托福基础阅读讲义课件

iBTTOEFLReading

(BasicLevel)主讲：何康iBTTOEFLReading

(BasicLe1IntroductioniBTTOEFL托福阅读简介iBTTOEFL基础阅读课程设置简介攻克iBTTOEFL阅读的基本要求iBTTOEFL托福Direction讲解托福真题测试总结iBTTOEFL考试的特点和做题原则讲解句子的结构IntroductioniBTTOEFL托福阅读简介2iBT托福阅读V.S.笔试托福阅读iBT托福笔试托福文章数量3–5篇5篇文章长度650–750单词/篇300–400单词/篇题目数量12–14个/篇9–11个/篇测试时间20分钟/篇55分钟/5篇测试分数0–30分0–67分iBT托福阅读V.S.笔试托福阅读iBT托福笔试托福文章数3iBTTOEFL特点1.新托福所有的文章都加了标题mainidea题型取消，取而代之的是文章内容小结题2.文章明显加长老托福350→新托福700老托福11分/篇→新托福20分/篇注意加试：第1部分若3篇，则听力为9个段落或篇幅的文章第1部分若5篇，则听力为6个段落或篇幅的文章iBTTOEFL特点4iBTTOEFL特点3.新托福的生词明显增多高中：3500个单词；四级：4000多；新托福：8000（质的突破）词汇题占1/4的分数4.题目大多都是具有客观无争性（混淆题不多）5.顺序原则出题的顺序和文章议论的顺序基本一致的第1题，一般在前3行；第2题，4-6行iBTTOEFL特点5iBTTOEFL特点6.明显增加了对句子和篇章的考察体现在新增题型中7.新增题型①句子简化题：句子结构的理解②句子插入题：考查逻辑③文章内容小结题目：6选3（2分）；7选5（3分）④图表题：从文字到表格iBTTOEFL特点6TOEFLiBTReadingQuestionTypesBasicInformation&InferencequestionsFactualInformationquestionsNegativeFactualInformationquestionsInferencequestionsRhetoricalPurposequestionsVocabularyquestionsTOEFLiBTReadingQuestionTyp7TOEFLiBTReadingQuestionTypes5.SentenceSimplificationquestions6.InsertTextquestionsReadingtoLearnquestions7.ProseSummary8.FillinaTableTOEFLiBTReadingQuestionTyp8iBT托福阅读的考察重点(1)主题：辨析文章的主要观点，并与局部小观点区分；辨析段落主题。(2)细节：概括性信息的把握并判别具体信息的真伪。(3)词汇：辨析词汇和短语的含义，并通过上下文推断某些词汇和短语的含义。(4)推断：根据上下文推断出隐藏的信息。(5)态度：根据文章描述判断作者意图和态度。(6)结构：判断句子和句子之间的逻辑关系，并确定段落的结构。

iBT托福阅读的考察重点93．攻克iBT托福的基本要求词汇是基础：如何有效地记忆词汇？四级词汇开始，6000–9000词汇书如何看：最难的：s,t,c,d,e,l,p最易得：q,u,v,w.x,y,z词汇书的选择3．攻克iBT托福的基本要求10TOEFL词汇王玉梅编著适合高中生，词汇基础比较差的同学

收录词汇比较多而全

网络价：￥21.1TOEFL词汇11TOEFL词汇，词以类记张红岩编著前面的题材分类词汇不错，但后面的分类词汇总结一般适合有一定基础的同学网络价￥23.8TOEFL词汇，词以类记12TOEFL词汇精选张红岩编著收录了比较多的常考的中高级托福词汇比较适合过了4级的同学网络价￥17.3TOEFL词汇精选13TOEFL核心词汇21天突破李笑来编著此书比较有成就感和规划感，并且每个单词都配备了托福考试的真题的原句适合有一定基础，特别是看得懂单词可看不懂句子的同学网络价：￥21.8TOEFL核心词汇21天突破14词典的选择￥22.5￥77.0词典的选择￥22.5￥77.015词汇记忆方法①零散时间背诵②15天内必须重复③背单词+阅读④一词多义E.g.freshmanfreshwoman词汇记忆方法16句子是关键：如何快速高效地读懂句子？句子的结构句子是关键：17背景是补充：①老真题的阅读理解②NationalGeography③Discovery④原版专业教材⑤美国历史文化书籍《美国风情录》、《美加概况》、《美国介绍》比较原始的，中英文对照的，涵盖地理、历史、自然风光、社会人文背景是补充：18几个重要的网站

