首尔等城市以公共交通导向TOD的开发政策简介课件

22十二月2022首尔等城市以公共交通导向TOD的开发政策简介21十二月2022首尔等城市以公共交通导向TOD的开发政1SeoulSurface605.77km2

Population10million(20millioninSeoulmetropolitanarea[SMA])Populationdensity17,046(person/km2)→HighGDPUS$605billionTotalpassengercar9millioncarsSeoulSurface605.77km22

HistoryBefore1900population:only0.3million1934

Koreanurbandistrictplan

innovationofnewland-usezoninglaws1950

theKoreanwar

populationconcentrationtoSeouldefectivehouseswerebuiltonthesuburbhills1962

cityplanninglawwasestablished4kindsofzoningweresetdeliberatedevelopmentofurbandistricts1971

revisionof

cityplanninglaw

GreenbeltwassetagainstsprawlingandtheattackbytheNorth1974

1stsubwaylinewasbuilt

1976

urbanrenewallawwasestablished

tosolvetheproblemofdefectivehousesarea1981basiccityplanningsystemagoverrnment-ledlargescalelanddevelopmentprojectdesign(20years)long-termvision1980sthepopulationgrowthinthesuburbs

agoverrnment-ledlarge-scalelanddevelopmentprojectdesignbegan

fivenewtowndevelopmentinGreenbelt

→theproblemisthataccesstocitycenterislimitedonlybyroadnetwork

CityplanninginSeoulPopulationgrowthHistoryCityplanninginSeo3CityPlanningCityPlanning4RoadnetworkSomecommercialareasaredevelopingalongthemainroads.→It’sbecausemainpublictransitsaretraditionallybussystems.Thisistheexampleofroads’makingthecommercialareas.RoadnetworkSomecommercialar5CityplanningrelatedprojectCitydevelopment・landsubdividingprojects(extensivelyconductedin1960sand1970s)・Intheearly1980s,thecivicsectorleadingprojecthaveprovenlimited→4regions(Sanggye,Godeok,Mok-dong,andSuseo)havebeenchangedfromnaturalgreenareastoresidentialarea.Cityrenewalproject・downtownstreetrearrangementsandstrengtheningitsbusinessfunction・HousingrenewalprojectsandhousingenvironmentimprovementprogramsNewtownsproject5newtownswerebuiltintheGreenbelt(1989)Thepurposeistosatisfytheshortageofhousingincitycenter

CityplanningrelatedprojectC6RecentsituationofSeoulIncreaseofthepopulationinsuburbsex)fivenewtowndevelopmentinGreenbelt

→increasedemandofaccessfromsuburbstocitycentertheproblemistheshortageofpublictransitservicesTrafficcongestioncarholdersareincreasingAveragespeedofcars(km/h)Tosolvetheproblem,Seoultrytoimprovetheexistedpublictransportationsystems.(Railwaysandbussystem)RecentsituationofSeoulIncre7Transportationsystem(Bus)Busreform(BMS)Passengertrafficshare:30%ThetriggerischangeofthetrafficflowbytheCheonggyecheonprojectThepurposeismitigationofthetrafficjamandpromotionofpublictransportationuseoperation・Reorganizationofbuscompanies（into4colors)・ITtechnology→makeiteasyforpeopletogettherealtimeinformation・Busonlylane・transportincooperationwithsubwaylineInKoreamanagersofbusesandsubwaysaredifferentThecooperationisneeded.・TheystillhavethelinesfromsuburbstocitycenterThebusesplaysanimportantroleaslong-distanttransportsTransportationsystem(Bus)Bus8Transportationsystem(Railway)Passengertrafficshare:35%Historyofrailwaysystem1971-19854lineswerebuilt(118km)1989-1999another4linestoextendthe existedlines(160km)1999-20104newlinesareunderconstruction(120km)The9thlinewasmanagedbytheprivatecompany(1st-8thlinesweremanagedbypubicsectors)goalshare:over70%(withbuses)tosolvetheroadcongestiontosecuretheaccesstosuburbsforecologyHistoryofsubwaysisrelativelynew

HistoricallythebusesareheavilyusedaspublictransitsinSeoulMostoftherailwaysaresubwayandtheydon’thavesurfacerailwaysinthecitycenter.Transportationsystem(Railway)9RecentTODinSeoulRedevelopmentofthecitycenter

