硕士医学英语与疾病相关的术语课件

MedicalTerminology（11）Disease110）

Disease:TypesofDiseasesAdiseaseisanyalterationfromthenormalstructureorfunctionofanypartofthebody.Diseasescanbegroupedintoanumberofdifferentbutoftenoverlappingcategories.Theseinclude:•Infectiousdiseases—causedbymicroorganismsandotherparasitesthatliveattheexpenseofanotherorganism.Anydisease-causingorganismisdescribedasapathogen.•Degenerativediseases(变性疾病)—resultingfromwearandtear,aging,ortrauma(injury)thatcanresultinalesion(wound)andperhapsnecrosis(death)oftissue.Commonexamplesincludearthritis,cardiovascularproblems,andcertainrespiratorydisorderssuchasemphysema.Structuralmalformationssuchascongenitalmalformations,prolapse(dropping,脱垂),orhernia(rupture)mayalsoresultindegenerativechanges.

Neoplasia—abnormalanduncontrolledgrowthoftissue.

Immunedisorders(免疫功能紊乱)—failuresoftheimmunesystem,allergies,andautoimmunediseases,inwhichthebodymakesantibodiestoitsowntissues,fallintothiscategory.

Mentalandemotionaldisorders—disordersthataffectthemindandadaptationofanindividualtohisorherenvironment.Thecauseofadiseaseisitsetiology,althoughmanydiseaseshavemultipleinteractingcauses.Anacutediseaseissuddenandsevereandofshortduration.Achronicdiseaseisoflongdurationandprogressesslowly.InfectiousDiseases:Infectiousdiseasesarecausedbyviruses,bacteria,fungi(yeastsandmolds),protozoa(single-celledanimals,原生动物),andworms.Inshape,bacteriamayberound(cocci),rod-shaped(bacilli),orcurved(vibrios,弧菌

andspirochetes，螺旋菌).Theymaybenamedaccordingtotheirshapeandbythearrangementstheyform.Theyalsoaredescribedaccordingtothedyestheytakeupwhenstainedinthelaboratory.ThemostcommonlaboratorybacterialstainistheGramstain,withwhichgram-positiveorganismsstainpurpleandgram-negativeorganismsstainred.

Microorganismsoftenproducediseasebymeansofthetoxins(poisons)theyrelease.Thepresenceofharmfulmicroorganismsortheirtoxinsinthebodyistermedsepsis(败血症，脓毒血症).ResponsestoDisease：InflammationAcommonresponsetoinfectionandtootherformsofdiseaseisinflammation.Whencellsareinjured,theyreleasechemicalsthatallowbloodcellsandfluidstomoveintothetissues.Thisinflowofbloodresultsinthefoursignsofinflammation:heat,pain,redness,andswelling.Thesuffix-itisindicatesinflammation,asinappendicitis(inflammationoftheappendix)andtonsillitis(inflammationofthetonsils).

ImmunityTheimmunesystemmountsourspecificresponsestodisease.Cellsoftheimmunesystemrecognizedifferentforeigninvaders,andgetridofthembydirectattackandwithcirculatingantibodiesthatimmobilizeandhelptodestroythecells.Theimmunesystemalsomonitorsthebodycontinuouslyforabnormalandmalfunctioningcells,suchascancercells.Thesystemmayalsooverreacttoproduceallergies,andmayreacttoone’sowntissuestocauseautoimmunediseases.Aneoplasmthatinvolvesconnectivetissue,muscle,orboneisasarcoma(肉瘤).Cancersoftheblood,lymphaticsystem,andnervoussystemareclassifiedaccordingtothecelltypesinvolvedandotherclinicalfeatures.

RootsPertainingtoDiseaseROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEAlg/o,algi/o,algesi/oPainalgesiaConditionofhavingpain(痛觉，痛觉过敏)Carcin/ocancer,carcinomacarcinogenSubstancethatproducescancer(致癌物)Cyst/o,cyst/iFilledsacorpouchcyst,bladdercysticPertainingtoorhavingcysts(囊性的，膀胱的)lithCalculus,stonelithiasisStoneformation(结石病，结石形成)Onc/otumoroncogeneGenethatcausesatumor(致癌基因)

RootsPertainingtoDiseaseROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEPath/oDiseasepathogenOrganismthatproducesdisease(病原体)Py/oPuspyocystAsacorcystcontainingpus(脓囊肿)Pyr/o,pyret/oFever,firepyreticPertainingtofever(发热的；解热剂)Scler/oHardsclerosisHardeningoftissueTox/o,toxic/opoisonexotoxinToxinsecretedbybacterialcells(外毒素)

PrefixesforDiseasePREFIXMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEBrady-SlowbradypneaSlowbreathing(呼吸徐缓)Dys-Abnormal,painful,difficultdysplasiaAbnormaldevelopmentoftissue(发育不良)Mal-Bad,poormaladaptivePoorlysuitedtoaspecificuseortotheenvironment(不适应的，适应不良的)Pachy-ThickpachyemiaThicknessoftheblood(血液浓缩)Tachy-rapidtachycardiaRapidheartrate(心动过速)

PrefixesforDiseasePREFIXMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEXero-dryxerosisDrynessoftheskinormembrane(皮肤干燥病)SuffixesforDiseaseSUFFIXMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLE-algia,-algesiaPainmyalgiaPaininamuscle(肌痛)-celeHernia,localizeddilationhydroceleLocalizeddilationcontainingfluid(水囊肿，阴囊水囊肿)-clasis,-clasiabreakingosteoclasisBreakingofabone(骨破折，折骨术)-itisinflammationmeningitisInflammationofthemembranearoundthebrain-megalyEnlarge-menthepatomegalyEnlargementoftheliver(肝肿大)SuffixesforDiseaseSUFFIXMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLE-rheaFlow,dischargemucorrheaDischargeofmucus(粘液外流)-rhexisruptureamniorrhexisRuptureoftheamnioticsac(bagofwater)羊膜破裂-schisisFissure,splittingretinoschisisSplittingoftheretinaoftheeye(视网膜分层剥离)PrefixesfortheInfectiousDiseasePREFIXMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEStaphyl/oGrapelikeclusterstaphylcoccusAroundbacteriumthatformsclusters(葡萄状球菌)Strept/oTwistedchainstreptobacillusArod-shapedbacteriumthatformschains(链球杆菌)Exercise:fillintheblanks1.Carcinolysisisthedestructionofa(an)

2.Aurolithisa(n)___intheurinarytract(ur/o).3.Oncologyisthestudyandtreatmentof

4.Thetermpathogenicmeansproducing

5.Pyorrheaisthedischarge(-rhea)of

6.Arteriosclerosisisa(n)

ofthearteries.7.Thetermtoxoidmeanslikea(n)

8.Analgesimeterisusedtomeasuresensitivityto

9.Anyabnormalanduncontrolledgrowthoftissue,whetherbenignormalignant,iscalleda(n)

10.Heat,pain,redness,andswellingarethefourmajorsignsof

11.Adiseaseoflongdurationthatprogressesslowlyisdescribedas

12.Thespreadingofcancertootherpartsofthebodyiscalled

13.Amalignantt