托福阅读AgricultureintheLateOttomanEmpire课件

托福阅读第三篇AgricultureintheLateOttomanEmpire：奥斯曼帝国晚期农业看标题应该是介绍当时的农业情况，说明文托福阅读第三篇AgricultureintheLat托福阅读第三篇AgricultureintheLateOttomanEmpireThroughoutitshistory,agriculturewastheeconomicmainstayoftheOttomanEmpire,whichdominatedNorthAfrica,theMiddleEast,Turkey,andsoutheasternEuropeforover600yearsuntiltheearlytwentiethcentury.（开门见山，奥斯曼帝国持续约600年，其中农业是其经济基础）Mostcultivatorspossessedsmalllandholdings,engaginginahostoftasks,withtheircropsandanimalproductsmainlydedicatedtoself-consumption.（递进，大部分农民都拥有小土地，收割庄稼供自己食用）Butenormouschangesovertimeprevailedintheagrariansector.（转折，但是有巨大的转变）Beginninginthelateeighteenthcentury,agriculturebecamemoreandmorecommercialized,withincreasingamountsofproducegoingtosaletodomesticandinternationalconsumers.（递进，这种转变是农业变的越来越细化，出口到国内国外）第一段点名主题，介绍奥斯曼帝国的农业，尤其是18世纪晚期开始的农业细化托福阅读第三篇AgricultureintheLat托福阅读第三篇Atleastthreemajorenginesincreasedthisagriculturalproductiondevotedtothemarket,thefirstbeingrisingdemand,bothinternationalanddomestic.（递进展开：第一点原始是需求增加）Abroad,especiallyafter1840,thelivingstandardsandbuyingpowerofmanyEuropeansimprovedsubstantially,permittingthemtobuyawiderchoiceandquantityofgoods.（递进，这是因为1840年后欧洲的生活水准和购买力都提高了）Risingdomesticmarketswithintheempirewerealsoimportant,thankstoincreasedurbanizationaswellasmountingpersonalconsumption.（递进，国内的消费上升也是同样重要）Inthelatenineteenthcentury,newlyopenedrailroaddistrictsbroughtaflowofdomesticwheatandothercerealstomajorcoastalcities.（递进，19世纪晚期，铁路使得谷物等粮食可以运送到海岸城市）Railroadsalsoattractedmarketgardenerswhonowcouldgrowandshipfruitsandvegetablestotheexpandingandnewlyaccessiblemarketsofthesecities.（递进，这些铁路也吸引了园艺家在这些地区经商，种植水果蔬菜）第二段，展开讲农业发展的第一个原因：需求增长，经济变好和铁路发展托福阅读第三篇Atleastthreemajore托福阅读第三篇Thesecondenginedrivingagriculturaloutputconcernscultivators'increasingpaymentoftheirtaxesincashratherthaninkind(thatis,inagriculturalorotherproducts).（并列上一段，第二点原因是人们更愿意用先进而不是物品来付税）Somehistorianshaveassertedthattheincreasingcommitmenttomarketagriculturewasaproductbothofamountingpercapitataxburdenandthestate'sgrowingpreferencefortaxpaymentsincashratherthaninkind.（递进，对于市场农业的押金一方面是由于单位资产税的提高，二是国家更喜欢现金）Inthisview,suchgovernmentdecisionsforcedcultivatorstogrowcropsforsaleinordertopaytheirtaxes.（递进，所以有些国家要求农民种庄稼然后买掉来付税）Thus,statepolicyisseenasthemostimportantfactorinfluencingthecultivators'shiftfromsubsistencefarmingtomarketagriculture.（总结，这样看来，国家政策是导致农民从粮食生产转变到市场农业的）第三段，介绍农业市场化的第二个原因，国家政策，更愿意接受现金托福阅读第三篇Thesecondenginedriv托福阅读第三篇However,cultivators'risinginvolvementinthemarketwasnotsimplyareactiveresponsetothestate'sdemandsforcashtaxes;otherfactorswereatwork.（承上启下，讲第三点）Therewasathirdenginedrivingincreasedagriculturalproduction,cultivators'owndesiresforconsumergoods.(递进，第三点是农民对生活消费品的需求)AmongOttomanconsumers,increasinglyfrequentchangesintaste,alongwiththerisingavailabilityofcheapimportedgoods,stimulatedarisingconsumptionofgoods.