名词、代词、动词课件-高考英语复习

名词、代词、动词GuessThisisanoutbreakofdiseasethatstartedinWuHan,oneofthecentralChinesecities.It'scausedbyanovelcoronavirusthatmeansit'sbrand-new.Sonewthatactuallyitdoesn'thaveanameyet.This

isanoutbreakofdisease

that

startedinWuHan,oneofthecentralChinesecities.It'scausedbyanovelcoronavirus

that

meansit'sbrand-new.Sonewthatactuallyitdoesn'thaveanameyet.名词英语中词的分类:实词和虚词实词有：名词、代词、动词、形容词、副词、数词虚词有：介词、连词、冠词名词：用来表示人或物的名称的词叫名词名词分类：可数名词、不可数名词考点一

可数名词一、名词的数1.名词复数形式的规则变化一般在名词词尾加-sgirl—girls女孩book—books书籍以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的名词词尾加-esbrush—brushes刷子bench—benches长凳以“辅音字母+y”结尾的词,改y为i,再加-escity—cities城市lady—ladies女士部分以-f、-fe结尾的词,将f或fe改为v,再加-esthief—thieves小偷wife—wives妻子其他以-f结尾的词直接加-sgulf—gulfs海湾cliff—cliffs悬崖以“元音字母+o”结尾的词,一般加-sradio—radios收音机zoo—zoos动物园以“辅音字母+o”结尾的词,一般加-eshero—heroes英雄potato—potatoes土豆以-th结尾的名词,加-sbath—baths洗澡month—months月份2.名词复数形式的不规则变化单复数同形Chinese中国人(其他以-ese结尾的表示某国人的名词均类似);Swiss瑞士人;deer鹿;means手段、方式;sheep绵羊;spacecraft宇宙飞船;air-craft航空器/飞机;series—series一系列;species—species种类/物种特殊变化的复数形式analysis—analyses分析;basis—bases基础;child—children小孩;foot—feet脚;goose—geese鹅;man—men男人;mouse—mice老鼠;ox—oxen公牛,牛;phenomenon—phenomena现象;policeman—police-men警察;tooth—teeth牙;woman—women妇女有些名词有两种复数形式penny便士—pennies(硬币)/pence(钱数);fish—fish/fishes3、不可数名词定义：不可数名词是不能够用数、而是用量词来计算的名词watermilkfoodworkmoneyhomeworkfunweathermusichealthluckadvicebaggagechangefurniturehairknowledgeinformationprogress代词用法考点二

代词一、人称代词、物主代词、反身代词的构成人称代词种类第一人称第二人称第三人称单数复数单数复数单数复数阳性阴性中性人称代

词主格Iweyouyouhesheitthey人称代

词宾格meusyouyouhimheritthem数形容词性物主代词myouryouryourhisheritstheir名词性物主代词mineoursyoursyourshishers

theirs反身代词my-selfour-selvesyour-selfyour-selveshim-selfher-selfitselfthem-

selves二、指示代词this,that,these,those的用法this/these一般指时空上较近的人或物(近指),that/those常指时空上较远的人或物(远指),在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语等。(1)Thisbuildingwasbuiltlastyear;thatonewasbuiltmanyyearsago.这座建筑物是去年建的,那座是很多年前建的。代词指代例句it指代前面提到的同一个事物Ican'tfindmybike.Idon'tknowwhereIhaveputit.注意：it,one,ones,theone,theones/those(指示代词)和that(指示代词)的区别onea/an+单数名词Wehavevarioussummercampsforyourholidays.Youcanchooseonebasedonyourowninterests.ones零冠词+复数名词Mr.Zhanggavememanyvalu-ablepresents,onesthatIhadneverseen.theonethe+单数名词Thebookonthedeskisbetterthantheoneunderthedesk.theones/thosethe+复数名词Thebooksonthedeskarebetterthantheones/thoseunderthedesk.that1.the+单数名词2.不可数名词(尤其是有后置定语时)Littlejoycanequalthatofasur-prisingendingwhenyoureadstories.三、相互代词another,other、theother、others的用法相互代词表示相互关系,它所指代的名词或代词必须是两个或者两个以上,在句中可作宾语、定语等。①Ihavetwobooks:oneisEnglish,andtheotheroneisFrench.②Medicalobservationneedsfourteendays,thenanotherfourteendays.③Amongthosewhohavedied,somesufferedfromheartdisease,otherscancel.四、不定代词的用法不定代词是不指明代替任何特定名词或形容词的代词,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语等。不定代词主要有:all,each,every,both,either,neither,one,none,little,few,many,much,other,another,some,any,no以及

some,any,no,every和-thing,-one,-body等构成的复合不定代词不定代词考点：形容词的位置；定义从句关系词词义指代

都任何一个都不两个人或物botheitherneither三个或三个以上的人或物;不可数名词allanynoneboth,all,either,any,neither,none的区别五、疑问代词定义：用来表达疑问句或构成疑问句的代词叫疑问代词疑问代词有：whowhichwhatwhosewhom(1)Whoshouldberesponsiblefortheoutbreakofthedisease?(2)Whatarethesymptoms?疑问副词(3)Wherehavecasesbeenconfirmedsofar?(4)Howseriousisthisoutbreakcomparedtoothersinthepast?动词用法动词的分类一、系动词:用来连接主语和表语,与表语构成“系表结构”。分类例词例句“状态”类beHeisagoodman.他是个好人。“持续”类keep,last,remain,stay,lie,standIhopeyoukeepwell.我希望你保持健康。Theworkremainsunfinished.该工作尚未完成。“似乎”类seem,appearItappearsthathelikestheopera.

