泛读教程四unit3Globalization电子版

Unit3WordPretest:Foreachitalicizedwordorphrase,choosethebestmeaningbelow.1.Thecollectionischaracterizedbyélangeofboldgraphics,statementsandexoticIndianmotifsthatarebothclassicandcontemporary.A.styleB.featureC.mixtureD.separation2.Theweatheristobeconsidered.A.somethingthatissubjecttochangeB.somethingofgreatimportanceC.keypointD.necessity3.You'llbebiasedtoputextraweightonthecasesthatsupportyourtheoryanddiminishthecasesit.A.proveB.disapproveC.violateD.maintain4.Lastweekthegovernmentunveiledamediasectorreviewintendedabitmorecompetition.A.abolishB.destroyC.gobeyondD.engender5.Theirlatestcomputeroutstripsallitsrivals.A.surpassesB.defeatsC.followsD.modifies6.Allthechildrenarelumpedtogetherinoneclass,regardlessoftheirability.A.takencareofB.watchedoverC.puttogetherD.broughtup7.Asajournalist,sherefusesovertheirfaultsorsilencetheircritics.A.setupB.takeoverC.coverupD.getover8.Wecanforeseeaintheglobalmarketinthe21stcentury.A.patternB.problemC.scenarioD.prospect9.Thiskindofcostsyouinmorewaysthanyoumightthink.A.tendingtofollowfashionB.tendingtodomuchexerciseC.tendingtositD.tendingtomoveabout10.Lackoftimeprecludesanyfurtherdiscussion.A.speedsupB.slowsdownC.includesD.excludesGlobalMlangeGlobalizationandcultureisnotaninnocenttheme.Theinterveningvariableinmostaccountsismodernity.Threevectors—globalization,modernity,culture—cometogetherinapackagewithmodernizationasthedecidingvariable.Modernityisalsoapolite,sociologicalwayofsayingcapitalism.ThesociologistsAxfordandTomlinson,amongothers,strugglewiththisquestionandintheendtiptoeovertothesideofmodernityshapingculturaldynamics.It'sdifficulttoarguewiththecombinedpowerofmodernityandcapitalism,withtechnologyandeconomicsontheirside,andtherefore,itseems,globalwinsoutfromlocalculture.Yetonewonderswhethertheseaccountsareactuallyaboutcultureoraboutpower.Myreadingoftrendspastandcurrentrunsquitedifferently.First,theconventionalaccountthat"theriseoftheWest"spawnedanintegratedworldeconomy,modernity,andcapitalismhasbeenrefutedbyradicallydifferentaccounts.Anintegratedworldeconomy—itmaybetermedanAfro-EurasianeconomypredatestheriseoftheWestbyseveralcenturies.AtthecoreofthisworldeconomywereChinaandIndia,withEuropeattheouterrim.Inthecoreregions,sprawlingoutwardtoWestAsia,theOttomanEmpire,andPersia,ratesofpopulationgrowth,urbanization,industrialandagriculturalproductivity,infrastructures,andinstitutionsofcommerce,alloutstrippedthosethatexistedinEuropeatthetime,andcontinuedtodosountiltheearlynineteenthcentury.Accordingly,thegroundworkformodernityandcapitalismliesintheseregions,notinEurope.AnthonyKingargues,withampleirony,thatincolonialcitiespostmodernidentitiesprecededthedevelopmentofmodernityinEurope.WecanaddthatmodernconditionsprevailedintheurbancentersofIndiaandChinabeforetheyemergedinEurope.ThismakesdeadwoodoftheusualoccidentalstoriesofMarx(Asianmodeofproduction),Weber(Protestantethic),andWallerstein(modernworldsystem).Asalate-comerEuropewasanimporterofculturalandothergoods,whichshowsinthemlangecharacterofearlyEuropeanculture.Second,both"modernity"and"capitalism"arelumpingconceptsthatneedtobeunpacked.Modernsociologyisgraduallygivingwaytosociologyofmodernityandnexttoanthropologyofmodernity.Intheprocess,modernityyieldstomodernitiesandbythesametoken,anthropologicalanglesonmodernizationcomeintotheirownininterpretinglocalchanges."Modernityviewedthroughtheprismofthelocal"yieldsunexpectedoutcomes.Developmentasmodernization=westernizationisapassedstation.NowcountrieswithadecadeandmoreofgrowthrateshigherthanintheWesthavebeenspawningnewmodernities.Whatisthecharacterandoutlookofthesenew,élangemodernities?Globalization,increasedcommunication,andmobilitygenerallycreateopportunitiesfornewcombinationsbetween"traditional"and"modern"practices,forinstancenovelformsofcooperationbetweenlocalandinternationalNGOsand"traditional"organizations.Likewisecapitalismyieldsunexpectedfaceswhenviewedthroughanethnographiclens.It'snotjustthatcapitalismshapesculturebutcapitalismisembeddedinculture:capitalismisaculturalrendezvous.Capitalismsplural,forvariousreasons,then,isamoreproductiveanglethancapitalismsingular.Itisagainstthisbackdropthathybridityhasgraduallybecomeanincreasinglyprominentnarrativeandanewconventionininterpretinglocalchanges,pastandpresent.AsWalterAndersonnotes,"Symbolsofallkindshavedetachedthemselvesfromtheiroriginalrootsandfloatfreely,likedandelionseeds,aroundtheworld".Andsothelistofhybriditiesgoesonandon:"Klezmerflamenco,Japanesesalsa,Frenchbluegrass,GermanIndians".Iwouldmakeadditionalpoints:bricolagedoesn'tjustapplytosymbolsbutalsotostructuresandinstitutions;andwhilemixinghasacceleratedinrecenttimesitisasoldasthehills,sotherootsthemselvesaremixed.andcosmopolitanism,then,isnotmerelyapreciouseliteexperiencebutacollectiveconditionandexperience.Globalmlangeoesnotmerelyfollowbutalsoprecedesnations.Welivelivesofeverydaycosmopolitanismalready.TheLatinowriterRichardRodrigueztakesthisalittleforward:"We'relookingatsuchenormouscomplexityandvarietythatitmakesamockeryof'celebratingdiversity.'...Diversityisgoingtobeafundamentalpartofourlives.That'swhatit'sgoingtomeantobemodern."Whatdoeshybriditymeaninsettingsofpolarizationandconflict?NiruRatnamasks,"CanhybridityevenbegintodealwithissuessuchastheLawrencemurder?"andobserves,"HybridityissimplynotthelanguageofEltham,SouthLondon."Doesthismean,ontheotherhand,thatoneshouldglossovertheincreasinglycomplexmeaningsofwhatitmeanstobeBritishorignorethegrowingnumberofmixedmarriagesinEnglandandthecomplexbiographiesthatthisgivesriseto?Polarizationmeansthesuppressionofthemiddleground,butdoessuppressionmeanthatthemiddlegrounddoesnotexist?Whatofhybridityamidtheworld'smostchronicconflictzone,theborderlandsofIsraelandPalestine?Doesrecognizingthisconflictdraggingonandonmeanignoringmultipleidentitiesoneitherside,thecomplexidentityofArabIsraelis,andthebackdropoftheLevantonbothsidesoftheborder?Thenationstatebondsthathaveexertedsuchgreatinfluencegrewoutofsedentaryexperiences,agriculture,urbanism,andthenindustryasanchorsofthenationaleconomy.Thenation-stateinheritedolderterritorialimperatives,and"nationalinterest"translatedthemintogeopoliticalandgeostrategicnichesandprojects.Togethertheymakeuparealestatevisionofhistory.DeleuzeandGuattaridistinguishbetweensedentarismandnomadismasparadigmsofperception.Themomentweshiftlensesfromsedentarytomobilecategoriesthewholeenvironmentandthehorizonchange:hunting,nomadicpastoralism,fishing,trade,transnationalenterprise,andhyperspaceallhavedeterritorializationbuiltin.Whyshouldidentitybecenteredonsedentaryratherthanmobilecategoriesifmobilitydefinesthespeciesasmuchassettlementdoes?Whyshouldanalysisprivilegerealestateratherthanmobility?Overtime,inviewofchangingtechnologies,wemayexpectmobilitytobecomeassalientasormoresalientthansedentarism.Crossborderactivitiesareontherise;borderconflictswillremain,butwilltheybetheoverall,definingdynamic?Futuresalsobelongtothelonguedure,soevolutionaryperspectivesonworldhistoryandpoliticsarerelevant.Butfuturesaremortgaged.ThustheMexicanphilosopherJosVasconcelosanticipatesafutureplanetaryhumanblend,aCosmicRace,butindoingsoreproducestheoldpreoccupationwith"race".AnothermisperceptionthatIhavesoughttoavoidordispelinthisaccountisthat"culture"isararefied,separatedomain,somewhereonthesoftsideofthehardrealitiesofeconomicsandpolitics.CultureisnotjustanafternoonspentintheLouvreoraneveningintheScalaofMilanortheHardRockCaf,butisalsoanafternoonpatrollingHebron.Cultureisgeneralhumansoftware—andnoneoftheworld'shardenterprisesfunctionswithoutsoftware.Desiresandgoals,andmethodsandexpectationsinachievinggoals,areallofaculturalnature.Poweritselfisaculturaldream."Oftheinfinitedesiresofman,"notesthephilosopherBertrandRussell,"thechiefarethedesiresforpowerandglory".Withconstructivisminsocialsciencecomesthesocialrealitiesandboundariesaresociallyconstructed.Discourseanalysismakesthesamepoint.Thisplaces"culture"inthecenterofsocialscience.Itisbyvirtueofparticularculturalunderstandingsofnationhoodthatboundariesendupwheretheydo.Powerfulinterestsareinvestedinboundariesandborders,affectingthefateofclasses,ethnicgroups,elites;whilebordersandboundariesareafunctionofdifferentialsofpower,theyaresocialconstructionsthatareembeddedandencodedinculturalclaims.Thedistinction,then,doesnotrunbetweenconflictandculture,forconflictitselfisaculturalexercise.Domesticpoliticsisconductedthroughpoliticsofculturaldifferencesandsoisinternationalpolitics.Thisiswhatisatstakeindiscussionsofculture.Sincecultureisabattleground,hybridityisamatterofmappingno-man's-land.Hybriditydoesnotprecludestrugglebutyieldsamultifocalviewonstruggleand,byshowingmultipleidentityonbothsides,transcendsthe"usversusthem"dualismthatprevailsinculturalandpoliticalarenas.Circletheletterofthebestanswer.1.Inmostaccountsofglobalizationandculture,__________isthedecisivevariable.A.cultureB.technologyC.globalizationD.modernity2.Accordingtotheauthor'sreadingoftrendspastandcurrent,thereexistedanintegratedworldeconomy__________.A.withthespreadingofmodernizationB.withEuropeasitscoreC.longbeforetheriseoftheWestD.shortlyafteranAfro-Eurasianeconomywassurpassed3.ThereasonforthemlangecharacterofearlyEuropeancultureisthat__________.A.EuropewasanimporterofculturalandothergoodsB.theWesternmodeldidnotworkinEuropeC.Westernculturecannotco-existwithotherlocalculturesD.Europerefusedtodevelopitsownculture4.Toviewmodernitythroughtheprismofthelocal,onefindsthat__________.A.itishardtopredictwhatwillhappentomodernizationB.thereisnootheravailableaccountofthetermC.modernization=westernizationisnolongeracceptableD.capitalismremainsinitssingularform5.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueabouthybridity?A.Culturalélangeisnotmerelyapreciouseliteexperiencebutacollectiveconditionandexperience.B.Globalélangedoesnotmerelyfollowbutprecedesnations.C.Polarizationandconflictaresomethinginevitable.D.Diversityisgoingtobeafundamentalpartofourlives.6.Accordingtotheauthor,thenation-statebondsgrewoutofthefollowingEXCEPTfor__________.A.sedentaryexperiencesB.agricultureC.huntingD.nationalindustry7.TheideathatcultureisalsoanafternoonpatrollingHebron,thelargestcityintheWestBank,suggeststhat__________.A.cultureisonthesoftsideofthehardrealitiesofeconomicsandpoliticsB.culturemeansvisitingartmuseumssuchasLouvreandgoingtooperahousessuchastheScalaofMilanC.culturehassomethingtodowiththeworld'shardenterprisesD.cultureisararefied,separatedomain8.WecaninferallofthefollowingfromthelastparagraphEXCEPT__________.A.particularculturalunderstandingsdefinebordersandboundariesB.constructivisminsocialscience,aswellasdiscourseanalysis,makesonerealizethatsocialrealitiesandboundariesaresociallyconstructedC.bothdomesticandinternationalpoliticsareoperatedthroughpoliticsofculturaldifferencesD.the"usversusthem"dualismshouldprevailinculturalandpoliticalarenasCompletethefollowingsentenceswiththeappropriateidiomaticexpressionswhicharerelatedtotheideaofRESPONSIBILITY.faceuptosomethingpointone'sfingeratsomeoneleavesomeonehighanddryshouldertheresponsibilitypassthebuckwormoutofsomething1.Polly.Sheagreedtobeourtreasurer,andthenshesuddenlyresignedwithnobodytoreplaceher.2.Patalwaysthings.Shenevertriestoavoidwhatisunpleasant.3.Jackalways.Healwaysblamessomeoneelsewhenthingsgowrong.4.Mary.Youcanalwaysdependonher.5.Paulistryingtoit.Hesaidhewoulddoit,andnowhesayshecannotbecausehehastoomanyotherthingstodo.6.Tomalwayssomeoneelse.Henevertakestheblameforanythinghedoes.Choosethewordorexpressionthatcorrectlycompletesthesentence.1.Heispleadingwithusto__________him.A.provideB.persistC.insistD.assist2.Itcanbeveryprofitableto__________thewasteleftbythefactory.A.exploreB.exploitC.exposeD.exhaust3.Internettechnologywill__________tremendouschangesinallfields.A.bringaroundB.bringoutC.bringaboutD.bringup4.The__________structureofthebookisoutlinedinthenextparagraph.A.generousB.particularC.overallD.considerable5.Atpresent,wecannotfindany__________evidencetoaccusehimguilty.A.smoothB.hardC.firmD.indefinite6.Myplantsalwayslookbrown.Maybetheyaretoo__________tothesunshine.A.sensitiveB.sensationalC.sensibleD.sentimental7.Adolescenceisaperiodof__________fromchildtoadult.A.transmissionB.transitionC.transactionD.transplantation8.Mr.Smithjustacceptedaspeaking__________inanotherschool.Hewillnotbeabletocometotheparty.A.engagementB.interactionC.affectionDmunication9.Thecompanywilltakehalfoftheprofit,andtherestisathis__________.A.dismissalB.disposal