・InSeoul,thebussystemsaretraditionallymainpublictransits→thecommercialareasweredevelopedalongtheroadsroadCommercialarea・Recentlythesubwayarehighlyused→thecommercialareasweredevelopedaroundstations

stationsubwayCommercialareaRecentTODinSeoulRedevelopme10RecentTODinSeoul(2)Onenewformofredevelopmentaroundstationsistheconstructionofbuildingsusedforbothcommercialandresidentialuses

・peoplecanlivenearthestationsotheycangotostationonfootRecentlyinKorea,thiskindofapartmentsareverypopularandthedemandsareincreasing

stationcommercialresidentialTheyneedtoredeveloparoundstationsRecentTODinSeoul(2)Onenew11RecentTODinSeoul(3)Suburbareasstillhaveseriousproblemsex)fivenewtowndevelopmentinGreenbelt

CitycenterBuslinerailwayNewtown1.Wherethenewtownswereconstructedafterthepublictransitsdeveloped→Therateofpublictransituseishigh(successfulcase)2.Wherethenewtownswereconstructedbeforethepublictransitsdeveloped→Therateofpublictransituseislow(failurecase)

BecausepeoplehavealreadyboughttheirowncartocommuteInaddition,tocommutebycarsisfasterthanbypublictransitsThecooperationbetweenconstructionsofnewtownsandpublictransitsisveryimportantRecentTODinSeoul(3)Suburba12ConclusionThecharacteristicofpublictransitsinSeoulisthatbusesaretraditionallyusedasmainpublictransitsandnowthebusesandsubwaysareusedtogetherItisaveryrarecasetousebusesasthelong-distancetransit(InSeoul,busesplayarolelikeLRT)TherelationshipbetweenlanduseandpublictransitsisveryimportantforachievementofTOD→needthelong-termvisionWhenweconstructthenewtowns,weneedtoconsiderthepublictransitsandtosecuretheaccesstothecenterofthecityConclusionThecharacteristico13IntroductionofTransit-OrientedUrbanDevelopmentPoliciesinsomecitiesGroup6:PreesanRakwatinNaokiWatanabeTakahiroYonemura2004/12/13IntroductionofTransit-Orient14WhatisTOD(Transit-OrientedDevelopment)?TODisawaytolocatepeopleneartransitservicesandtodecreasetheirdependenceondriving.ExcessivedependenceontheuseofcarsincreasestheemissionofCO2andisnotgoodforenvironment.WeneedtoencouragetheuseofpublictransportsWhatisTOD(Transit-Oriented15ThepurposesofTODToreducetheuseofsingle-occupantvehiclesbyincreasingthenumberoftimespeoplewalk,bicycle,carpool,vanpool,ortakeabus,streetcarorrail.ThepurposesofTODToreducet16NecessityforTODGoodtransitnetworkTransitusesupportingpolicyLandusesystemsupportingtransituseAmiablewalkingenvironmentNecessityforTODGoodtransit17SomecharacteristicsofTODAcentrallylocatedtransitstationortransitstop.Acommercialareaimmediatelyadjacenttothestation.Anetworkofconnectedstreetsthatbranchoutintothesurroundingneighborhood(s).Avarietyofhousingtypes,includingmulti-family.SomecharacteristicsofTODAc18WhysupportTOD?BetteruseoflandresourcesReducedtrafficcongestion,andenergyconsumptionImprovedenvironmentalqualityReducedparkingrequirementsReducedneedforexpensiveinvestment(roads,bridges,andparkingareas)BettercommunityimageReducedstressfromcommutingbyautomobileImprovedmarketabilityofthelocationBetterreturnoninvestmentintransitinfrastructureWhysupportTOD?Betteruseof19TODinJapanComparisonofpassengertrafficshareInJapan,Railwayhavealargermarketsharethanothercountries.GermanyItalyFranceUSUKJapanAirplaneCarRailwayShipTODinJapanComparisonofpass20ProblemsandcharacteristicsofJapan`sTODJapaneseTODismainlymarket-orientedTODByrailwaycompaniesJapanesegovernmentdon’thavestrongpowertoregulatelanduseandtocontrolcaruseThiscausecarcongestionaroundstationsandurbansprawlJapanhaveasmallnumberofTODsystemsRailwaysarehighlyusedButbusandLRTwerenotwellutilizedLet’sstudytheexampleofothercountriesProblemsandcharacteristicso21Portland,Oregon,USAPortland,Oregon,USA22LocationofPortlandPortlandLocationofPortlandPortland23TODinPortlandIntroducedin1970sLivingQualitydeterioratedEscalatedtrafficcongestionEnvironmentaldestructionDeclinepopulationincitycenterTrafficCongestionShoppingCenterinSuburbTODinPortlandIntroducedin124METROandTRI-METMETROTheregionalgovernmentwhichhasmunicipalhomeruleforcityplanning.1.3millionpeoplecovers24cities,urbanareasof3countieslong-termlanduseandtransportpolicyTRI-METRegionaltransportationauthorityProvidelightrailandbusserviceandpromotethedevelopmentprojectwithMETRO.METROandTRI-METMETRO25METROareaUrbangrowthboundaryUrbanreservesMetroboundaryMajorParksCountylinesFreewaysLegendMETROareaUrbangrowthboundar26PublictransportsysteminPortlandBudgetrelocationFromexpresswaytoMetropolitanAreaExpress(MAX)andparksEstablishedTransitmallsFreefareincitycenterHighOccupancyVehicle(HOV)LaneParkandridesystemReal-timebuslocationsystemwithGeographicalInformationSystem(GIS)MAXCityCenterofPortlandBusStopPublictransportsysteminPor27Seoul,SouthKoreaSeoul,SouthKorea28Seoul`squicklookThetotalarea605.52Km2,or0.6%oftheentirecountry.25"gu"orwardsTotalpopulationof10,276,968oraquarterofthetotalnationalpopulationPercapitais8.5millionwon,23.7%oftheGNPof388trillionwonSeoul`squicklookThetotalar29CurrentSituationofKoreaTransportationRapideconomicgrowthandincreaseinpersonalincomehavelettoasharpgrowthinthedemandfortransportation.Amongcarsthatareusedforvariouspurposes,suchasprivate,officialorbusiness,theincreaserateofprivatepassengercarsrecordedthehighest.CurrentSituationofKoreaTra30CarOwnershipinKorea(unit:1,000cars)YearPassengerCarBusTruckOthersTotal198024942226952819902,074383924113,39520008,0841,4282,511378,46920018,8891,2572,5113712,694CarOwnershipinKorea(unit:31RecentSituationonSustainableUrbanTransportationinSeoulCityCarownershipincreased28.1%inSeoulcityand51.4%inSeoulMetropolitanArea(SMA)Busspeedis19km/hrslowerthan20.2km/hrofpassengercarincitycenterRegionPopulation(1,000)CarOwnership(1,000)199620032003/1996199620032003/1996Seoulcity10,47010,277-1.8%2,1682,77728.1%SMA21,06523,24010.3%4,4816,74851.4%RecentSituationonSustainabl32BusreformTookeffectonJuly1,2004Newbusroutesandbus-onlylaneswereintroducedToencouragemorepeopletousepublictransportationandeasecongestionontheroads.BusreformTookeffectonJuly33BustypesToreduceconfusionandsimplifypassenger.BustypesToreduceconfusiona34BustypesandtheirstopsignsBustypesandtheirstopsigns35Bus-onlylaneBus-onlylane36Resultofbusreform（passenger）ForJulyandaugust,thepassengersusingeitherbusorsubwayhad11%increasecomparedtothecorrespondingmonthsofthepreviousyears.ForJulyandaugust,buspassengersalonealsoexperiencedanaverageof9.9%increaseoverlastyear.Resultofbusreform（passeng37Resultofbusreform（Busspeed）Theaveragespeedofthebusesrunninginthemedianbuslanesescalatedby85%,increasingto20.3km./hronDobong/Miaro(Road)innorthernSeoul72%increasingto22.5km./hronSuseak/Seongsanno(Road)innorthwesternSeoul32%increasingto17.2km./hronGangnamdaero(Road)insouthernSeoulThefigurerecordedinJunewhenthenewsystemwasnotyetintroducedResultofbusreform（Busspe38Resultofbusreform（Trafficvol.）Trafficvolumedecreased5.9%inOctoberfromSeptemberlastyearMiarorecordeda27.2%dropGangnamdaerorecordeda26.3%dropSongsannoinSusaekrecordeda23.3%dropSeveralfactorstheimplementationofthebus-exclusivemedianlanesystemtheoilpricesurgeencouragingdriverstonotdriveonedayaweekResultofbusreform（Traffic39Greenparking2006Tocalmdownthetrafficatthecollectorroadintheresidentialarea.Byincreasingthenumberofparkingspacesinresidentialarea.25siteswereselectedforthefirstyeardemonstrationin2004.4,318parkingspacesonresidentialstreetbydemolishinghousewallof3,120households.Greenparking2006Tocalmdown40ResidentialareainSeoulcityTheactualsituationofcollectorroadsinSeoulcity,SouthKoreaResidentialareainSeoulcity41GreenparkingideademolishinghousewallGreenparkingideademolishing42WhyisTODstill

