Unit7TheSilkRoad丝绸之路学习教案课件

会计学1Unit7TheSilkRoad丝绸之路会计学1Unit7TheSilkRoad丝绸之路PartII.CreativityandExchange第1页/共59页PartII.CreativityandExchanUnit7TheSilkRoad

第2页/共59页Unit7TheSilkRoad 第2页/共59页WhatdoesTheSilkRoadreferto?4第3页/共59页WhatdoesTheSilkRoadreferIntroductionTheSilkRoadreferstotheancienttraderouteconnectingAsiaContinentandEuropeanContinent,usuallyitcanbeclassifiedintoNorthernSilkRoadontheland，SouthernSilkRoadonthelandandtheSilkRoadonthesea.第4页/共59页Introduction第4页/共59页IntroductionTheNorthernSilkRoadonthelandusuallyreferstotheroutesstartfromChang’an(nowXi’an),travellingwesttoWuwei,passingthoughHexiCorridortoDunhuangandgowesttoEurope.第5页/共59页Introduction第5页/共59页IntroductionTheSouthernSilkRoadonthelandusuallyreferstotheroutestartsfromSichuanProvinceandgosouthtoIndiaandBurma.ThisroadhasalsoplayedagreatroleinthewarbetweenChinaandJapan.第6页/共59页Introduction第6页/共59页IntroductionTheSilkRoadontheseamainlystartedfromGuangzhou,Quanzhou,Dengzhou,Yangzhou,andMingzhouports,thenitgoeseasttoKorea,Japan,southtoEast-southerncountriesandwesttoEuropeandAfrica.第7页/共59页Introduction第7页/共59页TheNorthernSilkRoadonthelandisthemostfamous,andWeknowitverywell.第8页/共59页第8页/共59页BeginningIt’sveryhardtosayexactlywhentheSilkRoadstarted.Manyincoherentsmallscaletraderouteshaveexistedlongago.TheycanbeconsideredastheearliestSilkRoadbeginningform.

第9页/共59页BeginningIt’sveryhardtosay11OriginatingfromChang’an(thepresent-dayXi’an),theroutetraversedShanxiProvince,thehexicorridorinGansuprovince,theTarimBasininXingjing,thePamirmountainregion,Afghanistan,Iran,IraqandSyria,endingatMediterranean.第10页/共59页11OriginatingfromChang’an(thTHESILKROADHanDynastyTheSilkRoadformallystartedafterZhangQian’svisitingasanenvoytoWesternRegioninWesternHanDynasty.Hewenttheretwiceseparatelyin138B.Cand119B.C.HeplaysanimportantroleinexploringtheSilkRoad.第11页/共59页THESILKROADHanDynastyThe13(164BC~114BC)Anexplorer,traveleranddiplomatinHandynasty.第12页/共59页13(164BC~114BC)Anexplorer,trWhysentZhangQian?14第13页/共59页WhysentZhangQian?14第13页/共515TheancientSilkRoadinnorthwestChinahasahistoryofmorethantwothousandyears.Originally,theChinesetradedsilkinternallywithintheempire.Caravans旅行队fromtheempire'sinteriorwouldcarrysilktothewesternedgesoftheregion.TheywereoftenattackedbythesmallCentralAsiantribeswhowantedtocapturethetraders'valuablecommodities.TrailBlazerofTHESILKROAD第14页/共59页15TheancientSilkRoadinnor16TheexpansionoftheHanempiremadetheSilkroadpossiblebyopeninguptraderoutes.Inordertoprotectthesecaravansandassurethesafetyofthetrade,theHanGovernmentdispatchedGeneralZhangQianasanenvoytobuildgoodrelationshipswiththesetribes.TrailBlazerofTHESILKROAD第15页/共59页16TheexpansionoftheHanempZhangQianwassenttomakeanalliancewiththeHuns,whichwasneversuccessful.Hedidhoweverlearnaboutcropssuchasgrapes,amorepowerfulhorseforcombat,andestablishedtraderelationships.ThefatheroftheSilkRoadZhangQian---fatherofSilkRoad第16页/共59页ZhangQianwassenttomakean18THESILKROADHanDynastyStartingfromChang’an,today'sXi’an,whichwasthecapitaloftheWesternHanDynasty,ZhangledhisteamacrossthevastWesternRegionsandreachedLoulan,GuiziandYutianstatesandestablishedtraderelationswiththesesmallkingdoms.第17页/共59页18THESILKROADHanDynastyStTHESILKROADHanDynastyAfterZhangQian,BanChaotookonamissiontotheWesternRegion,smoothingtheSilkRoadthathadbeenblockedbyexternalwars.HisassistantGanYingreachedDaqin(ancientRome)andevenwenttoPersianGulf,extendedtheSilkRoad.第18页/共59页THESILKROADHanDynastyAfte20THESILKROADLoulan,GuiziandYutianwerethreeimportantstatesintheWesternRegionatthattime.Theywereallabandonedforuncertainreasonsandtravelerstodaycanseeruinsofthesethreeonceflourishingplaces.第19页/共59页20THESILKROADLoulan,Guizi21THESILKROADZhang’sofficerswentevenfurtherintothecentralAsia.AllofthekingdomsthatZhangandhisteamhadvisitedsenttheirenvoystovisitChang’an

