th-Century-American-Literature20世纪美国文学课件

PartV.Twentieth-CenturyLiterature1920s,JazzAge.I.HistoricalBackground:WWI,peace-makingperiod/boomtime.Politically,USenteredWWIin1917forpurityanddemocracy.Theperiodofpeace-makingendedwithgeneraldisillusionmentaboutthevalueofwar:onlyasenseofthefailureofpoliticalleadersandabeliefinthefutilityofhope.Noabidingsolutionstotheworld’sproblemswasfound.Andtheresurgenceofnationalismandtheriseofnewtotalitarianismproduceasecondworldwar.PartV.Twentieth-CenturyLite120s,JazzAgeEconomically,

becauseofthewar,Americanindustrydevelopedfast.

Thenationisfullofbouncingebullience,fearfulofnothing,confidentsmugisolationism.Socially,declineofidealism.Patriotismbecamecynicaldisillusionment.Unityoffamilyweakened.ThereappearedtherevoltoftheYoungerGeneration.Theyescapedresponsibilityandassumedimmorality.20s,JazzAgeEconomically,bec2JazzAgeAfterWWI,peoplefoundthatthewarwhichcostmillionsoflivesfailedtoprovideanabidingsolutionstotheworld’sproblems,thatthewarwasjustthetrapsofpoliticalleaders.Suchadisillusionmentaboutthevalueofwar,accompaniedbytheboomingofAmericaneconomydrovepeopletocynicalhedonism.Peopleexperimentwithnewamusements.Theyrestlesslypursuedstimulusandpleasures,wallowinheavydrinking,fastdrivingandcasualsex.Bythese,theyhopedtoseekrelieffromseriousproblems.JazzAgeAfterWWI,peoplefoun3LostGenerationreferstothosewriterswhoweredevoidoffaith,valuesandidealsandwhowerealienatedfromthecivilizationthecapitalistsocietyadvocated.Itincludesthewriterssuchas(Hemingway,F.S.Fitzgerald,ThomasWolfe,andLouisBromfield)andpoets(likeMalcolmCowley,E.E.Cummings,ArchibaldMacleish,andEzraPound),whorebelledagainstformervaluesandideas,butreplacedthemonlybydespairoracynicalhedonism.TheyweretotallyfrustratedbytheWWIandreturnedfromthat“GreatWar”totheirowncountryonlytofindthegrimrealitythatthesocialvaluesandcivilizationwerehollowandaffectedifcomparedtothecruelrealitiesofthebattleground.TheyfeltalienatedfromAmericancivilization,whichwasconveyedintheirlivesofexileandexpatriation.LostGenerationreferstothose4LostGenerationTheyhadcutthemselvesofffromtheirpastandoldvaluesinAmericaandyetunabletocometotermswiththenewerawhencivilizationhadgonemad.Theywanderedpointlesslyandrestlessly,enjoyingthingslikefishing,swimming,bullfightandbeautiesofnature,buttheywereawareallthewhilethattheworldiscrazyandmeaninglessandfutile.Theirwholelifewasundercutanddefeated.Theycastawayallpastconceptsandvaluesinordertocreatenewtypesofwriting,whichwascharacterizedbydisillusionmentwithidealsandfurtherwithcivilizationthecapitalistsocietyadvocated.Theypaintedthepost-warwesternworldasawasteland,lifelessandhopelessduetoethicaldegradationanddisillusionmentwithdreams.LostGenerationTheyhadcutth5II.LiteraturePoetry:T.S.EliotTheWasteland.

Novel:SinclairLewisMainStreet1920TheodoreDreiserAnAmericanTragedy1925,F.S.FitzgeraldTheGreatGatsby1926,ErnestHemingway,TheSunAlsoRises1926,AFarewelltoArms,1929,WilliamFaulknerTheSoundandtheFury,1929,Drama:EurgeneO’Neill,TheEmperorJones,1920,

AnnaChristie,1921,TheHairyApe1922,

II.LiteraturePoetry:T.S.El61930s,GreatDepressionI.HistoricalBackground:undertheattackofthegraveworldeconomiccrisis,allcontradictionsinherentinthecapitalistsystemintensified.

slowrecovery,socialupheavals,theworlddriftedtowardanothergreatwar.

Thebouncegone,thepopulaceterrified.Theylostconfidenceineverything.II.Literatureofpoliticalandsocialcriticism.