dauntingtodevelopers?ConstructioncostsofbuildingaddexistinginfrastructureandusingvaluablelandforparkinghavealsointimidateddeveloperAshortageofpromotion,standards,andsystemsaboutelementslikeappropriatedensitieshavepreventeddevelopersandplannersfrombuildingwithconfidenceWhyisTODstilldauntingtod43SummeryPublicinvolvement.TheinvolvementofresidentsinplanworkwiththeadministrationtopromoteTODUser`sfriendlytransportationsystem.Easilyandunderstandableinformations(bussigns)SummeryPublicinvolvement.4422十二月2022首尔等城市以公共交通导向TOD的开发政策简介21十二月2022首尔等城市以公共交通导向TOD的开发政45SeoulSurface605.77km2

Population10million(20millioninSeoulmetropolitanarea[SMA])Populationdensity17,046(person/km2)→HighGDPUS$605billionTotalpassengercar9millioncarsSeoulSurface605.77km246

HistoryBefore1900population:only0.3million1934

Koreanurbandistrictplan

innovationofnewland-usezoninglaws1950

theKoreanwar

populationconcentrationtoSeouldefectivehouseswerebuiltonthesuburbhills1962

cityplanninglawwasestablished4kindsofzoningweresetdeliberatedevelopmentofurbandistricts1971

revisionof

cityplanninglaw

GreenbeltwassetagainstsprawlingandtheattackbytheNorth1974

1stsubwaylinewasbuilt

1976

urbanrenewallawwasestablished

tosolvetheproblemofdefectivehousesarea1981basiccityplanningsystemagoverrnment-ledlargescalelanddevelopmentprojectdesign(20years)long-termvision1980sthepopulationgrowthinthesuburbs

agoverrnment-ledlarge-scalelanddevelopmentprojectdesignbegan

fivenewtowndevelopmentinGreenbelt

→theproblemisthataccesstocitycenterislimitedonlybyroadnetwork

CityplanninginSeoulPopulationgrowthHistoryCityplanninginSeo47CityPlanningCityPlanning48RoadnetworkSomecommercialareasaredevelopingalongthemainroads.→It’sbecausemainpublictransitsaretraditionallybussystems.Thisistheexampleofroads’makingthecommercialareas.RoadnetworkSomecommercialar49CityplanningrelatedprojectCitydevelopment・landsubdividingprojects(extensivelyconductedin1960sand1970s)・Intheearly1980s,thecivicsectorleadingprojecthaveprovenlimited→4regions(Sanggye,Godeok,Mok-dong,andSuseo)havebeenchangedfromnaturalgreenareastoresidentialarea.Cityrenewalproject・downtownstreetrearrangementsandstrengtheningitsbusinessfunction・HousingrenewalprojectsandhousingenvironmentimprovementprogramsNewtownsproject5newtownswerebuiltintheGreenbelt(1989)Thepurposeistosatisfytheshortageofhousingincitycenter

CityplanningrelatedprojectC50RecentsituationofSeoulIncreaseofthepopulationinsuburbsex)fivenewtowndevelopmentinGreenbelt