(today’sXi’an)toexpresstheirappreciationforthenewrelationshipandshowtheirrespecttotheHanGovernment.第20页/共59页21THESILKROADZhang’soffice22THESILKROADFromthenon,merchantscouldtravelonthesilkroutesafely,andtheybegantoexplorethisnewrouteinordertocarrysilkfromChinatootherpartsoftheworld.第21页/共59页22THESILKROADFromthenon,Silkwasavaluabletradegoodbecauseitwasacloththatwasstrong,warm,light,andsoft.ItwasvaluablebecauseatthetimeonlytheChineseknewhowtomakeit.UnderHanrulerevealingthesilkmakingprocesswaspunishablebydeath.Silkasatradegood第22页/共59页SilkwasavaluabletradegoodWhatdidtheSilkRoadfunctioninthepast?24---Traderoute---AbridagethatlinkedAncientChinatotheoutsideworld----…第23页/共59页WhatdidtheSilkRoadfunctioTheSilkRoadwasoneofthereasonstheHandynastyprosperedwithanetworkofsmallertraderoutesthatstretchedmorethanfourthousandmiles.TheRomanempiredominatedtheMediterranean,butthesilkroadconnectedbothpowerfulempiresandlinkedthepeopleoftheeastandthewestforoverathousandyears.TheSilkRoad第24页/共59页TheSilkRoadwasoneoftherWhenpeopleofotherculturelearnedaboutsilk,itwasahighlyprizedmaterial.Theromanwantedsilkanditwasconsideredluxuryitem.TheRomantradedglasswareandgoldsomethingtheChinesereallywanted.Rometradesglasswareforsilk第25页/共59页WhenpeopleofotherculturelTangDynastyTheTangDynastygovernmentpaidmoreattentiontotheSilkRoad.UnliketheSilkRoadinHanDynasty,TangDynastyhadcontroloversomeareasofWesternRegionandCentralAsiaalongtheroad,establishingeffectiveandsturdyorders,whichclearedobstaclesforChinesebusinessmen.第26页/共59页TangDynastyTheTangDynastyg28THESILKROADThefamousChineseMonkXuanzanginTangDynastytraveledalongtheSilkRoadduringtheTangDynasty.第27页/共59页28THESILKROADThefamousChin29THESILKROADThefamousChineseMonkXuanzanginTangDynastytraveledalongtheSilkRoadduringtheTangDynasty.XuanzangbeganhistripfromChang’an(today'sXi’an)andpassedthroughtheGanSuCorridor,HaMi,TurPanandcontinuedhisjourneywestwardtoIndia.Xuanzangwassurprisedbythewarmreceptionhereceivedalonghisway.第28页/共59页29THESILKROADThefamousChin30THESILKROADItwascommonlybelievedthatpeopleinthosestateswerebrutal,wildanduncontrollable.Xuangzang'stripchangedtheattitudetowardthenomadictribesintheWesternRegionandthiscontributedgreatlytotheTanggovernment'sfriendlyrelationshipwiththesestates.第29页/共59页30THESILKROADItwascommonlyTangDynastyAfterAnShiRebellioninTangDynasty,theempirefelldown.By760AD,theTangGovernmenthadlostcontroloftheWesternRegionandthetradeontheSilkRoadwashalted.第30页/共59页TangDynastyAfterAnShiRebelYuanDynastyThesilkroadonthelandrevivedgreatlyduringYuanDynastyperiodwhenChinabecamelargelydependentonitssilktrade.GenghisKhanconqueredallthesmallstates,unifiedChinaandbuiltalargeempireunderhisrule.

