托福阅读复习课件

托福阅读复习托福阅读复习1阅读理解1.考试概述2.文体分析3.阅读技能4.常见问题5.题型分析6.解题攻略7.应试准备8.高分秘籍9.冲刺攻略10.真题演练阅读理解1.考试概述2新托福概述1时间文章问题分值等级60-100分钟3-5篇,每篇约700字每篇后设12-14个0-30分High:22-30Intermediate:15-21Low:0-14新托福概述1时间文章问题分值等级60-1003-5篇,每篇后3新托福概述2目的：考查考生对大学教科书类似文章（prompts)的阅读理解能力。类型：1.shortformat（短模式）：3篇文章，60分钟2.longformat（长模式）：5篇文章，100分钟（其中有三篇文章被评分，其他的两篇是以后考试中的实验部分。）记分：绝大多数是一题一分，但每篇文章的最后一题的分值超过一分。新托福概述2目的：考查考生对大学教科书类似文章（prompt4新托福概述3注意事项：1.考试进行中考生可以做笔记，但不会被评分。2.有些文章中会使用下画线及蓝色(underlinedinblue)来凸显一个单词或词组，可单击得到它们的定义和解释。3.在整个阅读考试过程中，考生可随时返回任何一篇文章中的任何一个问题，但不能进入听力部分，否则无法返回。4.点击review，可浏览已经回答的所有问题和未完成的问题，并返回任何一道为完成的题目继续答题。5.屏幕上的时钟将告诉你还剩多少时间完成阅读部分的考题。新托福概述3注意事项：5文体分析文章多取材于北美（AmericaandCanada)，也来自于世界范围内的说英语的国家（England,Australia,NewZealand).题材广泛：1.科技：天文、地质、化学、数学、物理、生物、医学、工程学2.历史：政府、地理、文化3.艺术：文学、绘画、雕塑、舞蹈、戏剧、建筑4.社会科学：人类学、经济学、心理学、城市研究和社会学5.传记和自传体裁：1．说明文(exposition)2．议论文(argumentation)3．记叙文(narration)文体分析文章多取材于北美（AmericaandCanad6说明文段落＝主题句＋说明主题句的细节＋结尾句全文＝首段（揭示主题）＋主体段（对主题分点阐述）＋结论段（对全文归纳总结）常见的结构模式：１）提出问题分析问题解决问题２）指出现象分析原因３）引入主题进行对比／比较４）引入主题进行列举说明文段落＝主题句＋说明主题句的细节＋结尾句www.pptc7议论文常见结构：提出论点列举理由或事实总结常见的结构标志：1)表观点：Tobeginwith,inmyopinion,asfarasI’mconcerned,frommypointofview2)表分类：…canbeclassifiedintofourgroups,…fallsintothreetypes3)表说明的步骤或论证的角度：fist,second,finally4)表总结：tosumup,onthewhole,inshort议论文常见结构：8阅读技能1.识别主题或作者的意图2.扫描细节3.利用上下文线索猜测词义4.做出推断5.识别连贯性6.理解作者如何解释问题7.理解作者为什么使用某个例子或细节8.识别重申/释义和句子简化9.区别主要观点和次要观点10.分析和分类信息以完成摘要和表格阅读技能1.识别主题或作者的意图9成组视读“意群”(thought/sensegroup):

视线停留一次可看到具有逻辑意义的一组单词，这种有意义的语法结构叫“意群”。阅读时人的眼睛不是持续的移动，而是跳跃式移动，94%的时间眼睛是静止的，6%的时间在跳跃。在实际阅读中，人的眼睛以词群为单位跳跃，即相关的词往往在一次注目中看到。

成组视读“意群”(thought/sensegrou10略读Skimming(略读)快速浏览全文的阅读方法

目的：(1)了解文章的主题;(2)对文章的结构获得一个整体概念;(3)对各部分的内容获得一个粗略印象;(4)对文章主旨做出判断。

对象:文章的标题、开始段、结束段、每段的段首句和结尾句略读Skimming(略读)11寻读Scanning(寻读）指以问题为线索、带着问题去寻找某一特定信息的阅读