他似乎喜欢戏剧。“感官”类look,smell,taste,feel,soundHelooksnervousandapologetic.

他看上去很紧张且有歉意。“变成”类become,grow,go,get,turn,come,fallHebecamefamousasateacher.

他作为一名老师而出名。“证明”类prove,turnoutThedictionaryprovesveryuse-ful.这本词典证明非常有用。分类功能be帮助现在分词构成现在进行时(be+doing)帮助过去分词构成被动语态(be+done)betododo,does,did帮助动词原形构成疑问句、否定句帮助动词原形构成强调句用来替代动词have/has/had构成完成体(have/has/haddone)或完成进行体(have/has/hadwill,shall/would,should帮助动词原形构成一般将来时或过去将来时二、助动词分类用法句型、例词及物动词可直接加宾语及物动词+宾语及物动词+双宾语及物动词+宾语+宾补不及物动词不可直接加宾语die,occur,happen(发生),come等延续性动词动作可持续write,work,carry,repair,live,

study等非延续性动词动作不可持续stop,die,arrive等三、实义动词：具有实际行为或动作的动词实义动词的考点一：动词的第三人称形式情况规则例词一般情况加-seat→eats,rise→rises以s,sh,ch,x,o,z结尾的动词加-esdiscuss→discussesteach→teacheswatch---watchesfix---fixesgo--goesdo--doesclose-closes以辅音字母加y结尾的动词变y为i再加-escarry→carriesfly→fliesstudy-studiesworry--worries情况规则例词一般情况加-edpack→packedpass-passed以辅音字母加y结尾的动词变y为-iedcarry→carriedtry-triedempty--emptied以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词双写辅音字母加-edplan→planned(见下页说明）以不发音的e结尾的动词直接加-dlike→likedprovide→provided实义动词的考点二：动词的过去式、过去分词构成词汇表中双写最后一个辅音字母+ed的单词有

admitpermitregretchatrotspotfitquitinferreferpreferoccurclapdipdropequipshipshopskipsteptapbegdraghugjogpinplanscanskinnodrobsobcontrol注意：(1)以下单词是直接加edannoybetraydestroyemployenjoystayplay(2)以y结尾的不规则变化词

fly--flew--flownsay--said--saidpay-paid-paid情况规则例词一般情况加-ingtry→tryinggo-going以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词双写辅音字母加-ingregret→regrettingban→banning以不发音的e结尾的动词去掉e,加-inghate→hatingdate→dating实义动词的考点三：动词的现在分词和动名词词汇表中双写最后一个辅音字母+ing的单词有

beginbidcutdigfitforgetgethitletputrunsetshutsitslipspitsplitswimwinshop注意：(1)以ie结尾，变ie为y再加--ingdie--dyinglie--lyingtie---tying(2)以e结尾，直接加--ingsee--seeingflee---fleeing(3)没有进行时的动词

hatelovenoticepleaselikedare4.情态动词1.情态动词的类型(1)只作情态动词的有:must,can(could),may(might),oughtto(2)可作情态动词也可作实义动词的有:need,dare(3)可作情态动词也可作助动词的有:shall(should),will(would)(4)具有情态动词的某些特征的有:have(had)to,usedto情态动词的特征(1)有一定的词义,但不能单独作谓语,它们要和行为动词或连系动词连用,构成谓语。情态动词+动词原形(2)适用于主语的各种人称和数(haveto例外,主语是第三人称单数时,要用hasto)。直击高考ThepolarbearisfoundintheArcticCircleandsomebiglandmassesasfarsouthasNewfoundland.Whiletheyarerarenorthof88°,thereisevidence61theyrangeallthewayacrosstheArctic,andasfarsouthasJamesBayinCanada.Itisdifficulttofigureoutaglobalpopulationofpolarbearsasmuchoftherangehasbeen62(poor)studied;however,biologistscalculatethatthereareabout20,000-25,000polarbearsworldwide.Modemmethods63trackingpolarbearpopulationshavebeenemployedonlysincethemid-1980s,andareexpensive64(perform)consistentlyoveralargearea.InrecentyearssomeInuitpeopleinNunayut65(report)increasesinbearsightingsaroundhumansettlements,leadingtoa66(believe)thatpopulationsareincreasing.Scientistshaverespondedby67(note)thathungrybearsmaybecongregating(聚集)aroundhumansettlements,leadingtotheillusion(错觉)thatpopulationsare68(high)thantheyactuallyare.Of69nineteenrecognizedpolarbearsubpopulations,threearedeclining,six70(be)stable,oneisincreasing,andninelackenoughdata.A90-year-oldhasbeenawarded“WomanOfTheYear”for61（be）Britain'soldestfull-timeemployee-stillworking40hoursaweek.NowIreneAstburyworksfrom9amto5pmdailyatthepetshopinMacclesfield，62sheopenedwithherlatehusbandLes.Heryearsofhardworkhave63（final）beenacknowledgedafteracustomernominated（提名）hertobeCheshire'sWomanOfTheYear.Pickingupher“LifetimeAchievement”award，proudIrene64（declare）shehadnoplans65（retire