/(寄托天下)

/(寄托天下论坛)

/(太傻网)几个重要的网站19(4)信心是保障

Onceyoumakeupyourmindtosucceed,failurewillneverdefeatyou

TodomuchistobemuchTodolittleistobelittle(4)信心是保障20阅读能力薄弱的原因

词汇量不够词汇量足够，但是没掌握一词多义无法在文中快速定位找答案单词看得懂也能定位，但是放到句子就看不懂想要看懂每一句话，没看懂不放心阅读能力薄弱的原因21ReadiBTTOEFLDirectionsTPO(TOEFLPracticeOnline)/SampleTest:Passage22onyourhandoutReadiBTTOEFLDirections22AnswertoPassage221-5CDBBD6-10ABDDAAnswertoPassage2223托福考试三大原则不要通读全文先读段落首末句，然后带着题目回原文找答案阅读考试题目具有很强的客观性原文必有出处，不能靠猜测在速度与准确率无法兼得的情况下，一定以准确率为主不可以边做题边查字典托福考试三大原则24标点符号的用法：句号——分隔句子逗号——逗号之间可以不用看冒号——抽象到具体的过程，表示解释分号——并列（语义上和结构上的并列）破折号­——之间是说明成分，可以不看引号——引用别人的观点，表讽刺括号——解释作用标点符号的用法：25阅读的方法精读——句子结构分析和解析方法1.简单句：S+V+O

2.复合句:主句+从句3.三大从句：

泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读1.快速阅读方法2.阅读中需要详略结合

3.理解单位扩大

阅读的方法精读——句子结构分析和解析方法26精读——句子结构分析和解析方法简单句：S+V+O

谓动单一性原则：在一个句子中，有且只有一个

谓语动词Iamastudentstudyeconomics.(×)Iamastudentstudyingeconomics(√)非谓语动词：现在分词V-ing过去分词V-ed(P.P.)不定式todo精读——句子结构分析和解析方法简单句：S+V+O27精读——句子结构分析和解析方法2.复合句:主句+从句主句单一性原则：在一个句子中，有且只有一个主句(从句可以有若干个)S+V+O,S+V+O(×)

SVO,and/butSVOSVO,引导词+SVO精读——句子结构分析和解析方法2.复合句:主句+从28精读——句子结构分析和解析方法3.三大从句：名词性从句：主语从句、同位语从句、强调句型形容词性从句：定语从句副词性从句：状语从句精读——句子结构分析和解析方法3.三大从句：29精读——句子结构分析和解析方法Ⅰ名词性从句（1）主语从句引导词:what,that,how,why,whether……结构：①That+S.+V.+O.=n

②what/whatever+S.+V.=n精读——句子结构分析和解析方法Ⅰ名词性从句30精读——句子结构分析和解析方法ExampleWhatyousaidisrightThattheancestorsofbirdsaredinosaursisknown改写：Itisknownthattheancestorsofbirdsaredinosaurs.精读——句子结构分析和解析方法Example31精读——句子结构分析和解析方法Ⅰ名词性从句（2）.同位语从句:同位语：n1,n2→n1=n2同位语从句S,n,V.O.→S,that+SVO,VOe.g.Thefact,thattheancestorofbirdsaredinosaurs,isknown.可接同位语的名词多为抽象名词，如：view,idea,suggestion,fact,reason,conclusion,doubt…….e.g.Thereisnodoubtthathewasafinescholar精读——句子结构分析和解析方法Ⅰ名词性从句32精读——句子结构分析和解析方法Test:Analyzethesentencestructure(1)Thoughtheactualboundariesandsizesandshapesoftheplatesarenotknownforsure,ithasbeenpostulatedthattherearesixmajorplates.(2)ItisgenerallyacceptedthatthesinglesupercontinentknownasPangaeaindeedexisted,thatPanagaeasubsequentlybrokeapartintotwogiantpieces,GondwanalandinthesouthandLaurasiainthenorth,andthatthecontinentsattachedtothevariouscrystalplatesseparatedanddriftedinvariousdirections.精读——句子结构分析和解析方法Test:Analyz33精读——句子结构分析和解析方法强调句型:Itis……..that+SV/+VO①

.