要领：１．确定哪方面的事实和细节２．确定到什么地方去找３．扫过文章４．找到地方后详读５．适当地推理注意事项：１．扫视文章要快２．先了解四个选项３．认真分析对比选项４．题目的顺序与文章的行文顺序的关系寻读Scanning(寻读）12Guessing１（猜测词义）１．词汇线索：前缀、后缀、词干e.g.Mostflagshaveacompact,rectangularshapeandinstinctvisualsymbolism.Theirstrongcolorsandgeometricpatternsareusuallyinstantlyrecognizableevenifminiaturizedtolessthanasquarecentimeter.Thewordminiaturizedinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.publicizedB.coloredC.madebrighterD.madesmallerGuessing１（猜测词义）１．词汇线索：前缀、后缀、词干13Guessing２（猜测词义）2．结构线索１）定义（be)e.g.TheCelticreligioncenteredontheworshipofapantheonofnaturedeities.Theirreligiousceremoniesincludedanimalsacrificesandvariousformsofmagic.Druidswerethepriestswholedthepeopleinthishighlyritualisticworship…ThewordDruidsinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.deitiesB.ceremoniesC.sacrificesD.priestsGuessing２（猜测词义）2．结构线索www.pptcn14Guessing３（猜测词义）2．结构线索2）同义词/解释（and/or)e.g.Inaccordancewithmanypsychologist,phobias,orirrationalfearsrepresent,oraresymbolicofrepressedanxiety.Thewordphobiainthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.psychologistB.fearC.symbolD.treatmentGuessing３（猜测词义）2．结构线索www.pptcn15Guessing4(猜测词义)2．结构线索3）同位语（，）e.g.…ItisbelievedtohaveoriginatedamongtheEgyptians,probablybefore4000B.C.,andwasusedbythemformorethan30centuries.Seventeenth-centuryattemptstopreserveanatomicalspecimensbroughtaboutmoderntechniquesofembalming,thepreservationofthebodytissueafterdeathbyartificialchemicalmeans.Thewordembalminginthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.deathbyachemicalmeansB.thepreservationofbodytissueC.acommonagentrelatedtoformaldehydeD.thereplacementofbodyfluidsGuessing4(猜测词义)2．结构线索www.ppt16Guessing5（猜测词义）2．结构线索4）从句e.g.ThePuebloIndiansarethosewhodwellinpueblos,anamederivedfromtheSpanishwordforvillage.Thepuebloisusuallybuiltagainstthefaceofacliffandgenerallyconsistsofconnectedhousesrisinginaseriesofrecedingterraces.Theroofofonehouseistheyardorpatioofthenexthouse.Thekiva,wherePuebloIndiansholdtheirsecretceremonies,isenteredbyanopeningintheroof…Thewordkivainthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.patioB.ceremonialroomC.seriesofterracesD.PuebloIndianvillageGuessing5（猜测词义）2．结构线索www.pptc17Guessing6（猜测词义）2．结构线索5）罗列（，）e.g.Ifsomeoneissaidtohave“achiponhisshoulder”,heisangry,pugnacious,sullen,andlookingfortrouble.Thewordpugnaciousinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.friendlyB.aggressiveC.sociableD.responsibleGuessing6（猜测词义）2．结构线索www.pptc18Guessing7（猜测词义）2．结构线索6）举例(like,suchas,forexample,forinstance)e.g.However,foroutdoorenthusiastswhowanttogetfarfromcivilization,choosingcampingparaphernaliasuchastents,sleepingbags,cookingimplementsandothersuppliesshouldbedonewithcare.Thewordparaphernaliainthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.equipmentB.foodsuppliesC.sleepingbagsD.campsitesGuessing7（猜测词义）2．结构线索www.pptc19Guessing8（猜测词义）2．结构线索7）对比／比较(but,however,whereas,ontheotherhand,despite,inspiteof,or,rather,alternatively,nevertheless,unlike,while,conversely,incontrast,instead,onthecontrary,differently)e.g.ThecampanileischieflyamedievalformofItalianarchitecture.Builtinconnectionwithachurchortownhall,itservedasabelfry,watchtower,andsometimesacivilmonument.Unlikeotherbelltowersthatareattachedtobuildings,thecampanilegenerallystandsasdetachedunit.Thewordcampanileinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.churchB.townhallC.towerD.unitGuessing8（猜测词义）2．结构线索www.pptc20Guessing9（猜测词义）2．结构线索8）标点符号(，－（）‘’“”［］)e.g.Attheageof19,Galileodiscoveredisochronism—theprincipleinwhicheachoscillationofapendulumtakesthesametimedespitechangesinamplitude.Thewordisochronism

inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.aprincipleB.anoscillationC.apendulumD.anamplitudeGuessing9（猜测词义）2．结构线索www.pptc21Guessing10（猜测词义）2．结构线索9）指代关系e.g.Manyweedsarealsohostsfordisease-causingorganisms.Atleast50differentweedspeciesfightoffcompetitorsbyemittingtoxinsfromtheirroots,leaves,orseeds.Thesepoisonsdotheirworkinavarietyofways,suchasinhibitinggerminationofseedsanddestroyingphotosynthesisabilities.Thewordtoxins

inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.rootsB.leavesC.seedsD.poisonsGuessing10（猜测词义）2．结构线索www.ppt22Guessing11（猜测词义）2．结构线索10）关键词e.g.Nonresidentialdesignconcernspublicspacessuchasconcerthall,banks,offices,buildinglobbies,theater,restaurants,hotels,andreligiousbuildings.Manycontractdesignersspecializeinoneormoreoftheseareas.Accessoriesaddinteresttoaroom.Theycanaccentorhighlightanareaandgivearoombeautyandpersonality.Thewordaccessories

inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto_____.A.thingsthatbuildahouseB.thingsthatdestroyaroomC.thingsthatimprovearoomD.thingsthatcoatahouseGuessing11（猜测词义）2．结构线索www.ppt23Guessing12（猜测词义）3．语境线索1）狭义语境线索在一个句子范围内，该词语前后的语言单位（该词语所属的语法结构）．1.Thehousewassurprisinglysound,thoughitwasmorethantwohundredyearsold.2.Thesepeoplearementallysound,butphysicallyhandicapped.3.Industrialexpansionisaverysound