第31页/共59页YuanDynastyThesilkroadont33THESILKROADYuanDynastyTradealongtheSilkRoadreacheditszenithduringthisperiod.ThefamoustravelerMarcoPolotraveledalongtheSilkRoadvisitingDaDuthatistoday'sBeijingandwrotehisfamousbookabouttheorientandintroducedChinatowesterncountriessystematically.第32页/共59页33THESILKROADYuanDynastyTra34THESILKROADAsoverlandtradebecameincreasinglydangerous,andtravelbyseabecamemorepopular,tradealongtheSilkRoaddeclined.WhiletheChinesedidmaintainasilk-furtradewiththeRussiansnorthoftheoriginalSilkRoute.第33页/共59页34THESILKROADAsoverlandtraDeclinationBytheendofthefourteenthcentury,tradeandtravelalongtheroadhaddecreasedsignificantly.GraduallyitwasreplacedbytheSilkRoadonthesea.第34页/共59页DeclinationBytheendofthef36THESILKROADTheSilkRoadwasdefinitelyanimportantpathforcultural,commercialandtechnologicalexchangebetweentraders,merchants,pilgrim,missionariesevensoldiers.Duringmorethan2000years,theroadimprovedthetransferfromnomadstourbandwellersacrosstheAsiancontinenteventhecountriesborderinguponMediterranean.第35页/共59页36THESILKROADTheSilkRoadwInfluenceTheSilkRoadgreatlypromotedtheexchangesofeconomy,technologyandcultureamongtheAsian,theEuropeanandtheAfrican.itmadethewholeworldcolorful.第36页/共59页InfluenceTheSilkRoadgreatlyTheSilkroadwasnotonecontinuousroute,butaseriesofshortertraderoutessothegoodscouldchangemanytimebeforereachingthefinaldestination.FromLuoyang,thesilkroadledwestalongtheGobiDeserttoDunhuanginNorthwesternChina.TravelersrodeaCamelontheeasternsilkroad.FromDunhuangtravelerschooseeitheranorthernorsouthernrouteacrosstheTaklimandeserttoKashgar.Travelersfacedmanyproblemssuchasbanditsoftenattacking,sandstorms,andlackofwater.TheEasternSilkRoad第37页/共59页TheSilkroadwasnotonecontSilkwastheperfecttradinggood,becauseitwaslightandvaluable.Goodshadtobeeasilycarriedsothatmerchantscouldtransportmoregoodsonfeweranimals.Besidessilk,theChinesealsotradedfinedishware,ornaments,jewelry,castironproducts,anddecorativeboxes.TheChinesereceivedavarietyoftradesfortheirgoodssuchashorses,jade,furs,gold,cotton,spices,pearls,andivory.Goodsexchangedalongtheeasternsilkroad第38页/共59页SilkwastheperfecttradinggKashgarwasthecentraltradingpointandtheytraveledWestward.InsteadofcarryinggoodsbycameltheycarriedgoodsbyYak.TheWesternSilkroadwentthroughmountains,deserts,andthenfinallyreachedtheMediterraneanports.ThedangersoftheWesternSilkroadweretreacherousMountainsknowas“Trailofbones.”IntheSyrianDeserttraderswerethreatenedbytigers,lions,andscorpions.TheWesternSilkRoad第39页/共59页KashgarwasthecentraltradiRomesentanumberofproductstobeexchangedforChinesesilksuchasvases,trays,smallbottles,asbestos,andgold.TiberiustheemperorofRomepassedalawwhereitwasillegaltowearsilk.ItwasbelievedthatTiberiusthoughitwouldmaketheRomanslooksoftandweak,butmanybelieveditwasbecauseoftheshortageofgold.Goodsexcahngedalongthewesternsilkroad第40页/共59页RomesentanumberofproductsThetradebetweeneastandwestcreatedculturaldiffusion.WiththesharingofculturessuchasIndia,Buddhismspreadthroughoutchinaandothersurroundingcivilizations.Foodwerealsobroughtthroughoutthesilkroad.Chinaimportednewfoodsuchasgrapes,figs,pomegranates,andwalnuts.TheWestimportedoranges,peaches,pears,anddifferentflowerssuchaschrysanthemums.CulturalExchangesandtheSilkRoad第41页/共59页Thetradebetweeneastandwes43THESILKROADTheemergenceoftheSilkRoadvigorouslypromotedtheEast-Westeconomic,culturalexchanges,andcontributedtotheriseoftheHanDynasty.Furthermore,thatrouteisakeypathwayofIntercoursebetweenEastandWest,either.第42页/共59页43THESILKROADTheemergenceo44Astheroadtothewestwaspopularlyknownforitstradeofsilk,whichwaspricedasvaluableasgold,thatcommercialroutecametobeknownastheSilkRoad.第43页/共59页44Astheroadtothewestwas45Ⅱ.RoutesoftheSilkRoadGenerallyspeaking,thereweretwomajorroutes:onewasoverland,theotherwasacrosstheIndianOcean.第44页/共59页45Ⅱ.RoutesoftheSilkRoadGen46