ThenovelsmirroredthethreatstodemocraticthoughtandastrongideologicalcountercurrentwhichcausedgreatideologicalconfusionintoAmericans.Novels:JohnSteinbeck:TheGrapesofWrath1939.

1930s,GreatDepressionI.Hist7Post-WWII,50s,I.HistoricalBackground:AftertheWWII,thenucleartimehadunmistakablyclaimeditselfandAmericansweresuddenlybroughttofaceacompletelynewworldinwhicholdrulesandguidelinesturnedouttobehelpless.TheunitedStatesgotevenmoreinvolvedintheinternationalaffairs.50s,America’srivalwithanotherbigpowerofwarvictor—theSovietUnion—resultedintheinitialoftheColdWar.AsmuchastheescalationoftheColdWaraseriesofmajorincidentsoccurredtotheattentionoftheworld.asTruman’scontainmenttoEastAsiafaltered,KoreanWarbrokeoutinJune1950.ThiswasthefirstwarthatAmericanhadeverfoughtwithoutvictory.ThisunbalanceandlostwartarredtheprestigeofAmericansasheroesofthesecondWorldWarandshedadarkshadowonthemindofAmericans.Post-WWII,50s,I.HistoricalB8II.Literatureinthe50s.AnewgenerationofAmericanauthorsappearedwritingintheskeptical,ironictraditionoftheearlierrealistsandnaturalists.ThewritersusedaprosestylemodeledontheworksofErnestHemingway,andF.S.Fitzgerald,narrativetechniquesofWilliamFaulkner,psychologicalinsightsofSigmundFreud.Inthe1950s,the“Beat”writers,inexpressionofdisaffectionwith“official”Americanlife,werebrutallyanddirectlydominant.Theso-called“BeatGeneration,”thoughnotexpatriateliketheLostGeneration,werealienated—feelinglikeforeignersintheirowncountry.II.Literatureinthe50s.Ane9BeatGenerationbeatgeneration,termappliedtocertainAmericanartistsandwriterswhowerepopularduringthe1950s.Essentiallyanarchic,membersofthebeatgenerationrejectedtraditionalsocialandartisticforms.Thebeatssoughtimmediateexpressioninmultiple,intenseexperiencesandbeatificilluminationlikethatofsomeEasternreligions(e.g.,ZenBuddhism).InliteraturetheyadoptedrhythmsofsimpleAmericanspeechandofbopandprogressivejazz.AmongthoseassociatedwiththemovementwerethenovelistsJackKerouacandChandlerBrossard,numerouspoets(e.g.,KennethRexroth,AllenGinsberg,LawrenceFerlinghetti,andGregoryCorso),andothers,manyofwhomworkedinandaroundSanFrancisco.PerhapstheonlytruenihilistofthegroupwasWilliamS.Burroughs.Duringthe1960s"beat"ideasandattitudeswereabsorbedbyotherculturalmovements,andthosewhopracticedsomethingakintothe"beat"lifestylewerecalled"hippies."BeatGenerationbeatgeneration10MainWorksJackKerouac,OntheRoad,poetAllenGinsberg,Howl,JewishWriterSaulBellow,SeizetheDay,1956,BlackWriterRalphEllison,InvisibleMan1956,NormanMailer,TheManWhoStudiedYoga,1952,J.D.Salinger,TheCatcherintheRye,1951.MainWorksJackKerouac,Ont111960sI.HistoricalBackground:TheCubanmissilecrisistookplaceinOct,1962.VietnamWar(1965-73)wasanotherstageoftheColdWar.TheU.S.continuousslaughterprovedlittlemilitaryefficiency.TheWarinVietnamseemedtoAmericansalife-swallowmachinewithoutendandvictoryinsight.DisillusionmentspreadthroughouttheUnitedStates.Anti-warmovementgrewinsizeandmilitancy.Morethan500,000soldiersweredesertedduringtheVietnamyears.ThisunjustwarendedinAmericans’humiliatingwithdrawaloftheirexhaustedtroopsfrom“asmallunimportantcountry”in1973.ThewarleftapermanentscarinthememoryofAmericans.1960sI.HistoricalBackground:12II.Literatureinthe1960s.1.Thewritesturnedtoexperimentaltechniques,toabsurdhumor,tomockingexaminationoftheirrationalandthedisordered.Theblackhumorfeaturedthe1960s.JosephHeller,Catch-22,1961,JohnBarth,TheSot-WeedFactor,1961,KenKesey,