investmentinpresentsociety.4.Intheend,theenemyforcesufferedasound

defeatandsoonwithdrewfromthefront.5.Ibelievethatit’ssoundforboysandgirlstohavebasicallythesameeducation.6.Fortunately,mywifewassafeandsoundafterherordeal.Guessing12（猜测词义）3．语境线索www.pptc24Guessing13（猜测词义）3．语境线索2）广义语境线索超越一个句子范围，它可以是句群、段落、章节甚至整篇文章。Astatesmanisawise,experiencedandrespectedpoliticalleader.“MothersmaystillwanttheirfavoritesonstogrowuptobePresident,but...theydonotwantthemtobecomepoliticiansintheprocess”Guessing13（猜测词义）3．语境线索www.pptc25Today,boystrytoprovetheyaremeninmanydifferentways.Longago,itwasnothardforsomeboystoknowtheyhadbecomemen.AmericanIndianshadceremoniesandtestsforboystoprovetheyweremen.Inonetribe,boysweregivendrugswhichmadethemseevisionsofthegods.Havingavisionwasthefirststeptowardbeingaman.Inanothertribe,boyshadtoprovethattheycouldstandpain.Theyhadtoliestillongroundcoveredwithantsandlettheantsbitethemagainandagain.WhentheIndianboyshadbeenthroughtheseceremoniesandtests,theyknewtheyweremen.Today,boystrytoprovethey26Militaryawardshavelongbeenconsideredsymbolicofroyalty,andthuswhentheUnitedStateswasayoungnationjustfinishedwithrevolutionandeagertodistanceitselffromanythingtastingofmonarchy,therewasstrongsentimentagainstmilitarydecoration.Foracentury,fromtheendoftheRevolutionaryWaruntiltheCivilWar,theUnitedStatesawardednomilitaryhonors.TheinstitutionoftheMedalofHonorin1861wasasourceofgreatdiscussionandconcern.FromtheCivilWaruntilWorldWarI,theMedalofHonorwastheonlymilitaryawardgivenbytheUnitedStatesgovernment,andtodayitisawardedonlyinthemostextremecasesofheroism.AlthoughtheUnitedStatesisstillsomewhatwaryofgrantingmilitaryawards,severalawardshavebeeninstitutedsinceWorldWarI.Theauthor’smainpurposeinthisparagraphisto_______.A.describethehistoryofmilitaryawardspriortotheCivilWarB.demonstrateaneffectofAmerica’sattitudetowardroyaltyC.giveanopinionofmilitaryawardsD.outlinevarioushistoricalsymbolsofroyaltyMilitaryawardshavelongbeen27阅读中应解决的问题1．Vocabulary(词汇）一个一般性词的意义2．Terms（术语）特定词或词组的意义3．Paraphrase（释义）最佳的陈述4．Reference（指代）一个代词所指代的原文中的词5.Detail（细节）细节要点6.Cause（原因）解释某种情况或事件是如何发生的7.True-False（正误）确定正确的陈述8.Purpose（目的）理解作者为什么要这样组织文章9.Opinion(观点）认清作者的观点10.Inference（推理）根据原文信息作出相应的结论11.Exception（排除）选择一个原文中未被提及的陈述12.Insert（插入）将一句话插入文章中正确的位置13.Classification（分类）将多个短语所属类别进行匹配14.Summary（摘要）完成所考查文章的摘要阅读中应解决的问题1．Vocabulary(词汇）一个一般28题型分析一、基础理解题二、篇章应用题题型分析一、基础理解题29题型分析１1.VocabularyQuestions词汇题目的：考查根据上下文理解特定词和短语的能力．特点：难度不大，一般每篇文章后有３－５道题．分值１分．全部为单选题（４选１）．该题型考查的词汇范围很广，涉及大学水平所有的学科及专业．出现频率非常高．题型分析１1.VocabularyQuestions词30例子：Somepoisonoussnakebitesneedtobetreatedimmediatelyorthevictimwillsufferparalysis…InstatingthatthevictimwillsufferparalysistheauthormeansthatthevictimwillA.losetheabilitytomoveB.becomeunconsciousC.undergoshockD.feelgreatpain例子：Somepoisonoussnakebites31题型分析22.ReferenceQuestions指代题目的：检测考生确定某个代词或形容词的指代对象的能力．（代词和指示形容词可以用来指代句子或前后句子以及段落篇章中的其他名词，这种语法现象被称为指代．）特点：难度不大，一般每篇文章后有０－２道题．分值１分．全部为单选题（４选１）．出现频率非常高．该题型考查的词汇种类很多，第三人称主格＼宾格＼物主代词＼反身代词；关系代词和副词（that,which,who,whom,whose,where,when);指示代词或形容词(this,that,these,those);量词以及其他形式(all,none,afew,thelast,several,manyetc.).题型分析22.ReferenceQuestions指代32例子：Theselawsareuniversalintheirapplication,regardlessofculturalbeliefs,geography,orclimate.Ifpotshavenobottomsorhavelargeopeningsintheirsides,theycouldhardlybeconsideredcontainersinanytraditionalsense.Sincethelawsofphysics,notsomearbitrarydecision,havedeterminedthegeneralformofapplied-artobjects,theyfollowbasicpatterns,somuchsothatfunctionalformscanvaryonlywithincertainlimits…