→increasedemandofaccessfromsuburbstocitycentertheproblemistheshortageofpublictransitservicesTrafficcongestioncarholdersareincreasingAveragespeedofcars(km/h)Tosolvetheproblem,Seoultrytoimprovetheexistedpublictransportationsystems.(Railwaysandbussystem)RecentsituationofSeoulIncre51Transportationsystem(Bus)Busreform(BMS)Passengertrafficshare:30%ThetriggerischangeofthetrafficflowbytheCheonggyecheonprojectThepurposeismitigationofthetrafficjamandpromotionofpublictransportationuseoperation・Reorganizationofbuscompanies（into4colors)・ITtechnology→makeiteasyforpeopletogettherealtimeinformation・Busonlylane・transportincooperationwithsubwaylineInKoreamanagersofbusesandsubwaysaredifferentThecooperationisneeded.・TheystillhavethelinesfromsuburbstocitycenterThebusesplaysanimportantroleaslong-distanttransportsTransportationsystem(Bus)Bus52Transportationsystem(Railway)Passengertrafficshare:35%Historyofrailwaysystem1971-19854lineswerebuilt(118km)1989-1999another4linestoextendthe existedlines(160km)1999-20104newlinesareunderconstruction(120km)The9thlinewasmanagedbytheprivatecompany(1st-8thlinesweremanagedbypubicsectors)goalshare:over70%(withbuses)tosolvetheroadcongestiontosecuretheaccesstosuburbsforecologyHistoryofsubwaysisrelativelynew

HistoricallythebusesareheavilyusedaspublictransitsinSeoulMostoftherailwaysaresubwayandtheydon’thavesurfacerailwaysinthecitycenter.Transportationsystem(Railway)53RecentTODinSeoulRedevelopmentofthecitycenter

・InSeoul,thebussystemsaretraditionallymainpublictransits→thecommercialareasweredevelopedalongtheroadsroadCommercialarea・Recentlythesubwayarehighlyused→thecommercialareasweredevelopedaroundstations

stationsubwayCommercialareaRecentTODinSeoulRedevelopme54RecentTODinSeoul(2)Onenewformofredevelopmentaroundstationsistheconstructionofbuildingsusedforbothcommercialandresidentialuses

・peoplecanlivenearthestationsotheycangotostationonfootRecentlyinKorea,thiskindofapartmentsareverypopularandthedemandsareincreasing

stationcommercialresidentialTheyneedtoredeveloparoundstationsRecentTODinSeoul(2)Onenew55RecentTODinSeoul(3)Suburbareasstillhaveseriousproblemsex)fivenewtowndevelopmentinGreenbelt

CitycenterBuslinerailwayNewtown1.Wherethenewtownswereconstructedafterthepublictransitsdeveloped→Therateofpublictransituseishigh(successfulcase)2.Wherethenewtownswereconstructedbeforethepublictransitsdeveloped→Therateofpublictransituseislow(failurecase)