OneFlewOvertheCuckoo’sNest,1962,ThomasPynchon,Gravity’sRainbow1973.II.Literatureinthe1960s.1.13Blackhumorblackhumor,inliterature,drama,andfilm,grotesqueormorbidhumorusedtoexpresstheabsurdity,insensitivity,paradox,andcrueltyofthemodernworld.Ordinarycharactersorsituationsareusuallyexaggeratedfarbeyondthelimitsofnormalsatireorirony.Blackhumorusesdevicesoftenassociatedwithtragedyandissometimesequatedwithtragicfarce.Forexample,StanleyKubrick'sfilmDr.Strangelove;or,HowILearnedtoStopWorryingandLovetheBomb(1963)isaterrifyingcomictreatmentofthecircumstancessurroundingthedroppingofanatombomb,whileJulesFeiffer'scomedyLittleMurders(1965)isadelineationofthehorrorsofmodernurbanlife,focusingparticularlyonrandomassassinations.ThenovelsofsuchwritersasKurtVonnegut,ThomasPynchon,JohnBarth,JosephHeller,andPhilipRothcontainelementsofblackhumor.blackcomedy,akindofdrama(or,byextension,anon‐dramaticwork)inwhichdisturbingorsinistersubjectslikedeath,disease,orwarfare,aretreatedwithbitteramusement,usuallyinamannercalculatedtooffendandshock.Prominentinthetheatreoftheabsurd,blackcomedyisalsoafeatureofJoeOrton'sLoot(1965).AsimilarblackhumourisstronglyevidentinmodernAmericanfictionfromNathanaelWest'sACoolMillion(1934)toJosephHeller'sCatch‐22(1961)andKurtVonnegut'sSlaughterhouse‐Five(1969).Blackhumorblackhumor,inli14Literatureinthe60sItwasadecadewhenliteraturebegantodiverseinstyleandform.Variousthemesanddifferentwaysofexplorationofthemeaningoflifewereexperienced.Psychologicalrealisticnovels:JohnUpdike,RabbitRun,1960,WrightMorris,CeremonyinLoneTree,1960,JohnCheever,TheWapshotScandal,1984,TrumanCapote,InColdBlood,1966,JoyceCarolOates,AGardenofEarthlyDelights1967,SaulBellow,Herzog1964,IssacBashevisSinger,TheManor,1967.Literatureinthe60sItwasa15Literatureinthe60sSouthernnovels:WilliamFaulkner,TheReceivers1962,FlanneryO’Conner,TheViolentBearitAway,1960,Poetry:RobertLowell,AllenGinsberg.Drama:ArthurMiller,EdwardAlbee,TennesseeWilliams.Literatureinthe60sSouthern161970sI.HistoricalBackground.II.Literature.The1970swasastageonwhichallkindsofliteraryartwereperformed.TheSouthernfiction,Jewishfiction,Psychologicalfiction,African-AmericanFiction,Sciencefiction,feministfiction,etc.,completedinterrelatedlytopresentthemselves,whichdisplayedaprosperouspanoramaofliterature.JewishnovelistsSaulBellowandIssacSinger

wereseparatelyawardedtheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1976andin1978.Bellowwasrankedasoneofthemostimportantnovelistsofthe20thcenturyAmericanliteratureaftertheWWII.1970sI.HistoricalBackground.17Literatureinthe70sBlackLiterature:RichardWright,NativeSon,1940,Ellison,InvisibleMan,1952,AlexHaley,MalcolmX,AliceWalker,ToniMorrison.Poetry:poetsurgedbyupheavalsofthepost-warperiodparticipatedactivelyallkindsofpoliticalorliterarymovementwiththeirpens,toexpresstheirviews,touttertheiruneasinessabouttheusesofsocialpowerandindustrialpower,inpoems.TheodoreRoethke,RobertLowell,RichardWilbur,RichardEberhart,AllenGinsberg,GarySnyder,SylviaPlath,DelmoreSchwarts.Literatureinthe70sBlackLit18ImagistMovement1909-1917ImagistmovementisamovementofEnglishandAmericanpoetsinrevoltfromromanticism,seekingclarityofexpressionthroughtheuseofpreciseimages.Itsfirstanthology:DesImagistes,publishedin1914,editedbyPound.TheprinciplesoftheimagistmanifestowerelaiddownbyPoundin1913.theofficialcredowaspreparedthe1915anthology:SomeImagistPoets,editedbyAmyLowell.Asabroadmovement,imagismsignalsthebeginningofEnglishandAmericanmodernism,andadefinitebreakwiththeRomantic-Victoriantradition.Asaparticularschool,lesimagistsaretheheritagesofT.E.Hulme’s1909groupofimpressionistpoetswhoexperimentedwithbriefvisualpoemsintheOrientalmanner.ImagistMovement1909-1917Imag19ImagistMovementItsharesthepenchant/tendencyforsculpturalhardnessandimmaculatecraftsmanship,theaccentonpurepoetrytotheexclusionofallextrapoeticcontent,thepracticeofirregular,freeverse.Itisalaconic/briefcomplexinwhich“paintingorsculptureseemsasifitwerejustcomingoverintospeech.”4IitssignificanceresidesinitsrevaluationofRomanticismand19thcenturywhich,withfewexceptions,itdismissedasasentimental,blurry,manneristicperiod;itsinsistenceonthefunctional,ratherthanthemerelyornamental,potentialityofthepoeticimage,andthelatter’scapacityforconveyingtheconcreteanddefinite.ImagistMovementItsharesthe20PrinciplesofImagism1.Directtreatmentofthe“thing”whethersubjectiveorobjective.2.Touseabsolutelynowordthatdoesnotcontributetothepresentation.3.Asregardingrhythm:tocomposeinsequenceofthemusicalphrase,notinsequenceofthemetronome.PrinciplesofImagism1.Direct21PartV.Twentieth-CenturyLiterature1920s,JazzAge.I.HistoricalBackground:WWI,peace-makingperiod/boomtime.Politically,USenteredWWIin1917forpurityanddemocracy.Theperiodofpeace-makingendedwithgeneraldisillusionmentaboutthevalueofwar:onlyasenseofthefailureofpoliticalleadersandabeliefinthefutilityofhope.Noabidingsolutionstotheworld’sproblemswasfound.Andtheresurgenceofnationalismandtheriseofnewtotalitarianismproduceasecondworldwar.PartV.Twentieth-CenturyLite2220s,JazzAgeEconomically,

becauseofthewar,Americanindustrydevelopedfast.

Thenationisfullofbouncingebullience,fearfulofnothing,confidentsmugisolationism.Socially,declineofidealism.Patriotismbecamecynicaldisillusionment.Unityoffamilyweakened.ThereappearedtherevoltoftheYoungerGeneration.Theyescapedresponsibilityandassumedimmorality.20s,JazzAgeEconomically,bec23JazzAgeAfterWWI,peoplefoundthatthewarwhichcostmillionsoflivesfailedtoprovideanabidingsolutionstotheworld’sproblems,thatthewarwasjustthetrapsofpoliticalleaders.Suchadisillusionmentaboutthevalueofwar,accompaniedbytheboomingofAmericaneconomydrovepeopletocynicalhedonism.Peopleexperimentwithnewamusements.Theyrestlesslypursuedstimulusandpleasures,wallowinheavydrinking,fastdrivingandcasualsex.Bythese,theyhopedtoseekrelieffromseriousproblems.JazzAgeAfterWWI,peoplefoun24LostGenerationreferstothosewriterswhoweredevoidoffaith,valuesandidealsandwhowerealienatedfromthecivilizationthecapitalistsocietyadvocated.Itincludesthewriterssuchas(Hemingway,F.S.Fitzgerald,ThomasWolfe,andLouisBromfield)andpoets(likeMalcolmCowley,E.E.Cummings,ArchibaldMacleish,andEzraPound),whorebelledagainstformervaluesandideas,butreplacedthemonlybydespairoracynicalhedonism.TheyweretotallyfrustratedbytheWWIandreturnedfromthat“GreatWar”totheirowncountryonlytofindthegrimrealitythatthesocialvaluesandcivilizationwerehollowandaffectedifcomparedtothecruelrealitiesofthebattleground.TheyfeltalienatedfromAmericancivilization,whichwasconveyedintheirlivesofexileandexpatriation.LostGenerationreferstothose25LostGenerationTheyhadcutthemselvesofffromtheirpastandoldvaluesinAmericaandyetunabletocometotermswiththenewerawhencivilizationhadgonemad.Theywanderedpointlesslyandrestlessly,enjoyingthingslikefishing,swimming,bullfightandbeautiesofnature,buttheywereawareallthewhilethattheworldiscrazyandmeaninglessandfutile.Theirwholelifewasundercutanddefeated.Theycastawayallpastconceptsandvaluesinordertocreatenewtypesofwriting,whichwascharacterizedbydisillusionmentwithidealsandfurtherwithcivilizationthecapitalistsocietyadvocated.Theypaintedthepost-warwesternworldasawasteland,lifelessandhopelessduetoethicaldegradationanddisillusionmentwithdreams.LostGenerationTheyhadcutth26II.LiteraturePoetry:T.S.EliotTheWasteland.