ThewordtheyinthepassagereferstoA.applied-artobjectsB.thelawsofphysicsC.containersD.thesidesofpots例子：Theselawsareuniversali33题型分析33.FactualInformationQuestions事实信息题目的：检测考生抓住文章中阐明的信息并排除干扰回答问题的能力．特点：有一定难度，一般每篇文章后有３－６道题．分值１分．全部为单选题（４选１）．出现频率非常高．该类问题的选项通常是对事实性信息的复述．即正确答案通常是文章意思的同义转述(paraphrases)．答案通常按行文顺序排列，问题通常会示意答案会在哪段中出现“”).题型分析33.FactualInformationQu34例子：WilliamsburgisahistoriccityinVirginiathatwassettledbyEnglishcolonistsin1633,twenty-sixyearsafterthefirstpermanentEnglishcolonyinAmericawassettledatJamestown.Inthebeginning,thecolonyatWilliamsburgwasnamedMiddlePlantationbecauseofitslocationinthemiddleofaPeninsulabetweentworivers,theYorkandtheJames.ThesiteforWilliamsburghadbeenselectedbythecolonistsbecausethesoildrainagewasbettertherethanattheJamestownlocation,andtherewerefewermosquitoes.Accordingtothepassage,thecolonistschoseWilliamsburgbecause______.A.itwasinEnglandB.therewerenonearbyriversC.therewerelotsofmosquitoesD.thesoildrainedwell例子：Williamsburgisahistoric35题型分析4４.NegativeFactualInformationQuestions否定事实信息题目的：检测考生对于事实性信息的理解和甄别的能力．根据文章中阐明的信息，判断什么信息是正确的或错误的或文章中没有提到的．特点：有一定难度，一般每篇文章后有０－２道题．分值１分．全部为单选题（４选１）．出现频率一般．该类问题通常要求考生判断４个选项中哪一个在文章中没有出现过(Notmentioned/included)或是不真实的(Nottrue)或是错误的(False).词类问题中通常包含NOT,EXCEPT,LEAST三种形式．题型分析4４.NegativeFactualInf36例子：Itistrue,inEnglish,thattherearemanydifferentkindsofexpressionsthatpeopleusetogiveanametoanythingwhosenameisunknownormomentarilyforgotten.Thewordgadgetisonesuchword.ItwasfirstusedbyBritishsailorsinthe1850sandprobablycamefromtheFrenchwordgachette,whichwasasmallhook.Ineverydayuse,thewordhasamoregeneralmeaning.Otherwordsarealsousedtogiveanametosomethingunnamedorunknown,andthesewordstendtobesomewhatimaginative.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthewordgadget?A.itisusedtonamesomethingwhenthenameisnotknown.B.Itwasusedatthebeginningofthenineteenthcentury.C.itmostlikelycamefromawordintheFrenchlanguage.D.ItsfirstknownusewasbyBritishsailors.例子：Itistrue,inEnglish,tha37题型分析55.InferenceQuestions推理题目的：检测考生根据已知内容进行推理引申的能力．特点：难度很大，一般每篇文章后有０－２道题．分值１分．全部为单选题（４选１）．出现频率非常高．该题型的特征是文章中有些论点／观点没有明确阐述，但却明确暗示出来了．例如，知道结果，推论造成结果的起因；文中有比较，要求推断比较的基础；文中对某一新现象有明确阐述，可能要求推论旧现象的特征．题型分析55.InferenceQuestions推38例子：Thenineteenthcenturybroughtwithitaburstofnewdiscoveriesandinventionsthatrevolutionizedthecandleindustryandmadelightingavailabletoall.Intheearly-to-mid-nineteenthcentury,aprocesswasdevelopedtorefinetallow(fatfromanimals)withalkaliandsulfuricacid.Theresultwasaproductcalledstearin.Stearinisharderandburnslongerthanunrefinedtallow.Thisbreakthroughmeantthatitwaspossibletomaketallowcandlesthatwouldnotproducetheusualsmokeandrancidodor.Stearinswerealsoderivedfrompalmoils,sovegetablewaxesaswellasanimalfatscouldbeusedtomakecandles…Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredaboutcandlesbeforethenineteenthcentury?A.theydidnotsmokewhentheywereburned.B.Theyproducedapleasantodorastheyburned.C.Theywerenotavailabletoall.D.Theycontainedsulfuricacid.例子：Thenineteenthcenturybrou39题型分析66.RhetoricalPurposeQuestions修辞目的题目的：检测考生能够识别和确认作者为什么要在文章中某一处以某种特殊方式陈述某个信息的能力．即考查考生通过文章表面特定的修辞方法或方式发掘作者潜在目的的能力．特点：难度很大，一般每篇文章后有０－２道题．分值１分．全部为单选题（４选１）．出现频率一般．这里的修辞，不是一般意义上的修辞方式，如明喻、暗喻、拟人等，而是指作者运用语言陈述内容是所采用的一些比较灵活、相对特殊的写作手法，如举例、对比、类比等。题型分析66.RhetoricalPurposeQu40例子：…

