学术英语写作完整版资料课件

学术英语写作学术英语写作12

TeachingProceduresLead-in1SampleAnalysis2BuildingaModel3GrammarandWritingSkills42TeachingProceduresLead-in1231.WhatinformationshouldbecontainedintheIntroduction?

Lead-inBackgroundLiteratureReviewUnresolvedQuestionThePresentPaper31.Whatinformationshouldbe34

2.WhatisthepurposeofwritingtheIntroduction?3.HowdoestheIntroductiondifferfromtheAbstract?4.HowdowritersnormallystarttheIntroduction?5.WhattypeofinformationshouldbeincludedintheIntroduction,andinwhatorder?6.HowdowritersnormallyendtheIntroduction?42.Whatisthepurposeo45

TypicalcomplaintsofrefereesTheIntroductionoccupiestoohighaproportionoftheentirepaperandcontainstoomanygeneralstatementsthatarewidelyknown.Therationalandobjectivesarenotdefinedandthewholesectioniscompletelydisorganized-itisnotclearwhatproblemtheauthorisaddressingortryingtosolveandwhytheychosetheirparticularmethodology.MuchoftheinitialpartisessentiallyacutandpastefromtheAbstract.5Typicalcomplaintsofrefe56Theauthorhasnotrelatedthebackgroundinformationtotheobjectiveofthepaper.PleaserememberthatthepapermaybereadbyinexperiencedPh.D.studentsorothersstartingtheirworkinyourspecificfield.Hence,pleaseaddanexplanationoratleastareferencewhenmentioningnotionsrelatedto…andterminologyfor…6Theauthorhasnotrelatedth67Introduction

1.Polylactide(PLA)hasreceivedmuchattentioninrecentyearsduetoitsbiodegradableproperties,whichofferimportanteconomicbenefits.2.PLAisapolymerobtainedfromcornandisproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.3.Ithasmanypossibleusesinthebiomedicalfield1andhasalsobeeninvestigatedaspotentialengineeringmaterial.2,34.However,ithasbeenfoundtobetooweakunderimpacttobeusedcommercially.4

5.Onewaytotoughenpolymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticles5andtherehasbeenextensiveresearchregardingtherubbermodificationofPLA.

6.Forexample,Penneyetal.showedthatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniques6andmorerecently,Hillierestablishedthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.7

7.However,althoughtheeffectoftherubberparticlesonthemechanicalpropertiesofcopolymersystemswasdemonstratedovertwoyearsago,8littleattentionhasbeenpaidtotheselectionofanappropriaterubbercomponent.

8.Thepresentpaperpresentsasetofcriteriaforselectingsuchacomponent.

9.OnthebasisofthesecriteriaitthendescribesthepreparationofasetofpolymerblendsusingPLAandahydrocarbonrubber(PI).10.ThiscombinationoftwomechanisticallydistinctpolymerizationsformedanovelpolymerinwhichtheincorporationofPIsignificantlyincreasedflexibility.

SampleAnalysis

7IntroductionSampleAnalysis78Insentence1thewriterestablishestheimportanceofthisresearchtopic.Insentence2thewriterprovidesgeneralbackgroundinformation.Insentence3thewriterdoesthesameasinSentence1and2,butinamorespecific/detailedway.Insentence4thewriterdescribesthegeneralproblemareaorthecurrentresearchfocusofthefield.8Insentence1thewriteres89Insentence5thewriterprovidesatransitionbetweenthegeneralproblemareaandtheliteraturereview.Insentence6thewriterprovidesabriefoverviewofkeyresearchprojectsinthisarea.Insentence7thewriterdescribesagapintheresearch.Insentence8thewriterdescribesthepaperitself.Insentence9thewritergivesdetailsaboutthemethodologyreportedinthepaper.Insentence10thewriterannouncesthefindings.9Insentence5thewriterpr910BackgroundLiteratureReviewUnresolvedQuestionThePresentPaper(sentences1-4)(sentences5-6)(sentence7)(sentences8-10)10Background(sentences1-4)(se1011

Background

1.

Polylactide(PLA)hasreceivedinrecentyearsduetoitsbiodegradableproperties,whichoffer

.2.

PLAapolymerobtainedfromcornandproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.3.

Ithasinthebiomedicalfield1andhasalsobeeninvestigatedaspotentialengineeringmaterial.2,3

4.

,ithasbeenfoundtobetoo

underimpacttobeusedcommercially.4importanteconomicbenefitsmuchattentionHoweverweakisismanypossibleuses11Background1.Polylactid1112LiteratureReview

5.

Onewayto

polymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticles5andtherehasbeen

regardingtherubbermodificationofPLA.6.

,Penneyetal.

thatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniques6andmorerecently,Hillierthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.7

toughenextensiveresearchForexampleshowedestablished12LiteratureReview5.One1213UnresolvedQuestion

7.

,althoughtheeffectoftherubberparticlesonthemechanicalpropertiesofcopolymersystemswasdemonstratedovertwoyearsago,8

totheselectionofanappropriaterubbercomponent.

Howeverlittleattentionhasbeenpaid13UnresolvedQuestion7.1314ThePresentPaper

8.

presentsasetofcriteriaforselectingsuchacomponent.9.Onthebasisofthesecriteriaitthen

thepreparationofasetofpolymerblends

PLAandahydro-carbonrubber(PI).10.ThiscombinationoftwomechanisticallydistinctpolymerizationspolymerinwhichtheincorporationofPI

.

Thepresentpaperdescribesusingformedanovelsignificantlyincreasedflexibility14ThePresentPaper8.1415

BuildingaModelBackgroundEstablishtheimportanceofthefield.Providebackgroundfacts/information(possiblyfromresearch).Presenttheproblemarea/currentresearchfocus.15BuildingaModelBackground1516LiteratureReviewReviewpreviousorcurrentresearch.16LiteratureReview1617UnresolvedQuestionLocateagapintheresearch.Describetheproblemtobeaddressed.Presentahypothesistobetested.17UnresolvedLocateagapinth1718ThePresentPaperIntroducethepurposeoftheresearch.Introducetheapproachesorthemainprocedures.Presentthemajorfindings.Statethesignificanceoftheresearch.Outlinethestructureofthepaper.18ThePresentIntroducethepur1819191920

The“Funnel-Shaped”structureYoumaybeginwithinformationontheimportanceoftheoveralltopicbeingaddressed.Nextsummarizeknowledgeaboutanaspectofthetopic.Thenidentifyanunresolvedquestionaboutthataspect.Finallysayhowthecurrentresearchaddressedthequestion.20The“Funnel-Shaped”struct2021Mostresearchpapersinbasicscienceareinvestigative.Thatis,theyarebasedonspecificresearchquestionsyoutrytoansweroronaparticularhypothesisyoutrytotest.Introductionsforthesepapersshouldcontainthefourelements.21Mostresearchpapersinbasi2122Specialcase:IntroductionsforDescriptivePapersSomeresearchpapersarenotwrittentoanswerspecificquestionsorproveahypothesisbutrathertodescribeanewfinding.Introductionsforthesepapersfollowaslightlydifferent“funnel”structurebecauseelementsthatreadersexpecttofindintheIntroductionofadescriptivepaperdifferfromthoseofaninvestigativepaper.22Specialcase:Introductions22231.Backgroundbackgroundinformationandpreviousresearchinthearea2.Discoverystatementnewdiscoverymadebyyourresearch3.Experimentalapproachapproachtakentoward