注意强调句型的结构

“

It

is

/was

+

被强调部分

+

who/

that

+

其它部分”，此结构常译为“是……；……正是”。其特点是：去掉强调结构“

It

is

/

was

…

who

/

that…

”原句仍成立It

was

about

600

years

ago

______

the

first

clockwith

a

face

and

an

hour

hand

was

made.

A.

that

B.

until

C.

before

D.

when

精读——句子结构分析和解析方法强调句型:Itis34精读——句子结构分析和解析方法

强调句型:Itis……..that+SV/+VO②.

注意

who

和

that

的选用:在强调句型中，若被强调部分是主语，且指人时，可用

who

代替

that

；若被强调部分是宾语，且指人时，可用

whom

代替

that

；但若被强调部分是状语时，则只能用

that

，即使指时间、地点、原因等，也不能用

when

，

where

或

because

等替代。如：

精读——句子结构分析和解析方法

强调句型:Itis35精读——句子结构分析和解析方法It

was

my

sister

whom

I

met

in

the

street

yesterday.

It

was

only

when

I

reread

his

poems

recently

that

I

began

to

appreciate

their

beauty.

It

was

for

this

reason

that

her

uncle

moved

out

of

New

York

and

settled

down

in

a

small

town

精读——句子结构分析和解析方法It

was

my

sis36精读——句子结构分析和解析方法强调句型:Itis……..that+SV/+VO③强调句型通常强调主语、宾语和状语，一般不强调谓语。需强调谓语时，要在谓语动词原形前面加上助动词

do

，

does

或

did

，尤其是在祈使句或肯定句中，用来加强语气。如：

Do

tell

me

where

on

earth

you

are

now!

Boys

and

girls,

let

me

tell

you

something

that

does

sound

strange.

To

my

surprise,

he

did

come

here

on

time

last

night.

精读——句子结构分析和解析方法强调句型:Itis37精读——句子结构分析和解析方法Ⅱ形容性从句：定语从句引导词：①:that,which,who,whom②:when,where,whose结构：第①类引导词第②类引导词①+VO=a②+SVO=a①+SV=a

精读——句子结构分析和解析方法Ⅱ形容性从句：定语从38精读——句子结构分析和解析方法举例

第I类引导词Thisisthepigthat/whichisveryfatThisisthepigthat/whichIateThisisthepigfromwhichImakefunThisisthepig,whichisveryfatThisisthepig,whichIateThisisthepig,fromwhichImakefun精读——句子结构分析和解析方法举例39精读——句子结构分析和解析方法第II类：whose,when,where+SVOThebook,whosecoverisred,isquiteinteresting.ThisistheplacewhereIgrewup.=inwhichIgrewup.精读——句子结构分析和解析方法第II类：whose,40精读——句子结构分析和解析方法形容词性从句的省略①当that/which/whom在定于从句中充当宾语时，可以将它们省略：ThisisthemovieIlove.②当that/which在定语从句中充当主语时，并且从句中的谓语动词为be动词时可将它们省略n.that/which+be……→n,……Thehouse,whichwasbuiltin1919,wasdestroyed.

Thehouse,builtin1919,wasdestroyed.精读——句子结构分析和解析方法形容词性从句的省略41精读——句子结构分析和解析方法个别情况下,which或as在引导定语从句时，也指代前面整个一句Astheplatesdrifted,theymayhavediverged,whichwasassociatedwiththespreadoftheseafloor,ortheymayhaveconverged,whichresultedincollision,seductionandmountainbuilding精读——句子结构分析和解析方法个别情况下,which或42精读——句子结构分析和解析方法(III)副词性从句:省略引导词when,though,while,although，if……结构When+s*+v*+adj/V-ing/V-ed,S+V+O省略条件：①s*=S②v*=be则：从句的主语和谓语一起省略。举例：Whenhewasyoung,hewasalwaysbeatenbyhisfather.Whenyoung,hewasalwaysbeatenbyhisfather精读——句子结构分析和解析方法(III)副词性从句:43精读——句子结构分析和解析方法测试1：写出省略句Ifyouareindoubt,youcouldaskatyourlocallibrary.Ifindoubt,youcouldaskatyourlocallibraryTheroomwasalittleshabby,thoughitislarge.