BecausepeoplehavealreadyboughttheirowncartocommuteInaddition,tocommutebycarsisfasterthanbypublictransitsThecooperationbetweenconstructionsofnewtownsandpublictransitsisveryimportantRecentTODinSeoul(3)Suburba56ConclusionThecharacteristicofpublictransitsinSeoulisthatbusesaretraditionallyusedasmainpublictransitsandnowthebusesandsubwaysareusedtogetherItisaveryrarecasetousebusesasthelong-distancetransit(InSeoul,busesplayarolelikeLRT)TherelationshipbetweenlanduseandpublictransitsisveryimportantforachievementofTOD→needthelong-termvisionWhenweconstructthenewtowns,weneedtoconsiderthepublictransitsandtosecuretheaccesstothecenterofthecityConclusionThecharacteristico57IntroductionofTransit-OrientedUrbanDevelopmentPoliciesinsomecitiesGroup6:PreesanRakwatinNaokiWatanabeTakahiroYonemura2004/12/13IntroductionofTransit-Orient58WhatisTOD(Transit-OrientedDevelopment)?TODisawaytolocatepeopleneartransitservicesandtodecreasetheirdependenceondriving.ExcessivedependenceontheuseofcarsincreasestheemissionofCO2andisnotgoodforenvironment.WeneedtoencouragetheuseofpublictransportsWhatisTOD(Transit-Oriented59ThepurposesofTODToreducetheuseofsingle-occupantvehiclesbyincreasingthenumberoftimespeoplewalk,bicycle,carpool,vanpool,ortakeabus,streetcarorrail.ThepurposesofTODToreducet60NecessityforTODGoodtransitnetworkTransitusesupportingpolicyLandusesystemsupportingtransituseAmiablewalkingenvironmentNecessityforTODGoodtransit61SomecharacteristicsofTODAcentrallylocatedtransitstationortransitstop.Acommercialareaimmediatelyadjacenttothestation.Anetworkofconnectedstreetsthatbranchoutintothesurroundingneighborhood(s).Avarietyofhousingtypes,includingmulti-family.SomecharacteristicsofTODAc62WhysupportTOD?BetteruseoflandresourcesReducedtrafficcongestion,andenergyconsumptionImprovedenvironmentalqualityReducedparkingrequirementsReducedneedforexpensiveinvestment(roads,bridges,andparkingareas)BettercommunityimageReducedstressfromcommutingbyautomobileImprovedmarketabilityofthelocationBetterreturnoninvestmentintransitinfrastructureWhysupportTOD?Betteruseof63TODinJapanComparisonofpassengertrafficshareInJapan,Railwayhavealargermarketsharethanothercountries.GermanyItalyFranceUSUKJapanAirplaneCarRailwayShipTODinJapanComparisonofpass64ProblemsandcharacteristicsofJapan`sTODJapaneseTODismainlymarket-orientedTODByrailwaycompaniesJapanesegovernmentdon’thavestrongpowertoregulatelanduseandtocontrolcaruseThiscausecarcongestionaroundstationsandurbansprawlJapanhaveasmallnumberofTODsystemsRailwaysarehighlyusedButbusandLRTwerenotwellutilizedLet’sstudytheexampleofothercountriesProblemsandcharacteristicso65Portland,Oregon,USAPortland,Oregon,USA66LocationofPortlandPortlandLocationofPortlandPortland67TODinPortlandIntroducedin1970sLivingQualitydeterioratedEscalatedtrafficcongestionEnvironmentaldestructionDeclinepopulationincitycenterTrafficCongestionShoppingCenterinSuburbTODinPortlandIntroducedin168METROandTRI-METMETROTheregionalgovernmentwhichhasmunicipalhomeruleforcityplanning.1.3millionpeoplecovers24cities,urbanareasof3countieslong-termlanduseandtransportpolicyTRI-METRegionaltransportationauthorityProvidelightrailandbusserviceandpromotethedevelopmentprojectwithMETRO.METROandTRI-METMETRO69METROareaUrbangrowthboundaryUrbanreservesMetroboundaryMajorParksCountylinesFreewaysLegendMETROareaUrbangrowthboundar70PublictransportsysteminPortlandBudgetrelocationFromexpresswaytoMetropolitanAreaExpress(MAX)andparksEstablishedTransitmallsFreefareincitycenterHighOccupancyVehicle(HOV)LaneParkandridesystemReal-timebuslocationsystemwithGeographicalInformationSystem(GIS)MAXCityCenterofPortlandBusStopPublictransportsysteminPor71Seoul,SouthKoreaSeoul,SouthKorea72Seoul`squicklookThetotalarea605.52Km2,or0.6%oftheentirecountry.25"gu"orwardsTotalpopulationof10,276,968oraquarterofthetotalnationalpopulationPercapitais8.5millionwon,23.7%oftheGNPof388trillionwonSeoul`squicklookThetotalar73CurrentSituationofKoreaTransportationRapideconomicgrowthandincreaseinpersonalincomehavelettoasharpgrowthinthedemandfortransportation.Amongcarsthatareusedforvariouspurposes,suchasprivate,officialorbusiness,theincreaserateofprivatepassengercarsrecordedthehighest.CurrentSituationofKoreaTra74CarOwnershipinKorea(unit:1,000cars)YearPassengerCarBusTruckOthersTotal198024942226952819902,074383924113,39520008,0841,4282,511378,46920018,8891,2572,5113712,694CarOwnershipinKorea(unit:75RecentSituationonSustainableUrbanTransportationinSeoulCityCarownershipincreased28.1%inSeoulcityand51.4%inSeoulMetropolitanArea(SMA)Busspeedis19km/hrslowerthan20.2km/hrofpassengercarincitycenterRegionPopulation(1,000)CarOwnership(1,000)199620032003/1996199620032003/1996Seoulcity