Novel:SinclairLewisMainStreet1920TheodoreDreiserAnAmericanTragedy1925,F.S.FitzgeraldTheGreatGatsby1926,ErnestHemingway,TheSunAlsoRises1926,AFarewelltoArms,1929,WilliamFaulknerTheSoundandtheFury,1929,Drama:EurgeneO’Neill,TheEmperorJones,1920,

AnnaChristie,1921,TheHairyApe1922,

II.LiteraturePoetry:T.S.El271930s,GreatDepressionI.HistoricalBackground:undertheattackofthegraveworldeconomiccrisis,allcontradictionsinherentinthecapitalistsystemintensified.

slowrecovery,socialupheavals,theworlddriftedtowardanothergreatwar.

Thebouncegone,thepopulaceterrified.Theylostconfidenceineverything.II.Literatureofpoliticalandsocialcriticism.

ThenovelsmirroredthethreatstodemocraticthoughtandastrongideologicalcountercurrentwhichcausedgreatideologicalconfusionintoAmericans.Novels:JohnSteinbeck:TheGrapesofWrath1939.

1930s,GreatDepressionI.Hist28Post-WWII,50s,I.HistoricalBackground:AftertheWWII,thenucleartimehadunmistakablyclaimeditselfandAmericansweresuddenlybroughttofaceacompletelynewworldinwhicholdrulesandguidelinesturnedouttobehelpless.TheunitedStatesgotevenmoreinvolvedintheinternationalaffairs.50s,America’srivalwithanotherbigpowerofwarvictor—theSovietUnion—resultedintheinitialoftheColdWar.AsmuchastheescalationoftheColdWaraseriesofmajorincidentsoccurredtotheattentionoftheworld.asTruman’scontainmenttoEastAsiafaltered,KoreanWarbrokeoutinJune1950.ThiswasthefirstwarthatAmericanhadeverfoughtwithoutvictory.ThisunbalanceandlostwartarredtheprestigeofAmericansasheroesofthesecondWorldWarandshedadarkshadowonthemindofAmericans.Post-WWII,50s,I.HistoricalB29II.Literatureinthe50s.AnewgenerationofAmericanauthorsappearedwritingintheskeptical,ironictraditionoftheearlierrealistsandnaturalists.ThewritersusedaprosestylemodeledontheworksofErnestHemingway,andF.S.Fitzgerald,narrativetechniquesofWilliamFaulkner,psychologicalinsightsofSigmundFreud.Inthe1950s,the“Beat”writers,inexpressionofdisaffectionwith“official”Americanlife,werebrutallyanddirectlydominant.Theso-called“BeatGeneration,”thoughnotexpatriateliketheLostGeneration,werealienated—feelinglikeforeignersintheirowncountry.II.Literatureinthe50s.Ane30BeatGenerationbeatgeneration,termappliedtocertainAmericanartistsandwriterswhowerepopularduringthe1950s.Essentiallyanarchic,membersofthebeatgenerationrejectedtraditionalsocialandartisticforms.Thebeatssoughtimmediateexpressioninmultiple,intenseexperiencesandbeatificilluminationlikethatofsomeEasternreligions(e.g.,ZenBuddhism).InliteraturetheyadoptedrhythmsofsimpleAmericanspeechandofbopandprogressivejazz.AmongthoseassociatedwiththemovementwerethenovelistsJackKerouacandChandlerBrossard,numerouspoets(e.g.,KennethRexroth,AllenGinsberg,LawrenceFerlinghetti,andGregoryCorso),andothers,manyofwhomworkedinandaroundSanFrancisco.PerhapstheonlytruenihilistofthegroupwasWilliamS.Burroughs.Duringthe1960s"beat"ideasandattitudeswereabsorbedbyotherculturalmovements,andthosewhopracticedsomethingakintothe"beat"lifestylewerecalled"hippies."BeatGenerationbeatgeneration31MainWorksJackKerouac,OntheRoad,poetAllenGinsberg,Howl,JewishWriterSaulBellow,SeizetheDay,1956,BlackWriterRalphEllison,InvisibleMan1956,NormanMailer,TheManWhoStudiedYoga,1952,J.D.Salinger,TheCatcherintheRye,1951.MainWorksJackKerouac,Ont321960sI.HistoricalBackground:TheCubanmissilecrisistookplaceinOct,1962.VietnamWar(1965-73)wasanotherstageoftheColdWar.TheU.S.continuousslaughterprovedlittlemilitaryefficiency.TheWarinVietnamseemedtoAmericansalife-swallowmachinewithoutendandvictoryinsight.DisillusionmentspreadthroughouttheUnitedStates.Anti-warmovementgrewinsizeandmilitancy.Morethan500,000soldiersweredesertedduringtheVietnamyears.ThisunjustwarendedinAmericans’humiliatingwithdrawaloftheirexhaustedtroopsfrom“asmallunimportantcountry”in1973.ThewarleftapermanentscarinthememoryofAmericans.1960sI.HistoricalBackground:33II.Literatureinthe1960s.1.Thewritesturnedtoexperimentaltechniques,toabsurdhumor,tomockingexaminationoftheirrationalandthedisordered.Theblackhumorfeaturedthe1960s.JosephHeller,Catch-22,1961,JohnBarth,TheSot-WeedFactor,1961,KenKesey,