Theroomwasalittleshabby,thoughlarge.精读——句子结构分析和解析方法测试1：写出省略句44精读——句子结构分析和解析方法测试2：找出该句子中的省略Otherpossiblechemicaldefenses,whilenotdirectlytoxictotheparasite,mayinhibitsomeessentialstepintheestablishmentofparasiticrelationship.Forexample,glycol-proteininplantcellwallsmayinactivateenzymesthatdegradecellwalls.精读——句子结构分析和解析方法测试2：找出该句子中的省略45精读——句子结构分析和解析方法

7比较结构：

比较的形式要一致：TheUnitedStatesislargerthanUK/UKis/isUK

比较的对象要泛指：

YourcarismuchmoreexpensivethantheoneIhave.比较的对象要一致：ThetemperatureinAlaskaismuchlowerthanthatofTexas.精读——句子结构分析和解析方法7比较结构：46二、泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读1．快速阅读方法(I)句子简读法:所有的句子都先读主干，再看引导句(1)n+that+V=定语从句(2)V.+that=宾语从句(3)S+V,……,O“……”省略不读(4)S,……,V+O“……”省略不读二、泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读1．快速阅读方法47二、泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读(II)n1,n2,n3……(名词并列，则找一个自己认识的读)e.g.Aggressivebehaviorisintendedtocauseinjury,pain,suffering,damageordestruction.

二、泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读(II)n1,n248二、泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读(III)n1ofn2,n1是中心词、核心词n1ofn2ofn3,n1是中心词、核心词e.g．Anunderstandingofthederivationofthewordcompetitionsupportsthat…….翻译的方式：从后向前翻译依次加“的”

二、泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读(III)n1of49二、泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读(IV)n1orn2,n1andn2(n1、n2认识一个就行)e.g.Based-20orVigesimalsystemarelessused.二、泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读(IV)n1o50二、泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读(V)

AsuchasB.C.D或者suchAasB.C.D.只要认识A.B.C.D当中的一个就可以Verbalattackssuchasscreamingandshoutingorbelittlingandhumiliatingcommentscanalsobeatypeofaggression.

二、泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读(V)Asucha51二、泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读(VI)看到一下词组，只读逗号后面的内容

Inadditionto……,……Inaddition,Ratherthan……,While/though/evenif/eventhough……,…..二、泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读(VI)看到一下词组，只52二、泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读

(VII)moreAthanBThan以后的内容不读

(VIII)aswellas=and→同IV

二、泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读(VII)more53二、泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读2.阅读中需要详略结合——skimmingbutnotskip.

I需要详细阅读的内容

①结构主体(段落首末句)②非举例性质的概括、描述③题目定位返回原文的内容II可以快速浏览的内容

①大量数据堆积②明显举例③对比、类比、让步、转折只读一半二、泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读2.阅读中需要详略结合—54二、泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读

3.理解单位扩大I阅读中的恶习——指读、声读、回读、视角过窄、二次阅读II理解单位扩大理解单位——变单词为意群组合进行阅读理解焦点训练法：Example

二、泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读3.理解单位扩大55二、泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读可以合并为意群的成分Adv,介词短语，分词短语，非谓语不定式主谓或谓宾固定搭配：too…to…,suchas…二、泛读——快速阅读与有效阅读可以合并为意群的成分56Topic1:Geology(地质学)托福基础阅读讲义课件57crust:地壳mantle地幔core地核

crust:地壳58地球构造学说：platetectonics板块构造学

continentaldrifts大陆漂移学地球构造学说：59

板块运动的方式：

converge会聚运动splitapart/diverge分开AdiveunderBA潜入到B的下方slidepasseachother互相擦肩而过板块运动的方式：60Boundary:板块与板块之间的边界

subductionzone潜没区boundarymid-oceanridge海底山脊Boundary:板块与板块之间的边界61volcano火山activevolcano活火山extinctvolcano死火山dormantvolcano休眠火山volcano火山62

volcano火山eruption火山喷发crater火山口lava火山岩浆magma岩浆volcanicdust火山尘volcanicash火山灰volcano火山63quake/tremor/seism地震seismic地震的seismology地震学seismicwave地震波magnitude震级epicenter震中aftershock余震quake/tremor/seism地震64fault断层faultplane断层面faultzone断层带glacier冰川glacial冰川的glacialepoch/period冰川期iceberg冰山fault断层65Topic1:Geology