(optional)analyzingthisdiscovery4.Descriptiondescriptionofthenewelement5.Implicationimportanceofthefindings231.Background2324ⅥGrammarandWritingSkillsTensePassive/activevoice24ⅥGrammarandWritingSkills2425ThePresentSimpleisgenerallyusedtodescribethegeneralbackgroundcontext,i.e.whatisknownalready.S1.Thephysicalprocessoffragmentationisrelevanttoseveralareasofscienceandtechnology.25ThePresentSimpleisgenera2526ThePresentPerfectisusedtoshowhowtheproblemhasbeenapproachedfromthepastuntilthepresentstudy.S2.Becausedifferentphysicalphenomenaareatworkduringthefragmentationofasolidbody,ithasmainlybeenstudiedfromastatisticalviewpoint.26ThePresentPerfectisused26Insomedisciplinesyoumayberequiredtohaveaverystrongtheoreticalframeworkforyourstudy,thusrequiringtwoormorepages.1)Itmayincreaseprintingexpenses.DiscoverystatementnewdiscoverymadebyyourBuildingaModelInsentence3thewriterdoesthesameasinSentence1and2,butinamorespecific/detailedway.ThePresentPaperAssignmentStatethesignificanceoftheresearch.Insentence3thewriterdoesthesameasinSentence1and2,butinamorespecific/detailedway.PLAisapolymerobtainedfromcornandisproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.Providepertinentbackgroundinformation.PLAapolymerobtainedfromcornandproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.Polylactide(PLA)hasreceivedinrecentyearsduetoitsbiodegradableproperties,whichoffer.Thesummaryshouldbeafaithfulaccountoftheoriginalpassage.thatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniques6andmorerecently,Hillierthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.Statetheexperimentalapproachbriefly.27ThePastSimpleisusedtoreviewindividualresearch.AttheendoftheIntroduction,thePresentSimpleisusedagainwhentheauthorsstatewhattheywilldointherestoftheirpaper.Ageneralconvention(butnotrule)isthatthePastSimpleisusedtopresentfindings.Insomedisciplinesyoumaybe2728Passive/ActivevoiceIntheIntroductionyouusuallysaywhatyouwillbedoingorpresentingintheresearcharticle.Youcanusewetorefertoyourresearchgrouporteam,butdonotuseittorefertopeopleorhumanityingeneral.Ifyouarereferringtopeopleingeneral,it’sbettertouseaconstructionwithIt(Itisknown/thoughtthat…)ratherthanWeknow/thinkthat…Youcanusewordslikehereandinthisstudytoletyourreaderknowwhenyouarereferringtoyourownwork.28Passive/ActivevoiceIntheI2829ⅤReviewoftheLiterature1.WhatkeyskillsareneededwhenwritingaReviewoftheLiterature?Thekeyskillistoprovidereaderswithjusttherightamountofliteratureregardingthesequenceofeventsleadinguptothecurrentsituation–nottoomuchtomakeittedious,nortoolittlesothatthecontextofyourresearchisnotmeaningfultothem.29ⅤReviewoftheLiterature12930Theamountofdetailyouneedtogivevariesimmenselyfromdisciplinetodiscipline.Insomedisciplinesyoumayberequiredtohaveaverystrongtheoreticalframeworkforyourstudy,thusrequiringtwoormorepages.Inotherdisciplinesjustoneparagraphmaybeenough.30Theamountofdetailyounee30312.Whatarethetwomainreferencesystems?Listtheiradvantagesanddisadvantages.312.Whatarethetwomainrefe3132NameandYearSystemAsystemofreferencinginwhichareferenceiscitedinthetextbythelastnameoftheauthorandtheyearofpublication,e.g.,Smith(1990).32NameandYearSystem3233Name-yearsystemAdvantages:1)Becausethereferencesareunnumbered,referencescanbeaddedordeletedeasily.2)Readersfamiliarwithafieldcanrecognizetheauthorsofacitationwithouthavingtorefertothereferencelist.3)Ithelpsreadersidentifywhetherthesourcesofthecitationareoutdatedornot.33Name-yearsystem3334Disadvantages1)Itmayincreaseprintingexpenses.2)Thereferencestakeupspaceinthemainbodyofthetextanddistractreaders,especiallywhenmanyworksarecitedtogether.34Disadvantages3435

.Citation-order/Citation-sequence

SystemAsystemofreferencinginwhichreferencesarecitedinnumericalorderastheyappearinthetext.Thus,theReferencessectionisincitationorder,notinalphabeticalorder.35.Citation-order/Citation-s3536Advantages:1)Itisconvenientforreaderstorefertothereferences.2)Citationbynumbersinterruptonlyslightlythereadingoftext.3)Thissystemalsoreducesprintingexpenses.36Advantages:3637Disadvantages:

1)Readersusuallyhavetoturntothereferencelisttofindoutwhoseworkisbeingcited.2)Whenauthorsmustaddordeletereferencesatalatestageinrevisingapaper,theymaybeburdenedwithrenumberingreferences.37Disadvantages:37383)Itisnotidealforthereader,becausethenon-alphabeticalpresentationofthereferencelistmayresultinseparationofvariousreferencestoworksbythesameauthor.383)Itisnotidealforther38393.Whatistheclearestwaytorefertootherauthors?ShouldIfocusontheauthorsortheirideas?Therearevariousstylesformakingreferencetootherauthors.Thefourstylesbelowcontainthesameinformation,butthefocusisdifferent.393.Whatistheclearestwayt3940Style1Blinco[1992]foundthatAmericanelementaryschoolchildrenshowed…Style2In[5]BlincofoundthatAmericanelementaryschoolchildrenshowed…Style3AstudyofthelevelofpersistenceinschoolchildrenwaspresentedbyBlinco[1992].Style4AgreaterlevelofpersistencehasbeennoticedinAmerica[5].40Style1Blinco[1992]found4041SummaryIntroductionguidelines:1.Interestyouraudienceandprovidecontext.2.Followthe‘funnel’structure.3.KeeptheIntroductionshort.4.Providepertinentbackgroundinformation.5.Statethecentralpoint(question/purposeordiscoverystatement)precisely.6.Statetheexperimentalapproachbriefly.7.Signalalltheelementsoftheintroduction.41SummaryIntroductionguidelin4142Thefirstsentenceofthefirstparagraphintroducesthemaintopic(culturaldifference),andtherestoftheparagraphbrieflyreviewsamajorstudyonthistopic.Theimplicationsofthisstudy(cultureastheremainingvariable)aresummarizedattheendoftheparagraph.Thefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraphthen

movesontothenextmajorstudy.Thefirstsentenceofthethirdparagraphsummarizesthefindingsofthefirsttwoparagraphsinordertointroducesomemorerecentfindings.42Thefirstsentenceofthefi4243

AssignmentReadtheIntroductionsofyourtargetpapersandidentifythefourcomponents.WriteanIntroductionbasedonyourownexperimentandresearch.43AssignmentReadtheIntrodu4344SummaryWriting1.Whatisasummary?Asummaryisabriefrestatement,inyourownwords,whichgivesthegistofapieceofwriting.2.Whatkindofinformationshouldbeincludedinasummary?Asummaryshouldincludeonlymainideasandimportantsupportinginformation.Itshouldnotincludedetailsoranypersonalopinions.44SummaryWriting1.Whatisa44453.Howisasummarythesameastheoriginalwork?Asummaryshouldhavethesamebasicmeaningastheoriginalwork.Inotherwords,thesummaryshouldnothavenewordifferentinformationthatisnotintheoriginalwork.453.Howisasummarythesame45464.Howisasummarydifferentfromtheoriginalwork?Asummaryshouldnotincludemanyoftheexactwordsastheoriginalwork.Thewritershouldusehisorherownwordsinthesummarytoexpressthesamegeneralideasfoundintheoriginalwork.Donotblindlycopyoutwholephrasesandsentencesfromthetext.Ontheotherhand,itisimpossibletoavoidusingsomeofthewordsusedintheoriginaltext.464.Howisasummarydifferen4647Usingyourownwordswhenwritingasummarynotonlyhelpsyouunderstandthemeaningbutalsoconstitutesthefirststepinavoidingplagiarism.474748Howtowriteasummary1)Understandingthemeaning.2)Understandingtheorganization.Workthroughthetexttoidentifyitssections—singleparagraphsorgroupsofparagraphsfocusedonasingletopic.48Howtowriteasummary1)Und48493)Distilleachsection.Focusonthemainpointofthesection,omittingexamples,facts,andothersupportingevidence.4)Statethemainidea.Writeasentenceortwocapturingtheauthor’scentralideas.5)Supportthemainidea.493)Distilleachsection.4950QualitiesofaSummaryQualityOne Thesummaryshouldnot

containanyofthesummarywriter’sownideas,opinions,conclusionsorjudgments.50QualitiesofaSummaryQualit5051QualityTwo Thesummarywritershouldfollowthelogicalorderoftheoriginalpassage.51QualityTwo5152QualityThree Thesummaryshouldcontainevery

mainideaintheoriginalpassage.52QualityThree5253

QualityFour

Thesummaryshouldbeafaithfulaccountoftheoriginalpassage.53

QualityFour

5354Thereisnotaperfectwaytowriteaparticularsummary.Onepersonmaychoosetowriteasummaryoneway,andanotherpersonmaywriteitinaslightlydifferentway.Aslongasthesummaryhighlightsallthemainideas,isnottoolong(doesn’tcontaintoomanydetails),anddoesnothavethesamewordingastheoriginalwork,itcanbeagoodsummary.54Thereisnotaperfectwayt54学术英语写作完整版资料课件55学术英语写作学术英语写作5657