Sculpturesmust,forexample,bestable,whichrequiresanunderstandingofthepropertiesofmass,weightdistribution,andstress.Paintingsmusthaverigidstretcherssothatthecanvaswillbetaut,andthepaintmustnotcrack,deteriorate,ordiscolor.Theseareproblemsthatmustbeovercomebytheartistbecausetheytendtointrudeuponhisorherconceptionofthework.Forexample,intheearlyItalianRenaissance,bronzestatuesofhorseswitharaisedforelegusuallyhadacannonballunderthathoof…WhydoestheauthordiscussthebronzestatuesofhorsescreatedbyartistsintheearlyItalianRenaissance?A.toprovideanexampleofaproblemrelatedtothelawsofphysicsthatanartisttriestoovercome.B.Toarguethatfineartistsareunconcernedwiththelawsofphysics.C.Tocontrasttherelativesophisticationofmodernartistsinsolvingproblemsrelatedtothelawsofphysics.D.Tonoteanexceptionalpieceofartconstructedwithouttheaidoftechnology.例子：…Sculpturesmust,forexam41题型分析７7.SentenceSimplificationQuestions简化句子题目的：检测考生识别文章中某一特定复杂句子所传达的基本内容，不受细枝末节的干扰，用简化的句子表达原句基本内容的能力．即考察句法（syntax)和同义转述(paraphrase)的能力。特点：难度很大，一般每篇文章后有０－１道题．分值１分．全部为单选题（４选１）．出现频率较高．句法的考查主要集中在基本句型、结构和常见的句子修饰的手法上。同义转述的能力指的是考生能够用不同的语言表达方式传达同样的意义。题型分析７7.SentenceSimplificati42例子：Theunevendistributionoffoodresourcesisalargeandgrowingproblemintheworldtoday.StarvationiswidespreadintheThirdworldbecauseofclimatechange,naturaldisasters,politicalturmoil,andwars—allofwhichdisruptfoodproductionandcausemassmigrationsofrefugees.Peoplewhoareuprootedcannotgrowfood,andthosewhoarepoorcannotbuyit.Attheotherendofthescale,modernindustrialsocietiesaccountformostoftheconsumptionoftheworld’sresources,althoughwithinthesesocietiestheresourcesaredistributedunevenlyamongpeopleofdifferentclasses.Bothwealthysocietiesandwealthyindividualsconsumemostgoodsandservices,buttheyalsoproducemostoftheworlds’hazardouswaste.Whichsentencebelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A.Foodcannotbegrowninsomeregionsbecausethesoilistoopoor.B.Refugeesareunabletoproducefood,andpoorpeoplecannotaffordfood.C.Peoplecannotsurvivesolelyonrootcrops.Whicharepoorinnutrients.D.Somepeoplecanrelocatetofindfood,butpoorpeoplehavenowheretogo.例子：Theunevendistributionof43题型分析88.InsertTextQuestions插入文本题目的：检测考生将特定的一句话插入文章顺序相连的四个句子之间的能力。特点：难度相当大，一般每篇文章后有０－１道题．分值１分．出现频率较高．考生必须深入理解各个句子见的逻辑、词汇和语法联系。是国内考试常见的ClozeTest在语篇层次上的发展。综合性强，耗时较多。题型分析88.InsertTextQuestion44Lookatthefoursquares[]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Allthreeofthemhavestrengthsandweaknesses,butnoneadequatelyanswersallofthequestionsofthepaintingspresent.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Scholarsofferthreerelatedbutdifferentopinionsaboutthispuzzle.Oneopinionisthatthepaintingswerearecordoftheseasonalmigrationsmadebyherds.Becausesomepaintingsweremadedirectlyoverother,obliteratingthem,itisprobablythatapainting’svalueendedwiththemigrationitpictured.Unfortunately,thisexplanationfailstoexplainthehiddenlocations,unlessthemigrationswerecelebratedwithsecretceremonies.Lookatthefoursquares[]th45题型分析99.Prosesummary文章摘要题目的：检测考生理解全篇中心思想和相关重要信息的能力。特点：难度相当大，一般每篇文章后有０－１道题．分值较高，（３个正确选项的２分，２个得１分，２个以下得０分）．出现频率一般．考生通过区分主要和次要观点，以及文章没有提及的观点达到总结全片的目的。题型分析99.Prosesummary文章摘要题ww46题型分析1010.SchematicTableItems表格题目的：检测考生从文章中归纳和组织重要但分散的观点和其他相关重要信息的能力。特点：难度相当大，一般每篇文章后有０－１道题．分值较高，３-4分）．出现频率一般．考生不但要选出正确的选项，还要将其填入表格中的正确位置，根据选出答案的多少，得到不同的分数。题型分析1010.SchematicTableIte47解题攻略1.词汇题2.指代题3.事实信息题4.否定事实信息题5.推理题6.修辞目的题7.简化句子题8.插入文本题9.文章摘要题10.完成图表题解题攻略1.词汇题48解题攻略１词汇题常见题样：Theword/phraseXinthepassageisclosestinmeaningto…Theword/phraseXinthepassagecouldbebestreplacedby…Theword/phraseXinthepassagemeans…InstatingX,theauthormeansthat…解题攻略１词汇题常见题样：49解题攻略１词汇题解题策略：１）利用高亮显示，迅速定位词汇２）认真阅读该句３）确定词汇的词性和功能４）寻找上下文线索５）排除不可能的选项６）把选择的词汇放入原句中检查解题攻略１词汇题解题策略：50解题攻略２指代题常见题样：Theword/phraseXinthepassagerefersto…Whatdoes(theword/phrase)Xinparagraphyreferto?解题攻略２指代题常见题样：51解题攻略２指代题解题策略：１）利用高亮显示，迅速定位代词２）认真阅读该代词所在句子或前后句子３）找出与之相匹配的名词４）排除不可能的选项５）把选择的名词放入原句中检查解题攻略２指代题解题策略：52解题攻略２指代题解题原则：１）“信手拈来”原则２）“三位一体”原则３）“结构制胜”原则４）“火炬接力”原则解题攻略２指代题解题原则：53Therearealpinemeadowsbetweentheglaciersandtheforeststhatcontainbeautifulwildflowers.TheWonderlandTrailencirclestheentiremountain.Its90-mile(145-kilometer)lengthcanbehikedinaboutaweek’stime.TheNisquallyGlacierisprobablytheiceregionthatismostoftenexploredbyvisitors.NotfarfromthereliesParadiseValley,wherehotelaccommodationsareavailable.Whatdoesthewordthereinthepassagereferto______.A.ParadiseValleyB.wonderlandTrailC.NisqusallyGlacierD.MountRainier可以直接在该句或前一句中轻松找到所指代的对象。１）“信手拈来”原则可以直接在该句或前一句中轻松找到所指代的对象。１）“信手拈来54Differencesinthewaymenandwomenprocesslanguageareofspecialinteresttobrainresearchers.Ithasbeenknowthataphasia—akindofspeechdisorder—ismorecommoninmenthaninwomenwhentheleftsideofthebrainisdamagedinanaccidentorafterastroke.However,womenaremorelikelythanmentosufferaphasiawhenthefrontpartofthebrainisdamaged.Thisclearlyindicatesthatthebrainsofmenandwomenareorganizeddifferentlyinthewaytheyprocessspeech.Thewordtheyinthepassagerefersto______.A.men