（递进，这是因为品味在不断变化，同时商品很便宜）Thispatternofrisingconsumptionbeganintheeighteenthcentury,asseenbytheurbanphenomenonoftheTulipPeriod(1718¨C1730)atimeofurbanrevivalandorientationtowardtheWestlandacceleratedsubsequently.（递进举例，比如郁金香时期）Wantingmoreconsumergoods,cultivatorsneededmorecash.（递进，因为想要更多商品，所以他们需要现金）Thus,ruralfamiliesworkedharderthantheyhadpreviously,notmerelybecauseofcashtaxes.（递进，所以农民更努力，不仅是因为交税）Insuchcircumstances,leisuretimediminished,cashincomesrose,andtheflowofconsumergoodsintothecountrysideaccelerated.（总结递进，这样，休闲时间少了，收入高了）第四段讲第三点要素，对生活用品的需求变高了，促进了人民对现金的追求托福阅读第三篇However,cultivators'托福阅读第三篇Increasesinagriculturalproductionbothpromotedandaccompaniedavastexpansionoftheareaoflandundercultivation.（递进前一段，农产品的提高，促进了土地的扩大）Atthebeginningoftheeighteenthcenturyandindeeduntiltheendoftheempire,thereremainedvaststretchesofuncultivated,sometimesnearlyempty,landoneveryside.（对比开始，帝国早期有很多荒废的土地）Thesespacesbegantofillin,aprocessfinallycompletedonlyinthe1950sinmostareasoftheformerempire.（但随后大部分土地都被利用了）Manyfactorswereinvolved.（承接，介绍原因）Inmanycases,familiesincreasedtheamountoftimeatwork,bringingintocultivationuncultivatedlandalreadyundertheircontrol.（递进，首先是农民工作的时间变长了）Theyalsoengagedinsharecroppingagreeingtoworkanother'slandandpayingthatpersonashareoftheoutput.（其次，他们会租别人的土地）Oftensuchacreagehadbeenpasturelandforanimalsbutnowwasgivenovertocropproduction.（递进，以前这些土地通常是放牧的，而不是种庄稼的）TheextraordinarilyfertilelandsofMoldaviaandWallachia(modernRomania),forexample,hadbeenamongtheleastpopulatedlandsoftheOttomanempireintheeighteenthcentury,butnowsawlargeamountsoflandbroughtundertheplow.（举例，比如M和W两地，在帝国早期是贫瘠之地，现在到处都有人开垦）Significantconcentrationsofcommercialagriculturefirstformedinareaseasilyaccessiblebywater,suchastheDanubeRiverbasin.【A】（递进，这种农业改革首先发生在水源附近，举了一个例子）Duringthenineteenthcentury,expansioninsuchareascontinued,andinteriorregionsjoinedthelistaswell.【B】（递进，后来内陆地区也开始了）Therewerealsosomeincreasesinproductivity.（递进，生产率也提升了）【C】Irrigationprojects,oneformofintensiveagriculture,developedinsomeareas,andtheuseofmodernagriculturaltoolsincreased.【D】（递进，也用上了现代化的生产方式，灌溉等）Butmoreintensiveexploitationofexistingresourcesremainedcomparativelyunusual,andmostincreasesinproductionderivedfromplacingadditionallandundercultivation.（转折，但是最大的提升还是来自有开垦新地）第五段总结农业改革的变化，土地面积的扩大，耕种工具的变化等托福阅读第三篇Increasesinagricultu托福阅读第三篇1.Accordingtoparagraph1,inwhichofthefollowingwaysdidagriculturalproductionintheOttomanempirebegintochangeatendoftheeighteenthcenturyA.AgriculturalproductsnolongercontributedasmuchtotheOttomaneconomy.B.Agriculturalworkerslefttheirfarmstoworkincommercialindustriesinthecities.C.Farmerswithsmalllandholdingsbegantofocusonasingletaskratherthanonmanytasks.D.Farmproductsweresoldcommerciallyinsteadofbeingkeptforpersonaluse.increasingamountsofproducegoingtosaletodomesticandinternationalconsumers,这种变化主要是农产品更加商业化，选D托福阅读第三篇1.Accordingtoparagra托福阅读第三篇2..ThewordsubstantiallyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA不受打扰B明显的C快速的D意外的substantially是显著的意思，选BA.withoutinterruptionB.significantlyC.rapidlyD.unexpectedly托福阅读第三篇2..Thewordsubstantia托福阅读第三篇3..ThewordaccessibleinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA高利润的B竞争的C创造D可达到的accessible表示课利用的，与D意思最接近，选DA.profitableB.competitiveC.createdD.reachable托福阅读第三篇3..Thewordaccessible托福阅读第三篇4.Accordingtoparagraph2,allofthefollowingcontributedtoarisingdemandfortheagriculturalproductsoftheOttomanempireduringthenineteenthcenturyEXCEPTA.thesaleofdomesticwheatinplaceofothercerealsincoastalcitiesB.thedevelopmentofrailroadsystemsleadingtocoastalcitiesC.theriseinlivingstandardsandbuyingpoweramongEuropeansD.theemergenceofnewdomesticmarketsintheOttomanEmpireaflowofdomesticwheatandothercerealstomajorcoastalcitie，是小麦和其他谷物一起，不是小麦取代了其他谷物，A错，选A托福阅读第三篇4.Accordingtoparagra托福阅读第三篇5..WhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassageIncorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A.Somehistorianshaveassertedthattheincreasingcommitmenttomarketagricultureallowedthegovernmenttoraisetaxesandhavethempaidincash.B.Thegovernmentraisedtaxesandrequiredtheybepaidincash,sofarmershadtousethecashtheyobtainedfromsellingtheirfarmproductsinthemarkettopaytheirtaxesC.Somehistorianshaveassertedthattheincreasingcommitmenttomarketagriculturewasaproductofthestate'sgrowingpreferencefortaxpaymentsincashratherthankind.D.Accordingtosomehistorians,thegrowthofmarketagriculturewastheresultofmountingtaxeswhichthegovernmentwantedindividualstopayincash.加黑句表示对农业的重视是税负的增加和对现金结算的偏好共同导致的，选D，C中没有讲到税负Somehistorianshaveassertedthattheincreasingcommitmenttomarketagriculturewasaproductbothofamountingpercapitataxburdenandthestate'sgrowingpreferencefortaxpaymentsincashratherthaninkind托福阅读第三篇5..Whichofthesenten托福阅读第三篇6.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresentstheexplanationforthechangeinagriculturalproductionmentionedinparagraph3A.Thestateallowedcultivatorstopaytheirtaxesincropsaswellasincash.B.Cultivatorsneededcropstheycouldselltopaytaxesincash.C.Statepoliciesbeganfavoringfarmerswhoshiftedtomarketagriculturebyloweringthosefarmers'taxes.D.Cernmentdecisionsforcedcultivatorstogrowcropsforsaleinordertopaytheirtaxes。政府要求农民买粮食来交税，选B托福阅读第三篇6.Whichofthefollow托福阅读第三篇7.ThewordstimulatedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA鼓励B跟随C建议D演示，stimulate是鼓励刺激的意思，选AA.encouragedB.followedC.suggestedD.demonstrated托福阅读第三篇7.Thewordstimulated托福阅读第三篇8.Accordingtoparagraph4,theincreasingdesireofOttomancultivatorstopurchaseconsumergoodsledtoallofthefollowingchangesEXCEPT:A.Cultivatorsworkedharderandforlongerhours.B.Cultivatorshadlesscashavailabletousefortaxpayments.C.Cultivatorssucceededinincreasingtheamountofcashincometheyearned.D.Moreconsumergoodsbecameavailableinruralareas.