Thesearouteof“SilkRoad”normallystartsfromGuangxiorelseporttownsonthesoutheasterncoastofChina.AfleetextendsitsvoyagethroughtheseaofJapan,theYellowSea,SouthChinaSea,theBayofBengal（孟加拉湾）,aroundtheMalayPeninsula,offthecoastofBurma,andcametoSoutheastAsiaandtheIndiaPeninsula.Then,itcontinuesalongarouteacrosstheIndianOcean,theArabSea,thePersianGulf(波斯湾),theRedseaandfinallyarrivesatdestinationportsofAfricaorEurope.第45页/共59页46Thesearouteof“SilkRo47GuangxitheseaofJapantheBayofBengaltheIndiaPeninsulathePersianGulf第46页/共59页47Guangxi第46页/共59页48

Withthedevelopmentofseamanshipandnavigation,particularlyafterZhenghesuccessfullysailedtotheWest,asearoutetotheWesttooktheplaceofthesilkroadoverland.第47页/共59页48Withthedevelopmentofs49

Thesilkroad,whichismentionedtoday,refersexclusivelytotheoverlandroute.Thereasonissimple:searoutemainlyexportedporcelain(瓷器),thensilk,gunpowder,tea,importedspecies,pepper,cottonandothercommodities.第48页/共59页49Thesilkroad,whichism50

TheSilkRoadhadservedfortensofhundredsofyearsasthemainrouteofbusinessoverthecontinentsofAsia,EuropeandAfrica,anarteryofCommodityFlowandculturalexchangethatgaveimmenseimpetustotheriseofmajoreconomiesandcivilizationoftheworld.ItlinkedsuchancientcivilizationsasChina,India,Greece,Egypt,andBabylonia.Inasense,theSilkRoadwasnootherthanarouteofcultureandcivilization.Ⅲ.ThemeaningoftheSilkRoad第49页/共59页50TheSilkRoadhadserved51

Silkgarmentsisregardedascharacteristicofthearistocratic（贵族的、高贵的）andthegenteel（上流社会的）.Asanimportantvarietyoftheclothworld,undertheinfluenceofa“greenrevolution”,thetrendofreturningtonature,peoplefindsilktobeanidealchoiceforitshealth-keepingpropertiesofnaturalfiber.第50页/共59页51Silkgarmentsisregarded52Cloth

第51页/共59页52Cloth

第51页/共59页53scarf第52页/共59页53scarf第52页/共59页54Quiltcover第53页/共59页54Quiltcover第53页/共59页55Computerbag第54页/共59页55Computerbag第54页/共59页56handbag第55页/共59页56handbag第55页/共59页57Fan第56页/共59页57Fan第56页/共59页Thanksforyourattention

Thankyou第57页/共59页ThanksforyourattentionThan59Thankyou!