ReadPassage1Topic1:Geology66

Topic2Americangeography(美国地理)托福基础阅读讲义课件67托福基础阅读讲义课件68NortheastAmericaMaryland,Delaware(特拉华州),NewJersey,Pennsylvania,NewYork,Connecticut(康涅狄格州),NortheastAmericaMaryland,69RhodeIsland(罗德岛),MassachusettVermont(佛蒙特州),NewHampshire(新罕布什尔州),Maine(缅因州)RhodeIsland(罗德岛),70

NorthAmerica:thelandTheSmallest:thesmalleststateisRhodeIsland,whichhas36islandsTheShortest:NewHampshirehastheshortestseacoast(18miles)TheOldest:theoldestmountainsinNorthAmericaaretheAppalachianMountain

.NorthAmerica:theland71NortheastAmerica:citiesBoston,PhiladelphiaNewYorkCity,WashingtonD.CNortheastAmerica:cities72

NorthAmerica:theeconomyMegalopolis:NewYorkCity,WallStreetisinsouthofManhattanStatueofLibertyHudsonRiver

NorthAmerica:theeconomy73Acapitalcity:WashingtonD.C.Capitol(国会大厦)Congress(国会)NationalMall(草地广场)Acapitalcity:WashingtonD.74NorthAmerica:thecultureNewYorkCityisthelargestcityinthenationwith7.5millionpeople.TheLibraryofCongressinD.C.contains80millionitemsin470languages.Itisprobablythebiggestlibraryintheworld.TheDeclareofIndependencewassignedinPhiladelphiain1776Thenation’sfirstcollegewasHarvardinCambridge,Massachusetts.NorthAmerica:theculture75托福基础阅读讲义课件76GreatLakes:LakeSuperiorLakeMichiganLakeHuronLakeErieLakeOntario

MainStatesMinnesotaWisconsinIllinoisIndianaMichiganOhioMidwestofAmericaGreatLakes:MainStatesMidw77Chicago：钢铁城;Detroit:汽车城Characteristics:abundanceofore，forestation,laborbenefitfromthetransportationconnectionTheland:TheMidwestistheflattestregionintheUS.ItistheonlyonewithnomountainrangesTheMidwesthasmorelakesthananyotherregioninthecountry

MidwestofAmericaChicago：钢铁城;Detroit:汽车城78TheMidwestofAmericaOneoftheworld’sbiggestopenpitironminesoperatesnearHibbing,MinnesotaThetallestbuildingintheUnitedStatesisinChicago.ItistheSearsTower,110storiesor1454feettallMorecarsandtrucksaremadeinMichigancities,suchasDetroitandFlintBecauseKansasisthenation’stopwheat-growingstate,ithasbeencalledthebread-basketofAmericaTheMidwestofAmericaOneoft79TheMidwestofAmericaFamousUniversities:TheUniversityofChicagoTheNorthwestUniversityMichiganUniversityIllinoisInstituteofTechnology

TheMidwestofAmericaFamous80托福基础阅读讲义课件81ThewestofAmericaMainStates:

WashingtonOregonCaliforniaNevadaThewestofAmericaMainStat82CaliforniaWithmanybigcitiesincludingSanFrancisco,LosAngeles,andSanDiego,CaliforniahasthemostpeopleofanystateHollywoodandDisneylandCaliforniaWithmanybigcitie83

Theland:ThetallesttreeintheworldistheGeneralShermantreeinCalifornia’sSequoiaNationalPark.Itis368feettallandis3000to4000yearsoldRockyMountainiscalledthe“thebackbone”ofAmerica.ThemountainsformalinecalledthecontinentalDivide.TheDeadValleyisinsunnysouthernCalifornia.Itiscalled“groundonfire”.Onasummerdaytheairisusuallyaround100degreesintheshade.Theland:84