没有提到农民可以用来交税的现金变少了，选B托福阅读第三篇8.Accordingtoparagra托福阅读第三篇9.ThewordengagedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA成功B相信C投资D参与engaged是参与的意思，选DA.succeededB.believedC.investedD.participated托福阅读第三篇9.Thewordengagedin托福阅读第三篇10.ThewordexploitationinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA提高B利用C管理D调查exploitation是利用开发的意思，选BA.improvementB.useC.managementD.investigation托福阅读第三篇10.Thewordexploitat托福阅读第三篇11.Accordingtoparagraph5,whichofthefollowingwastrueoftheprocessofbringingnewlandundercultivationA.Itbeganininteriorareasandquicklyspreadtoareasnearwater.B.Itwascompletedneartheendoftheeighteenthcentury.C.Itoccurredslowlybecausemostuncultivatedlandwasnotveryfertile.D.Itoftenoccurredasaresultoffarmingfamiliesworkinglongerhours.familiesincreasedtheamountoftimeatwork，农民增加了工作时间来开垦新徒弟，选D托福阅读第三篇11.Accordingtoparag托福阅读第三篇12.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph5aboutagriculturalproductionduringthenineteenthcenturyA．Irrigationandtheuseofmoderntoolscontributedlittletoincreasedproductionincomparisonwithotherfactors.B.Interiorregionsincreasedtheiragriculturalproductionmuchmorethanregionsnearriverbasinsdid.C.Agriculturalproductionwasaidedbyusingless-productivelandforanimalpastureinsteadofforgrowingcrops.D.Agriculturalproductionincreasedinsomeareasbutdecreasedinothersduringthenineteenthcentury.Oftensuchacreagehadbeenpasturelandforanimalsbutnowwasgivenovertocropproduction，以前放牧的地，现在拿来种庄稼了，选C托福阅读第三篇12.Whatcanbeinferr托福阅读第三篇13..Lookatthefoursquaresthatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.插入句表示，这种增长是由于技术提高导致的，这种技术现在叫大范围农业。These告诉我们前文要讲到increase，C前面讲到了increase，选CTheseincreasesresultedfromusingtechnologytoimproveyieldsonexistingfarmland,asystemknownasintensiveagriculture.WherewouldthesentencebestfitClickonasquaretoaddthesentencetothepassage.托福阅读第三篇13..Lookatthefours托福阅读第三篇14.Dragyourchoicestothespaceswheretheybelong.Toreviewthepassage,clickonViewText.AnswerChoicesA.Untilthelateeighteenthcentury,farmerswerelimitedtosellingtheircropsandanimalproductsforcashinnearbytowns.没提到农民以前可以在附近卖东西，内容错B.Startinginthelateeighteenthcentury,farmersincreasinglyproducedcropsforsaleindomesticandinternationalmarkets.农民开始卖农产品了，为了现金，正确C.Manyfarmerssoldtheirproductsinordertobeabletopaytheirtaxesincashandbuyconsumergoodsforthemselves.农民这么做的目的是为了交税和购买商品，正确托福阅读第三篇14.Dragyourchoicest托福阅读第三篇

D.Railroadschangedthewayfarmingwasdone,sincetheybroughtmoderntoolsfromtownstotheagriculturalareas.铁路改变了农业方式，但不是通过运输现代化工具来的，是运输农产品，内容错E.Increasedproductivityresultedmorefromthecultivationofadditionallandthanfromtheuseofnewtoolsandintensiveagriculturalprocesses.更高的生产率更多是因为开垦新土地，正确F.Farmingwasconcentratedinriverbasinsthroughoutthenineteenthcentury,whileinteriorareasweredevotedtopasturelandforanimals.没提到农业主要集中在盆地，内容错正确答案：BCE托福阅读第三篇D.RailroadschangedTHANKYOU托福阅读第三篇THANKYOU托福阅读第三篇托福阅读第三篇AgricultureintheLateOttomanEmpire：奥斯曼帝国晚期农业看标题应该是介绍当时的农业情况，说明文托福阅读第三篇AgricultureintheLat托福阅读第三篇AgricultureintheLateOttomanEmpireThroughoutitshistory,agriculturewastheeconomicmainstayoftheOttomanEmpire,whichdominatedNorthAfrica,theMiddleEast,Turkey,andsoutheasternEuropeforover600yearsuntiltheearlytwentiethcentury.