B.womenC.brains

D.researchers指“性，数，格”一致的原则2）“三位一体”原则指“性，数，格”一致的原则2）“三位一体”原则www.pp55E.g.1.…touristsfromvariouscountriesthroughouttheworldflocktoNewOrleansforthecelebration,wheretheytakepartinaweekofnonstopactivitiesbeforereturninghomeforsomemuch-neededrest.E.g.2.Thetarnotonlytrappedtheanimals,leadingtotheirdeath,butitalsoservedasaremarkablyeffectivepreservant,allowingnear-perfectskeletonstoremainhiddenuntilthepresentera.利用一些具有特色的语言结构，如主从复合结构，并列和平行结构等。3）“结构制胜”原则利用一些具有特色的语言结构，如主从复合结构，3）“结构制胜”56常见的并列或平行结构：andorboth…and…,notonly…butalso…,aswellas,neither…nor…,most/many/some/such…others…,theformer…,thelatter…常见的并列或平行结构：57Satellitesroutinelyrelaypicturesofdesertareas.Fromthesepictures,itcanbedeterminedwherelocustsarelikelytobreed.Withinformationonthelocusts’breedingareas,agricultureofficialscanusepesticidestokilltheseinsectsbeforetheybecomeamenace.Ifnoteradicated,asingleswarmcandevour80,000tonsofcornaday—sustenanceforhalfamillionpeopleforoneyear.Thewordtheyinthepassagerefersto______.A.pictures