Theeconomy

Redmond,Washingtonishometothebiggestpersonalcomputersoftwarecompanyintheworld,MicrosoftBoeing,thelargestaircraftmanufacturerintheworld,isoneofSeattle’smostimportantemployers.SiliconValleyinCaliforniaisaclusteroftownsthatarehigh-techtoday.SiliconisusedtomakecomputerchipsthatarebrainsofcomputersTheeconomy85TheWestofAmericaUniversitiesUCofBerkeleyUCofL.A.StanfordUniversitytheUniversityofWashington

TheWestofAmericaUniversiti86corn,ricetobacco,cottonmanufacturedgoodsfinishedproductcorn,ricetobacco,cottonman87Newwordssummary:Geographyhemisphere半球equator赤道latitude纬线longitude经线/经度altitude海拔horizon地平线topography地形/地形学plain平原basin盆地lowland低地oasis绿洲plateau/highland高地Newwordssummary:Geography88Newwordssummary:Geographywaterfall瀑布cascade小瀑布、喷流reef暗礁coralreef珊瑚礁tide湖水dune沙丘cliff山崖valley山谷hillside/mountainslope山坡canyon/gorge峡谷channel/strait海峡theprimevalforest原始森林tropicalrainforest热带雨林Newwordssummary:Geography89Topic2AmericanGeographyReadPassage2Topic2AmericanGeography90

Topic3AmericanHistory(美国历史)托福基础阅读讲义课件91Pre-Columbianperiod

TheearliestknowninhabitantsofwhatisnowtheUnitedStatesarethoughttohavearrivedinAlaskabycrossingtheBeringlandbridge,atleast14,000–30,000yearsago.Someofthesegroupsmigratedsouthandeast,andovertimespreadthroughouttheAmericas.Pre-Columbianperiod92TheseweretheancestorstomodernNativeAmericansintheUnitedStatesandAlaskanNativepeoples,aswellasallindigenouspeoplesoftheAmericas.Theseweretheancestorstomo93Mississippianculture

Around900–1450ADtheMississippianculturedevelopedandspreadthroughtheEasternUnitedStates,primarilyalongtherivervalleys.ThelocationwheretheMississippiancultureisfirstclearlydevelopedislocatedinIllinois.

MississippiancultureAroun94ColonialPeriodAfteraperiodofexplorationbypeoplefromvariousEuropeancountries,Spanish,Dutch,English,French,Swedish,andPortuguesesettlementswereestablished.ColonialPeriodAfteraperiod95ChristopherColumbuswasthefirstEuropeantosetfootonwhatwouldonedaybecomeU.S.territorywhenhecametoPuertoRicoonNovember19,1493,duringhissecondvoyage.Inthe15thcentury,Europeansbroughthorses,cattle,andhogstotheAmericasand,inturn,tookbacktoEuropecorn,potatoes,tobacco,beans,andsquashChristopherColumbuswasthef96Colonialperiod:Britishcolonization

colony殖民地colonial殖民的colonist=settler殖民者ThefirstsuccessfulEnglishcolonywasestablishedin1607,ontheJamesRiveratJamestowninVirginia.Colonialperiod:Britishcolo97ThePlymouthColonywasestablishedin1620.TheareaofNewEnglandwasinitiallysettledprimarilybyPuritanswhoestablishedtheMassachusettsBayColonyin1630.TheMiddleColonies,consistingofthepresent-daystatesofNewYork,NewJersey,Pennsylvania,andDelaware,werecharacterizedbyalargedegreeofdiversity

ThePlymouthColonywasestabl98FormationoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica(1776–1789)

The13ColoniesbeganarebellionagainstBritishrulein1775andproclaimedtheirindependencein1776.TheysubsequentlyconstitutedthefirstthirteenstatesoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.