（开门见山，奥斯曼帝国持续约600年，其中农业是其经济基础）Mostcultivatorspossessedsmalllandholdings,engaginginahostoftasks,withtheircropsandanimalproductsmainlydedicatedtoself-consumption.（递进，大部分农民都拥有小土地，收割庄稼供自己食用）Butenormouschangesovertimeprevailedintheagrariansector.（转折，但是有巨大的转变）Beginninginthelateeighteenthcentury,agriculturebecamemoreandmorecommercialized,withincreasingamountsofproducegoingtosaletodomesticandinternationalconsumers.（递进，这种转变是农业变的越来越细化，出口到国内国外）第一段点名主题，介绍奥斯曼帝国的农业，尤其是18世纪晚期开始的农业细化托福阅读第三篇AgricultureintheLat托福阅读第三篇Atleastthreemajorenginesincreasedthisagriculturalproductiondevotedtothemarket,thefirstbeingrisingdemand,bothinternationalanddomestic.（递进展开：第一点原始是需求增加）Abroad,especiallyafter1840,thelivingstandardsandbuyingpowerofmanyEuropeansimprovedsubstantially,permittingthemtobuyawiderchoiceandquantityofgoods.（递进，这是因为1840年后欧洲的生活水准和购买力都提高了）Risingdomesticmarketswithintheempirewerealsoimportant,thankstoincreasedurbanizationaswellasmountingpersonalconsumption.（递进，国内的消费上升也是同样重要）Inthelatenineteenthcentury,newlyopenedrailroaddistrictsbroughtaflowofdomesticwheatandothercerealstomajorcoastalcities.（递进，19世纪晚期，铁路使得谷物等粮食可以运送到海岸城市）Railroadsalsoattractedmarketgardenerswhonowcouldgrowandshipfruitsandvegetablestotheexpandingandnewlyaccessiblemarketsofthesecities.（递进，这些铁路也吸引了园艺家在这些地区经商，种植水果蔬菜）第二段，展开讲农业发展的第一个原因：需求增长，经济变好和铁路发展托福阅读第三篇Atleastthreemajore托福阅读第三篇Thesecondenginedrivingagriculturaloutputconcernscultivators'increasingpaymentoftheirtaxesincashratherthaninkind(thatis,inagriculturalorotherproducts).（并列上一段，第二点原因是人们更愿意用先进而不是物品来付税）Somehistorianshaveassertedthattheincreasingcommitmenttomarketagriculturewasaproductbothofamountingpercapitataxburdenandthestate'sgrowingpreferencefortaxpaymentsincashratherthaninkind.（递进，对于市场农业的押金一方面是由于单位资产税的提高，二是国家更喜欢现金）Inthisview,suchgovernmentdecisionsforcedcultivatorstogrowcropsforsaleinordertopaytheirtaxes.（递进，所以有些国家要求农民种庄稼然后买掉来付税）Thus,statepolicyisseenasthemostimportantfactorinfluencingthecultivators'shiftfromsubsistencefarmingtomarketagriculture.（总结，这样看来，国家政策是导致农民从粮食生产转变到市场农业的）第三段，介绍农业市场化的第二个原因，国家政策，更愿意接受现金托福阅读第三篇Thesecondenginedriv托福阅读第三篇However,cultivators'risinginvolvementinthemarketwasnotsimplyareactiveresponsetothestate'sdemandsforcashtaxes;otherfactorswereatwork.（承上启下，讲第三点）Therewasathirdenginedrivingincreasedagriculturalproduction,cultivators'owndesiresforconsumergoods.(递进，第三点是农民对生活消费品的需求)AmongOttomanconsumers,increasinglyfrequentchangesintaste,alongwiththerisingavailabilityofcheapimportedgoods,stimulatedarisingconsumptionofgoods.（递进，这是因为品味在不断变化，同时商品很便宜）Thispatternofrisingconsumptionbeganintheeighteenthcentury,asseenbytheurbanphenomenonoftheTulipPeriod(1718¨C1730)atimeofurbanrevivalandorientationtowardtheWestlandacceleratedsubsequently.（递进举例，比如郁金香时期）Wantingmoreconsumergoods,cultivatorsneededmorecash.（递进，因为想要更多商品，所以他们需要现金）Thus,ruralfamiliesworkedharderthantheyhadpreviously,notmerelybecauseofcashtaxes.