B.pesticidesC.theseinsects

D.locusts多个代词指代的对象是出现在文中最前面的名词4）“火炬接力”原则多个代词指代的对象是出现在文中最前面的名词4）“火炬接力”原58解题攻略3事实信息题常见题样：Accordingtothepassage,what/which/why/how/who/where/when…Accordingtotheparagraph,whichofthefollowingistrueabout…Accordingtotheparagraph,Xoccurredbecause…/XdidYbecause…/whydidXdoY…Itisstated/indicated/mentionedinparagraph…Theauthor’sdescriptionofXmentionswhichofthefollowing…InparagraphY,whatdoestheauthorsayabout…Theauthormentions…asanexampleof…解题攻略3事实信息题常见题样：59解题攻略3事实信息题解题策略：第1步：略读全文，把握大意结构第2步：浏览题干，确定定位词或题眼第3步：分析选项，找出核心词第4步：寻读文章，原文定位

第5步：仔细阅读，比较选项第6步：排除干扰，正确推断解题攻略3事实信息题解题策略：60解题攻略3事实信息题常见的句子与句子的十种衔接表达方式：1)时间：immediately,thereafter,soon,previously,formerly,andthen…2)顺序：again,also,and,andthen,finally,first,next,still,too,andsoforth,afterward,subsequently,consequently,simultaneously,concurrently…3)比较和对比：whereas,but,yet,ontheotherhand,however,nevertheless,onthecontrary,bycomparison,where,comparedto,but,although,conversely,meanwhile,incontrast,althoughthismaybetrue,still,though,despite,asopposedto…解题攻略3事实信息题常见的句子与句子的十种衔接表达方式：w61解题攻略3事实信息题常见的句子与句子的十种衔接表达方式：4)因果：asaresult,because,consequently,forthispurpose,so,then,therefore,tothisend…5)举例：forexample,forinstance,inthiscase,inanothercase,onthisoccasion,inthissituation,takethecaseof,todemonstrate,toillustrate,asanillustration,suchas…6)递进：besides,equallyimportant,finally,further,furthermore,no,lastly,what’smore,moreover,inaddition…7)排除：yet,still,however,nevertheless,inspiteof,despite,ofcourse,onceinawhile,sometimes…解题攻略3事实信息题常见的句子与句子的十种衔接表达方式：w62解题攻略3事实信息题常见的句子与句子的十种衔接表达方式：8)强调：definitely,extremely,obviously,infact,indeed,inanycase,absolutely,positively,naturally,surprisingly,always,forever,perennially,eternally,never,emphatically,unquestionably,withoutadoubt,certainly,undeniably,withoutreservation…9)证明：because,for,since,forthesamereason,obviously,evidently,furthermore,moreover,besides,indeed,infact,inaddition,inanycase,thatis…10)总结和概括：inbrief,onthewhole,summingup,toconclude,inconclusion,hence,therefore,accordingly,thus,asaresult,consequently,ashasbeennoted,aswehaveseen…解题攻略3事实信息题常见的句子与句子的十种衔接表达方式：w63解题攻略3事实信息题解题原则：１）“异曲同工”原则２）“无事生非”原则３）“背道而弛”原则４）“李代桃僵”原则５）“似是而非”原则解题攻略3事实信息题解题原则：64Theconflictbetweenthosewhowishtoconservealargeareaofunalteredandunimprovedspacesandthosewhowanttheabolitionofthelastremnantsofwildernessintheinterestofindustrialprofitwillnotberesolvedinthenearfuture.A.Thereisanunresolvedconflictcausedbypeoplewhowishtoabolishindustryandturnthespacesbackintoanaturalwildernessstate.B.Theconflictoverwhetheralargeareaofunalteredandunimprovedspaceshouldbegivenoverforindustrialdevelopmentandprofitisofinteresttothoseresolvedtoabolishthelandremnantsofwilderness.C.Lawyersareprofitingfromtheunresolvedconflictbetweenthepeoplewhowishtosavethelastremnantsofwildernessandthosewhowanttoalterandimprovethespaceforindustry.D.Thepeoplewhodesiretoconservealargeareaofuntouchednaturallandandthosewhowanttousealllandforindustrializationareinaconflictthatwillnothavean