FormationoftheUnitedStates99TheUnitedStatesdefeatedtheKingdomofGreatBritainwithhelpfromFranceandSpainintheAmericanRevolutionaryWar(theWarofIndependence).However,in1777theveryfirstnationtorecognizethesovereigntyofanewlyindependentUSAwasMoroccoTheUnitedStatesdefeatedthe100Westwardexpansion(1789–1849)TheLouisianaPurchase,in1803,removedtheFrenchpresencefromthewesternborderoftheUnitedStatesandprovidedU.S.settlerswithvastpotentialforexpansionwestoftheMississippiRiverWestwardexpansion(1789–1849)101CivilWarera(1849–1865)Inthemiddleofthe19thcentury,whiteAmericansoftheNorthandSouthwereunabletoreconcilefundamentaldifferencesintheirapproachtogovernment,economics,societyandAfricanAmericanslavery.CivilWarera(1849–1865)Int102HarrietBeecherStowepublishedhernovelUncleTom'sCabinin1852inresponsetothepassageoftheFugitiveSlaveAct.Thenovelintendedtoexpressherviewsofthecrueltyofslaveryandsoldnearly300,000copiesduringitsfirstyearofpublicationandwasregardedbymany,includingPresidentLincoln，tobethebookthatstartedtheCivilWar.HarrietBeecherStowepublishe103Reconstructionandtheriseofindustrialization(1865–1890)

ReconstructiontookplaceformostofthedecadefollowingtheCivilWar.InresponsetoReconstruction,theKuKluxKlan(KKK)emergedaroundthelate1860sasawhite-supremacistorganizationopposedtoblackcivilrights.

Reconstructionandtheriseof104Newwordssummarymigrate移居、移往ancestors祖先NativeAmericans美国原住民indigenous本土的

Newwordssummarymigrate移居、105priest牧师ceremonial仪式的Flint打火石voyage航海、航行colony殖民地colonial殖民的colonist=settler殖民者Puritans=Pilgrims

清教徒priest牧师ceremonial仪式的106Rebellion叛乱Proclaim声明Defeated击溃reconcile和解AmericanRevolutionaryWar=WarofIndependence美国独立战争Sovereignty主权、主权国家NewwordssummaryRebellion叛乱Proclaim声明N107Civilwar美国内战reconstruction重建westwardexpansion西进运动Civilwar美国内战108Topic3AmericanHistoryReadPassage46Topic3AmericanHistory109

Topic4AmericanEconomy(美国经济)托福基础阅读讲义课件110U.S农业社会的特点：家庭手工业为主AgriculturalEconomy

Whiletheytradedamongthemselves,NativeAmericanshadlittlecontactoutsidetheAmericasbeforeEuropeansettlersbeganarriving.Theireconomicsystems,forexampletheeconomyoftheIroquois,involvedvariouscombinationsofhuntingandgatheringandagriculture.

U.S农业社会的特点：家庭手工业为主111Mason石工artisan手工艺人apprentice学徒Mason石工112U.S工业社会的特点：industrialeconomyspecialization专业化productivity生产能力，pricelivingstandardU.S工业社会的特点：113rawmaterial:ore矿石,coal煤炭,timber木材

laborforce:immigrants

populationfromvillage(domesticimmigrants)internationalimmigrantsrawmaterial:114TheGreatDepression(1929-1933)Followingthestockmarketcrash,theeconomyplungedintotheGreatDepression.TheFederalReserveBoard(美国联邦储备委员会)didnotcausethedepressionbutitmadenoefforttointervenebyhelpingbanks.Themoneysupplyfellbyone-third,anditwashardtogetaloan.TheGreatDepression(1929-193115FranklinDelanoRooseveltwaselectedPresidentin1932withoutaspecificprogram.Hereliedonahighlyeclecticgroupofadvisorswhopatchedtogethermanyprograms,knownastheNewDeal.FranklinDelanoRooseveltwas116

U.S.benefitsfromeverywarAmericanRevolutionaryWar(07/04/1776)CivilWar(1861–1865)theFirstWorldWar(1914–1918)theSecondWorldWar(1937–1945)U.S.benefitsfromeverywar117Postwarprosperity(1945–1973)TheperiodfromtheendofWorldWarIItotheearly1970swasagoldeneraofAmericancapitalism

babyboom(1945–1960)