第58页/共59页59Thankyou!第58页/共59页会计学60Unit7TheSilkRoad丝绸之路会计学1Unit7TheSilkRoad丝绸之路PartII.CreativityandExchange第1页/共59页PartII.CreativityandExchanUnit7TheSilkRoad

第2页/共59页Unit7TheSilkRoad 第2页/共59页WhatdoesTheSilkRoadreferto?63第3页/共59页WhatdoesTheSilkRoadreferIntroductionTheSilkRoadreferstotheancienttraderouteconnectingAsiaContinentandEuropeanContinent,usuallyitcanbeclassifiedintoNorthernSilkRoadontheland，SouthernSilkRoadonthelandandtheSilkRoadonthesea.第4页/共59页Introduction第4页/共59页IntroductionTheNorthernSilkRoadonthelandusuallyreferstotheroutesstartfromChang’an(nowXi’an),travellingwesttoWuwei,passingthoughHexiCorridortoDunhuangandgowesttoEurope.第5页/共59页Introduction第5页/共59页IntroductionTheSouthernSilkRoadonthelandusuallyreferstotheroutestartsfromSichuanProvinceandgosouthtoIndiaandBurma.ThisroadhasalsoplayedagreatroleinthewarbetweenChinaandJapan.第6页/共59页Introduction第6页/共59页IntroductionTheSilkRoadontheseamainlystartedfromGuangzhou,Quanzhou,Dengzhou,Yangzhou,andMingzhouports,thenitgoeseasttoKorea,Japan,southtoEast-southerncountriesandwesttoEuropeandAfrica.第7页/共59页Introduction第7页/共59页TheNorthernSilkRoadonthelandisthemostfamous,andWeknowitverywell.第8页/共59页第8页/共59页BeginningIt’sveryhardtosayexactlywhentheSilkRoadstarted.Manyincoherentsmallscaletraderouteshaveexistedlongago.TheycanbeconsideredastheearliestSilkRoadbeginningform.

第9页/共59页BeginningIt’sveryhardtosay70OriginatingfromChang’an(thepresent-dayXi’an),theroutetraversedShanxiProvince,thehexicorridorinGansuprovince,theTarimBasininXingjing,thePamirmountainregion,Afghanistan,Iran,IraqandSyria,endingatMediterranean.第10页/共59页11OriginatingfromChang’an(thTHESILKROADHanDynastyTheSilkRoadformallystartedafterZhangQian’svisitingasanenvoytoWesternRegioninWesternHanDynasty.Hewenttheretwiceseparatelyin138B.Cand119B.C.HeplaysanimportantroleinexploringtheSilkRoad.第11页/共59页THESILKROADHanDynastyThe72(164BC~114BC)Anexplorer,traveleranddiplomatinHandynasty.第12页/共59页13(164BC~114BC)Anexplorer,trWhysentZhangQian?73第13页/共59页WhysentZhangQian?14第13页/共574TheancientSilkRoadinnorthwestChinahasahistoryofmorethantwothousandyears.Originally,theChinesetradedsilkinternallywithintheempire.Caravans旅行队fromtheempire'sinteriorwouldcarrysilktothewesternedgesoftheregion.TheywereoftenattackedbythesmallCentralAsiantribeswhowantedtocapturethetraders'valuablecommodities.TrailBlazerofTHESILKROAD第14页/共59页15TheancientSilkRoadinnor75TheexpansionoftheHanempiremadetheSilkroadpossiblebyopeninguptraderoutes.Inordertoprotectthesecaravansandassurethesafetyofthetrade,theHanGovernmentdispatchedGeneralZhangQianasanenvoytobuildgoodrelationshipswiththesetribes.TrailBlazerofTHESILKROAD第15页/共59页16TheexpansionoftheHanempZhangQianwassenttomakeanalliancewiththeHuns,whichwasneversuccessful.Hedidhoweverlearnaboutcropssuchasgrapes,amorepowerfulhorseforcombat,andestablishedtraderelationships.ThefatheroftheSilkRoadZhangQian---fatherofSilkRoad第16页/共59页ZhangQianwassenttomakean77THESILKROADHanDynastyStartingfromChang’an,today'sXi’an,whichwasthecapitaloftheWesternHanDynasty,ZhangledhisteamacrossthevastWesternRegionsandreachedLoulan,GuiziandYutianstatesandestablishedtraderelationswiththesesmallkingdoms.第17页/共59页18THESILKROADHanDynastyStTHESILKROADHanDynastyAfterZhangQian,BanChaotookonamissiontotheWesternRegion,smoothingtheSilkRoadthathadbeenblockedbyexternalwars.HisassistantGanYingreachedDaqin(ancientRome)andevenwenttoPersianGulf,extendedtheSilkRoad.第18页/共59页THESILKROADHanDynastyAfte79THESILKROADLoulan,GuiziandYutianwerethreeimportantstatesintheWesternRegionatthattime.Theywereallabandonedforuncertainreasonsandtravelerstodaycanseeruinsofthesethreeonceflourishingplaces.第19页/共59页20THESILKROADLoulan,Guizi80THESILKROADZhang’sofficerswentevenfurtherintothecentralAsia.AllofthekingdomsthatZhangandhisteamhadvisitedsenttheirenvoystovisitChang’an