TeachingProceduresLead-in1SampleAnalysis2BuildingaModel3GrammarandWritingSkills42TeachingProceduresLead-in157581.WhatinformationshouldbecontainedintheIntroduction?

Lead-inBackgroundLiteratureReviewUnresolvedQuestionThePresentPaper31.Whatinformationshouldbe5859

2.WhatisthepurposeofwritingtheIntroduction?3.HowdoestheIntroductiondifferfromtheAbstract?4.HowdowritersnormallystarttheIntroduction?5.WhattypeofinformationshouldbeincludedintheIntroduction,andinwhatorder?6.HowdowritersnormallyendtheIntroduction?42.Whatisthepurposeo5960

TypicalcomplaintsofrefereesTheIntroductionoccupiestoohighaproportionoftheentirepaperandcontainstoomanygeneralstatementsthatarewidelyknown.Therationalandobjectivesarenotdefinedandthewholesectioniscompletelydisorganized-itisnotclearwhatproblemtheauthorisaddressingortryingtosolveandwhytheychosetheirparticularmethodology.MuchoftheinitialpartisessentiallyacutandpastefromtheAbstract.5Typicalcomplaintsofrefe6061Theauthorhasnotrelatedthebackgroundinformationtotheobjectiveofthepaper.PleaserememberthatthepapermaybereadbyinexperiencedPh.D.studentsorothersstartingtheirworkinyourspecificfield.Hence,pleaseaddanexplanationoratleastareferencewhenmentioningnotionsrelatedto…andterminologyfor…6Theauthorhasnotrelatedth6162Introduction

1.Polylactide(PLA)hasreceivedmuchattentioninrecentyearsduetoitsbiodegradableproperties,whichofferimportanteconomicbenefits.2.PLAisapolymerobtainedfromcornandisproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.3.Ithasmanypossibleusesinthebiomedicalfield1andhasalsobeeninvestigatedaspotentialengineeringmaterial.2,34.However,ithasbeenfoundtobetooweakunderimpacttobeusedcommercially.4

5.Onewaytotoughenpolymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticles5andtherehasbeenextensiveresearchregardingtherubbermodificationofPLA.

6.Forexample,Penneyetal.showedthatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniques6andmorerecently,Hillierestablishedthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.7

7.However,althoughtheeffectoftherubberparticlesonthemechanicalpropertiesofcopolymersystemswasdemonstratedovertwoyearsago,8littleattentionhasbeenpaidtotheselectionofanappropriaterubbercomponent.

8.Thepresentpaperpresentsasetofcriteriaforselectingsuchacomponent.

9.OnthebasisofthesecriteriaitthendescribesthepreparationofasetofpolymerblendsusingPLAandahydrocarbonrubber(PI).10.ThiscombinationoftwomechanisticallydistinctpolymerizationsformedanovelpolymerinwhichtheincorporationofPIsignificantlyincreasedflexibility.

SampleAnalysis

7IntroductionSampleAnalysis6263Insentence1thewriterestablishestheimportanceofthisresearchtopic.Insentence2thewriterprovidesgeneralbackgroundinformation.Insentence3thewriterdoesthesameasinSentence1and2,butinamorespecific/detailedway.Insentence4thewriterdescribesthegeneralproblemareaorthecurrentresearchfocusofthefield.8Insentence1thewriteres6364Insentence5thewriterprovidesatransitionbetweenthegeneralproblemareaandtheliteraturereview.Insentence6thewriterprovidesabriefoverviewofkeyresearchprojectsinthisarea.Insentence7thewriterdescribesagapintheresearch.Insentence8thewriterdescribesthepaperitself.Insentence9thewritergivesdetailsaboutthemethodologyreportedinthepaper.Insentence10thewriterannouncesthefindings.9Insentence5thewriterpr6465BackgroundLiteratureReviewUnresolvedQuestionThePresentPaper(sentences1-4)(sentences5-6)(sentence7)(sentences8-10)10Background(sentences1-4)(se6566

Background

1.