Postwarprosperity(1945–197118additionalnewword:economysubsist生活，生存subsistence存活，生活subsistencewage刚够养家糊口的工资subsistencelevel收支平衡的生活水平additionalnewword:economy119commodity商品bankloan银行贷款interest利息affluence富裕，富足commodity商品120Topic3:AmericanEconomy

ReadPassage52

Topic3:AmericanEconomy121

Topic5AmericanUrbanization(美国城市化)托福基础阅读讲义课件122

urban城市的rural乡村的

metropolis大都市metropolitan大都市的feedoneachother相辅相成Industrializationandurbanizationfeedoneachother.urban城市的rural乡123technologicalprogress技术进步biastowardscitylife对城市生活的偏见Mostlivedonfarmsandinsmalltownsandbelievedcitiestobecentersofcorruption,crime,poverty,andmoraldegradation.

technologicalprogress技术进步124移民（migrants）大量涌入(streaminto)，人口大幅上升(denselypopulated)农村人口大量涌入城市城市化与工业化互相促进feedoneachother移民（migrants）大量涌入(streaminto)，125技术革新technologicalinnovation城市是社会变革领导者(civicleader)城市贫民生活依然艰难(severepoverty)农村对城市有偏见(bias)技术革新technologicalinnovation126Hinterland:theplacewherefarawayfromthecoastorcity

Hinterland

City

Product

Service

Hinterland:theplacewheref127TheearlyUnitedStatesarepredominatelyrural.Accordingtothe1790census,95%ofthepopulationlivedinthecountryside.The5%ofAmericanslivinginurbanareaslivedmostlyinsmallvillages.OnlyPhiladelphia,NewYork,andBostonhadmorethan15,000inhabitantsTheearlyUnitedStatesarepr128Untilthemiddleofthe19thcentury,thecenterofthecitywasthemostfashionableplacetolive.Merchants,lawyersandmanufacturersbuiltsubstantialtownhousesonthemainthoroughfareswithinwalkingdistanceofthedocks,warehouse,officescourtsandshopswheretheyworked.Poorpeoplelivedindarkalleysandcourtyardsofthecentralcity.Untilthemiddleofthe19thc129Markets,shops,tavernsandconcerthallsprovidedservicesandentertainment.Themiddleclasseslivedalittlefartherfromthecenter,andotherpoorpeoplelivedinthesuburbs.Markets,shops,tavernsandco130Citiesweredenselypopulated,aspeoplehadtolivewithinwalkingdistanceofworkandshops.Streetswerenarrow,justwideenoughtoaccommodatepedestriansandwagonCitiesweredenselypopulated,131TheIndustrialRevolutionofthe19thand20thcenturytransformedurbanlifeandgavepeoplehigherexpectationsforimprovingtheirstandardofliving.Theincreasednumberofjobs,alongwithtechnologicalinnovationintransportationandhousingconstruction,encouragedmigrationtocities.TheIndustrialRevolutionoft132Immigrantsgravitatedtothecheaphousingandtothepromiseofworkinornearthecenterofcitiesoraroundfactories.NowtherichlivedinthesuburbsandthepoornearthecenterofcitiesImmigrantsgravitatedtothec133Ifyoulovehim,bringhimtoNewYork,becauseitisaheavenIfyouhatehim,bringhimtoNewYork,becauseitisahell

Ifyoulovehim,bringhimto134ReadPassage34托福基础阅读讲义课件135

Topic6Biology(生物学)托福基础阅读讲义课件136Zoology动物学phylum门class纲order目family科genus属species种Zoology动物学phylum门137

invertebrate无脊椎动物vertebrate脊椎动物rodent啮齿动物primate灵长动物

invertebrate无脊椎动物138carnivore食肉动物herbivore食草动物omnivore杂食动物

scavenger食腐动物carnivore食肉动物139

reptile爬行动物amphibian两栖(类)lizard蜥蜴chameleon变色龙frog青蛙tadpole蝌蚪reptile爬行动物140mammal哺乳动物antelope羚羊otter水獭gorilla大猩猩chimpanzee黑猩猩baboon狒狒ape猿giraffe长颈鹿rhinoceros犀牛hippo河马sloth树懒mammal哺乳动物141Solitaryanimal独居bear,