(today’sXi’an)toexpresstheirappreciationforthenewrelationshipandshowtheirrespecttotheHanGovernment.第20页/共59页21THESILKROADZhang’soffice81THESILKROADFromthenon,merchantscouldtravelonthesilkroutesafely,andtheybegantoexplorethisnewrouteinordertocarrysilkfromChinatootherpartsoftheworld.第21页/共59页22THESILKROADFromthenon,Silkwasavaluabletradegoodbecauseitwasacloththatwasstrong,warm,light,andsoft.ItwasvaluablebecauseatthetimeonlytheChineseknewhowtomakeit.UnderHanrulerevealingthesilkmakingprocesswaspunishablebydeath.Silkasatradegood第22页/共59页SilkwasavaluabletradegoodWhatdidtheSilkRoadfunctioninthepast?83---Traderoute---AbridagethatlinkedAncientChinatotheoutsideworld----…第23页/共59页WhatdidtheSilkRoadfunctioTheSilkRoadwasoneofthereasonstheHandynastyprosperedwithanetworkofsmallertraderoutesthatstretchedmorethanfourthousandmiles.TheRomanempiredominatedtheMediterranean,butthesilkroadconnectedbothpowerfulempiresandlinkedthepeopleoftheeastandthewestforoverathousandyears.TheSilkRoad第24页/共59页TheSilkRoadwasoneoftherWhenpeopleofotherculturelearnedaboutsilk,itwasahighlyprizedmaterial.Theromanwantedsilkanditwasconsideredluxuryitem.TheRomantradedglasswareandgoldsomethingtheChinesereallywanted.Rometradesglasswareforsilk第25页/共59页WhenpeopleofotherculturelTangDynastyTheTangDynastygovernmentpaidmoreattentiontotheSilkRoad.UnliketheSilkRoadinHanDynasty,TangDynastyhadcontroloversomeareasofWesternRegionandCentralAsiaalongtheroad,establishingeffectiveandsturdyorders,whichclearedobstaclesforChinesebusinessmen.第26页/共59页TangDynastyTheTangDynastyg87THESILKROADThefamousChineseMonkXuanzanginTangDynastytraveledalongtheSilkRoadduringtheTangDynasty.第27页/共59页28THESILKROADThefamousChin88THESILKROADThefamousChineseMonkXuanzanginTangDynastytraveledalongtheSilkRoadduringtheTangDynasty.XuanzangbeganhistripfromChang’an(today'sXi’an)andpassedthroughtheGanSuCorridor,HaMi,TurPanandcontinuedhisjourneywestwardtoIndia.Xuanzangwassurprisedbythewarmreceptionhereceivedalonghisway.第28页/共59页29THESILKROADThefamousChin89THESILKROADItwascommonlybelievedthatpeopleinthosestateswerebrutal,wildanduncontrollable.Xuangzang'stripchangedtheattitudetowardthenomadictribesintheWesternRegionandthiscontributedgreatlytotheTanggovernment'sfriendlyrelationshipwiththesestates.第29页/共59页30THESILKROADItwascommonlyTangDynastyAfterAnShiRebellioninTangDynasty,theempirefelldown.By760AD,theTangGovernmenthadlostcontroloftheWesternRegionandthetradeontheSilkRoadwashalted.第30页/共59页TangDynastyAfterAnShiRebelYuanDynastyThesilkroadonthelandrevivedgreatlyduringYuanDynastyperiodwhenChinabecamelargelydependentonitssilktrade.GenghisKhanconqueredallthesmallstates,unifiedChinaandbuiltalargeempireunderhisrule.