（递进，所以农民更努力，不仅是因为交税）Insuchcircumstances,leisuretimediminished,cashincomesrose,andtheflowofconsumergoodsintothecountrysideaccelerated.（总结递进，这样，休闲时间少了，收入高了）第四段讲第三点要素，对生活用品的需求变高了，促进了人民对现金的追求托福阅读第三篇However,cultivators'托福阅读第三篇Increasesinagriculturalproductionbothpromotedandaccompaniedavastexpansionoftheareaoflandundercultivation.（递进前一段，农产品的提高，促进了土地的扩大）Atthebeginningoftheeighteenthcenturyandindeeduntiltheendoftheempire,thereremainedvaststretchesofuncultivated,sometimesnearlyempty,landoneveryside.（对比开始，帝国早期有很多荒废的土地）Thesespacesbegantofillin,aprocessfinallycompletedonlyinthe1950sinmostareasoftheformerempire.（但随后大部分土地都被利用了）Manyfactorswereinvolved.（承接，介绍原因）Inmanycases,familiesincreasedtheamountoftimeatwork,bringingintocultivationuncultivatedlandalreadyundertheircontrol.（递进，首先是农民工作的时间变长了）Theyalsoengagedinsharecroppingagreeingtoworkanother'slandandpayingthatpersonashareoftheoutput.（其次，他们会租别人的土地）Oftensuchacreagehadbeenpasturelandforanimalsbutnowwasgivenovertocropproduction.（递进，以前这些土地通常是放牧的，而不是种庄稼的）TheextraordinarilyfertilelandsofMoldaviaandWallachia(modernRomania),forexample,hadbeenamongtheleastpopulatedlandsoftheOttomanempireintheeighteenthcentury,butnowsawlargeamountsoflandbroughtundertheplow.（举例，比如M和W两地，在帝国早期是贫瘠之地，现在到处都有人开垦）Significantconcentrationsofcommercialagriculturefirstformedinareaseasilyaccessiblebywater,suchastheDanubeRiverbasin.【A】（递进，这种农业改革首先发生在水源附近，举了一个例子）Duringthenineteenthcentury,expansioninsuchareascontinued,andinteriorregionsjoinedthelistaswell.【B】（递进，后来内陆地区也开始了）Therewerealsosomeincreasesinproductivity.（递进，生产率也提升了）【C】Irrigationprojects,oneformofintensiveagriculture,developedinsomeareas,andtheuseofmodernagriculturaltoolsincreased.【D】（递进，也用上了现代化的生产方式，灌溉等）Butmoreintensiveexploitationofexistingresourcesremainedcomparativelyunusual,andmostincreasesinproductionderivedfromplacingadditionallandundercultivation.（转折，但是最大的提升还是来自有开垦新地）第五段总结农业改革的变化，土地面积的扩大，耕种工具的变化等托福阅读第三篇Increasesinagricultu托福阅读第三篇1.Accordingtoparagraph1,inwhichofthefollowingwaysdidagriculturalproductionintheOttomanempirebegintochangeatendoftheeighteenthcenturyA.AgriculturalproductsnolongercontributedasmuchtotheOttomaneconomy.B.Agriculturalworkerslefttheirfarmstoworkincommercialindustriesinthecities.C.Farmerswithsmalllandholdingsbegantofocusonasingletaskratherthanonmanytasks.D.Farmproductsweresoldcommerciallyinsteadofbeingkeptforpersonaluse.increasingamountsofproducegoingtosaletodomesticandinternationalconsumers,这种变化主要是农产品更加商业化，选D托福阅读第三篇1.Accordingtoparagra托福阅读第三篇2..ThewordsubstantiallyinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA不受打扰B明显的C快速的D意外的substantially是显著的意思，选BA.withoutinterruptionB.significantlyC.rapidlyD.unexpectedly托福阅读第三篇2..Thewordsubstantia托福阅读第三篇3..ThewordaccessibleinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA高利润的B竞争的C创造D可达到的accessible表示课利用的，与D意思最接近，选DA.profitableB.competitiveC.createdD.reachable托福阅读第三篇3..Thewordaccessible托福阅读第三篇4.Accordingtoparagraph2,allofthefollowingcontributedtoarisingdemandfortheagriculturalproductsoftheOttomanempireduringthenineteenthcenturyEXCEPTA.thesaleofdomesticwheatinplaceofothercerealsincoastalcitiesB.thedevelopmentofrailroadsystemsleadingtocoastalcitiesC.theriseinlivingstandardsandbuyingpoweramongEuropeansD.theemergenceofnewdomesticmarketsintheOttomanEmpireaflowofdomesticwheatandothercerealstomajorcoastalcitie，是小麦和其他谷物一起，不是小麦取代了其他谷物，A错，选A托福阅读第三篇4.Accordingtoparagra托福阅读第三篇5..WhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassageIncorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A.Somehistorianshaveassertedthattheincreasingcommitmenttomarketagricultureallowedthegovernmenttoraisetaxesandhavethempaidincash.B.Thegovernmentraisedtaxesandrequiredtheybepaidincash,sofarmershadtousethecashtheyobtainedfromsellingtheirfarmproductsinthemarkettopaytheirtaxesC.Somehistorianshaveassertedthattheincreasingcommitmenttomarketagriculturewasaproductofthestate'sgrowingpreferencefortaxpaymentsincashratherthankind.D.Accordingtosomehistorians,thegrowthofmarketagriculturewastheresultofmountingtaxeswhichthegovernmentwantedindividualstopayincash.加黑句表示对农业的重视是税负的增加和对现金结算的偏好共同导致的，选D，C中没有讲到税负Somehistorianshaveassertedthattheincreasingcommitmenttomarketagriculturewasaproductbothofamountingpercapitataxburdenandthestate'sgrowingpreferencefortaxpaymentsincashratherthaninkind托福阅读第三篇5..Whichofthesenten托福阅读第三篇6.Whichofthefollowingbestrepresentstheexplanationforthechangeinagriculturalproductionmentionedinparagraph3A.Thestateallowedcultivatorstopaytheirtaxesincropsaswellasincash.B.Cultivatorsneededcropstheycouldselltopaytaxesincash.C.Statepoliciesbeganfavoringfarmerswhoshiftedtomarketagriculturebyloweringthosefarmers'taxes.D.Cernmentdecisionsforcedcultivatorstogrowcropsforsaleinordertopaytheirtaxes。政府要求农民买粮食来交税，选B托福阅读第三篇6.Whichofthefollow托福阅读第三篇7.ThewordstimulatedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA鼓励B跟随C建议D演示，stimulate是鼓励刺激的意思，选AA.encouragedB.followedC.suggestedD.demonstrated托福阅读第三篇7.Thewordstimulated托福阅读第三篇8.Accordingtoparagraph4,theincreasingdesireofOttomancultivatorstopurchaseconsumergoodsledtoallofthefollowingchangesEXCEPT:A.Cultivatorsworkedharderandforlongerhours.B.Cultivatorshadlesscashavailabletousefortaxpayments.C.Cultivatorssucceededinincreasingtheamountofcashincometheyearned.D.Moreconsumergoodsbecameavailableinruralareas.没有提到农民可以用来交税的现金变少了，选B托福阅读第三篇8.Accordingtoparagra托福阅读第三篇9.ThewordengagedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA成功B相信C投资D参与engaged是参与的意思，选DA.succeededB.believedC.investedD.participated托福阅读第三篇9.Thewordengagedin托福阅读第三篇10.ThewordexploitationinthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA提高B利用C管理D调查exploitation是利用开发的意思，选BA.improvementB.useC.managementD.investigation托福阅读第三篇10.Thewordexploitat托福阅读第三篇11.Accordingtoparagraph5,whichofthefollowingwastrueoftheprocessofbringingnewlandundercultivationA.Itbeganininteriorareasandquicklyspreadtoareasnearwater.B.Itwascompletednearthe