OneFlewOvertheCuckoo’sNest,1962,ThomasPynchon,Gravity’sRainbow1973.II.Literatureinthe1960s.1.34Blackhumorblackhumor,inliterature,drama,andfilm,grotesqueormorbidhumorusedtoexpresstheabsurdity,insensitivity,paradox,andcrueltyofthemodernworld.Ordinarycharactersorsituationsareusuallyexaggeratedfarbeyondthelimitsofnormalsatireorirony.Blackhumorusesdevicesoftenassociatedwithtragedyandissometimesequatedwithtragicfarce.Forexample,StanleyKubrick'sfilmDr.Strangelove;or,HowILearnedtoStopWorryingandLovetheBomb(1963)isaterrifyingcomictreatmentofthecircumstancessurroundingthedroppingofanatombomb,whileJulesFeiffer'scomedyLittleMurders(1965)isadelineationofthehorrorsofmodernurbanlife,focusingparticularlyonrandomassassinations.ThenovelsofsuchwritersasKurtVonnegut,ThomasPynchon,JohnBarth,JosephHeller,andPhilipRothcontainelementsofblackhumor.blackcomedy,akindofdrama(or,byextension,anon‐dramaticwork)inwhichdisturbingorsinistersubjectslikedeath,disease,orwarfare,aretreatedwithbitteramusement,usuallyinamannercalculatedtooffendandshock.Prominentinthetheatreoftheabsurd,blackcomedyisalsoafeatureofJoeOrton'sLoot(1965).AsimilarblackhumourisstronglyevidentinmodernAmericanfictionfromNathanaelWest'sACoolMillion(1934)toJosephHeller'sCatch‐22(1961)andKurtVonnegut'sSlaughterhouse‐Five(1969).Blackhumorblackhumor,inli35Literatureinthe60sItwasadecadewhenliteraturebegantodiverseinstyleandform.Variousthemesanddifferentwaysofexplorationofthemeaningoflifewereexperienced.Psychologicalrealisticnovels:JohnUpdike,RabbitRun,1960,WrightMorris,CeremonyinLoneTree,1960,JohnCheever,TheWapshotScandal,1984,TrumanCapote,InColdBlood,1966,JoyceCarolOates,AGardenofEarthlyDelights1967,SaulBellow,Herzog1964,IssacBashevisSinger,TheManor,1967.Literatureinthe60sItwasa36Literatureinthe60sSouthernnovels:WilliamFaulkner,TheReceivers1962,FlanneryO’Conner,TheViolentBearitAway,1960,Poetry:RobertLowell,AllenGinsberg.Drama:ArthurMiller,EdwardAlbee,TennesseeWilliams.Literatureinthe60sSouthern371970sI.HistoricalBackground.II.Literature.The1970swasastageonwhichallkindsofliteraryartwereperformed.TheSouthernfiction,Jewishfiction,Psychologicalfiction,African-AmericanFiction,Sciencefiction,feministfiction,etc.,completedinterrelatedlytopresentt