalprizesofferedtostudentseveryyearfortheirscientificdiscoveriesandartisticaccomplishments.”可知在美国，每年提供给学生们国家奖项是因为学生们被鼓励发展他们的创造力，故选D项。3.答案B解析推理判断题。答案定位在倒数第二段中“Thepurposeofthesearching,questioning,andarguingistofindthefactsinaparticularsituation,andthereforeasolution,sothattheworkofthebusinesscanprogressinthemosteffectivemannerpossible.”可推知，重要的是，对权威的质疑导致了有效的解决方案，故选B项。4.答案A解析标题判断题。通过阅读文章，可知这篇文章主要讲了探究、质疑和争论的目的是在特定的情况下发现事实，即本文倡导质疑品质的发展。故选A项。（2019・天津模拟）InsomeislandsnorthofScotland,ifheadlice（头虱）lefttheirhost,hebecamesickandfeverish.Therefore,sickpeoplehadliceputintheirhairintentionally.Therewasamethodintheirmadness:Assoonasthelicehadsettledinagain,thepatientimproved.Thestoryexplainstheconfusionofcauseandeffect.Iftheliceleavethesickhost,itisbecausehehasafeverandtheysimplygethotfeet,andwhenthefeverbreaks,theyreturn.Suchfalsecausality（假因果关系）misleadsuseveryday.Considertheheadline:“Fact:WomenWhoUseShampooXYZEveryDayHaveStrongerHair.”Itsaysverylittle—leastofall,thattheshampoomakesyourhairstronger.Itmightsimplybetheotherwayround:WomenwithstronghairtendtouseShampooXYZ—andperhapsthat'sbecauseitsays“especiallyforthickhair”onthebottle.Anotherexample:Scientistsfoundthatlongperiodsinthehospitaldidharmtopatients.But,clearly,patientswhoaredismissedimmediatelyarehealthierthanthosewhomuststayonfortreatment.RecentlyIreadthatstudentsgetbettergradesatschooliftheirhomescontainmanybooks.Thisstudywassurelya_shot_in_the_armforbooksellers,butitwasalsofalsecausality.Thissimpletruthisthateducatedparentstendtovaluetheirchildren'seducationmorethanuneducatedonesdo,andtheyoftenhavemorebooksathome.Inshort,adust－coveredcopyWarandPeacealoneisn'tgoingtoinfluenceanyone'sgrades;whatcountsisparents'educationlevels,aswellastheirgenes.Therewasalsothesupposedrelationshipbetweenthebirthrateandthenumbersofstork（鹳）pairsinGermany.Bothwereindecline,andifyouplot（描绘）themonagraph（曲线图）,thetwolinesofdevelopmentfrom1965to1987appearedalmostthesame.Doesthismeanthestorksactuallybringbabies?Obviouslynot.Thiswasapurelyaccidentalconnection.Inconclusion:Connectionisnotcausality.Takeacloserlookatlinkedevents:Sometimeswhatispresentedasthecauseturnsouttobetheeffect,orjusttheotherwayround,andsometimesthereisnolinkatall—justlikewithstorksandbabies.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,peopleinsomeislandsnorthofScotland.foundawaytogetridofheadliceusedaneffectivemethodtokeepfitmadeheadliceapartoftheirlifediedduetoinfectionswithheadliceWhichisanexampleoffalsecausality?Womenwithstronghairtendtouseacertainshampoo.Thebirthrateandthestorkpopulationareconnected.Longerperiodsinthehospitalbenefitpatients.Licecanmakeapersonsickandfeverish.Theunderlinedphrase“ashotinthearm”inParagraph4meanspainB.defeatC.guidanceD.encouragementAccordingtotheauthor,studentsgetbettergradesprobablybecause.theirhomesarefullofbookstheyhavereadWarandPeacetheireducatedparentsvalueeducationtheirparentsaresuccessfulbooksellersWecandrawtheconclusionfromthepassagethat.connectionsarepureaccidentscauseandeffectareinterdependentconnectionsaremostlycauseandeffectlinkedeventsmayturnouttobeunrelated答案与解析【文章结构】【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文。这篇文章论述的是生活中存在一些假的因果关系。两者之间有联系不意味着是因果关系，关联的事件也可能是不相关的。1.答案C解析细节理解题。根据第一段中“InsomeislandsnorthofScotland,ifheadlice（头虱）lefttheirhost,hebecamesickandfeverish.Therefore,sickpeoplehadliceputintheirhairintentionally.（在苏格兰北部的一些岛屿上，如果头虱离开宿主，他就会生病发烧。因此，病人故意把虱子放在头发里。）”可知，在苏格兰北部的一些岛屿上，人们把头虱作为生活的一部分。故选C项。2.答案B解析细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“Therewasalsothesupposedrelationshipbetweenthebirthrateandthenumbersofstork（鹳）pairsinGermany.（在德国，婴儿的出生率和鹳的数量之间也存在假定的关系。）”可知，“出生率和鹳的数量是相关的。”是错误的因果关系。故选B项。3.答案D解析词义猜测题。根据第四段第一句“RecentlyIreadthatstudentsgetbettergradesatschooliftheirhomescontainmanybooks.（最近我读到，如果学生的家里有很多书，他们在学校的成绩会更好。）”可知，这个研究对书商是一种“鼓励”，所以划线词的意思是“鼓励”。故选D项。4.答案C解析推理判断题。根据第四段中“Thissimpletruthisthateducatedparentstendtovaluetheirchildren'seducationmorethanuneducatedonesdo（这个简单的事实是，受过教育的父母往往比没有受过教育的父母更重视孩子的教育）”可知，根据作者的观点，学生取得更好的成绩可能是因为他们受过教育的父母重视教育。故选C项。5.答案D解析推理判断题。根据最后一段可知，联系不是因果关系。仔细观察一下关联事件：“有时候，作为原因出现的却是结果，或者正好相反，有时候根本没有关联——就像鹤和婴儿。”因此，我们可以从这篇文章中得出结论，关联的事件可能是不相关的。故选D项。（2019・云南模拟）Forcenturies,peoplehavetriedtoinventaperfectuniversalwrittenlanguageandChinesehasactuallybeenconsideredbefore.FrancisBaconusedtoassumethatalanguagelikeChineseanditswritingsystemwouldhavequalifie