Polylactide(PLA)hasreceivedinrecentyearsduetoitsbiodegradableproperties,whichoffer

.2.

PLAapolymerobtainedfromcornandproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide.3.

Ithasinthebiomedicalfield1andhasalsobeeninvestigatedaspotentialengineeringmaterial.2,3

4.

,ithasbeenfoundtobetoo

underimpacttobeusedcommercially.4importanteconomicbenefitsmuchattentionHoweverweakisismanypossibleuses11Background1.Polylactid6667LiteratureReview

5.

Onewayto

polymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticles5andtherehasbeen

regardingtherubbermodificationofPLA.6.

,Penneyetal.

thatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniques6andmorerecently,Hillierthetoughnessofsuchcomposites.7

toughenextensiveresearchForexampleshowedestablished12LiteratureReview5.One6768UnresolvedQuestion

7.

,althoughtheeffectoftherubberparticlesonthemechanicalpropertiesofcopolymersystemswasdemonstratedovertwoyearsago,8

totheselectionofanappropriaterubbercomponent.

Howeverlittleattentionhasbeenpaid13UnresolvedQuestion7.6869ThePresentPaper

8.

presentsasetofcriteriaforselectingsuchacomponent.9.Onthebasisofthesecriteriaitthen

thepreparationofasetofpolymerblends

PLAandahydro-carbonrubber(PI).10.ThiscombinationoftwomechanisticallydistinctpolymerizationspolymerinwhichtheincorporationofPI

.

Thepresentpaperdescribesusingformedanovelsignificantlyincreasedflexibility14ThePresentPaper8.6970

BuildingaModelBackgroundEstablishtheimportanceofthefield.Providebackgroundfacts/information(possiblyfromresearch).Presenttheproblemarea/currentresearchfocus.15BuildingaModelBackground7071LiteratureReviewReviewpreviousorcurrentresearch.16LiteratureReview7172UnresolvedQuestionLocateagapintheresearch.Describetheproblemtobeaddressed.Presentahypothesistobetested.17UnresolvedLocateagapinth7273ThePresentPaperIntroducethepurposeoftheresearch.Introducetheapproachesorthemainprocedures.Presentthemajorfindings.Statethesignificanceoftheresearch.Outlinethestructureofthepaper.18ThePresentIntroducethepur7374197475

The“Funnel-Shaped”structureYoumaybeginwithinformationontheimportanceoftheoveralltopicbeingaddressed.Nextsummarizeknowledgeaboutanaspectofthetopic.Thenidentifyanunresolvedquestionaboutthataspect.Finallysayhowthecurrentresearchaddressedthequestion.20The“Funnel-Shaped”struct7576Mostresearchpapersinbasicscienceareinvestigative.Thatis,theyarebasedonspecificresearchquestionsyoutrytoansweroronaparticularhypothesisyoutrytotest.Introductionsforthesepapersshouldcontainthefourelements.21Mostresearchpapersinbasi7677Specialcase:IntroductionsforDescriptivePapersSomeresearchpapersarenotwrittentoanswerspecificquestionsorproveahypothesisbutrathertodescribeanewfinding.Introductionsforthesepapersfollowaslightlydifferent“funnel”structurebecauseelementsthatreadersexpecttofindintheIntroductionofadescriptivepaperdifferfromthoseofaninvestigativepaper.22Specialcase:Introductions77781.Backgroundbackgroundinformationandpreviousresearchinthearea2.Discoverystatementnewdiscoverymadebyyourresearch3.Experimentalapproachapproachtakentoward

(optional)analyzingthisdiscovery4.Descriptiondescriptionofthenewelement5.Implicationimportanceofthefindings231.Background7879ⅥGrammarandWritingSkillsTensePassive/activevoice24ⅥGrammarandWritingSkills7980ThePresentSimpleisgenerallyusedtodescribethegeneralbackgroundcontext,i.e.whatisknownalrea