第31页/共59页YuanDynastyThesilkroadont92THESILKROADYuanDynastyTradealongtheSilkRoadreacheditszenithduringthisperiod.ThefamoustravelerMarcoPolotraveledalongtheSilkRoadvisitingDaDuthatistoday'sBeijingandwrotehisfamousbookabouttheorientandintroducedChinatowesterncountriessystematically.第32页/共59页33THESILKROADYuanDynastyTra93THESILKROADAsoverlandtradebecameincreasinglydangerous,andtravelbyseabecamemorepopular,tradealongtheSilkRoaddeclined.WhiletheChinesedidmaintainasilk-furtradewiththeRussiansnorthoftheoriginalSilkRoute.第33页/共59页34THESILKROADAsoverlandtraDeclinationBytheendofthefourteenthcentury,tradeandtravelalongtheroadhaddecreasedsignificantly.GraduallyitwasreplacedbytheSilkRoadonthesea.第34页/共59页DeclinationBytheendofthef95THESILKROADTheSilkRoadwasdefinitelyanimportantpathforcultural,commercialandtechnologicalexchangebetweentraders,merchants,pilgrim,missionariesevensoldiers.Duringmorethan2000years,theroadimprovedthetransferfromnomadstourbandwellersacrosstheAsiancontinenteventhecountriesborderinguponMediterranean.第35页/共59页36THESILKROADTheSilkRoadwInfluenceTheSilkRoadgreatlypromotedtheexchangesofeconomy,technologyandcultureamongtheAsian,theEuropeanandtheAfrican.itmadethewholeworldcolorful.第36页/共59页InfluenceTheSilkRoadgreatlyTheSilkroadwasnotonecontinuousroute,butaseriesofshortertraderoutessothegoodscouldchangemanytimebeforereachingthefinaldestination.FromLuoyang,thesilkroadledwestalongtheGobiDeserttoDunhuanginNorthwesternChina.TravelersrodeaCamelontheeasternsilkroad.FromDunhuangtravelerschooseeitheranorthernorsouthernrouteacrosstheTaklimandeserttoKashgar.Travelersfacedmanyproblemssuchasbanditsoftenattacking,sandstorms,andlackofwater.TheEasternSilkRoad第37页/共59页TheSilkroadwasnotonecontSilkwastheperfecttradinggood,becauseitwaslightandvaluable.Goodshadtobeeasilycarriedsothatmerchantscouldtransportmoregoodsonfeweranimals.Besidessilk,theChinesealsotradedfinedishware,ornaments,jewelry,castironproducts,anddecorativeboxes.TheChinesereceivedavarietyoftradesfortheirgoodssuchashorses,jade,furs,gold,cotton,spices,pearls,andivory.Goodsexchangedalongtheeasternsilkroad第38页/共59页SilkwastheperfecttradinggKashgarwasthecentraltradingpointandtheytraveledWestward.InsteadofcarryinggoodsbycameltheycarriedgoodsbyYak.TheWesternSilkroadwentthroughmountains,deserts,andthenfinallyreachedtheMediterraneanports.ThedangersoftheWesternSilkroadweretreacherousMountainsknowas“Trailofbones.”IntheSyrianDeserttraderswerethreatenedbytigers,lions,andscorpions.TheWesternSilkRoad第39页/共59页KashgarwasthecentraltradiRomesentanumberofproductstobeexchangedforChinesesilksuchasvases,trays,smallbottles,asbestos,andgold.TiberiustheemperorofRomepassedalawwhereitwasillegaltowearsilk.ItwasbelievedthatTiberiusthoughitwouldmaketheRomanslooksoftandweak,butmanybelieveditwasbecauseoftheshortageofgold.Goodsexcahngedalongthewesternsilkroad第40页/共59页RomesentanumberofproductsThetradebetweeneastandwestcreatedculturaldiffusion.WiththesharingofculturessuchasIndia,Buddhismspreadthroughoutchinaandothersurroundingcivilizations.Foodwerealsobroughtthroughoutthesilkroad.Chinaimportednewfoodsuchasgrapes,figs,pomegranates,andwalnuts.TheWestimportedoranges,peaches,pears,anddifferentflowerssuchaschrysanthemums.CulturalExchangesandtheSilkRoad第41页/共59页Thetradebetweeneastandwes102THESILKROADTheemergenceoftheSilkRoadvigorouslypromotedtheEast-Westeconomic,culturalexchanges,an