【2022】英语词汇学知识点整理

词汇期末复习（C1-C7）Chapter1Chapter1一、Word词的定义aminimalfree最小的自由形式）asoundunityasemanticaformthatcanfunctionaloneina具有句法功能）二、二、Vocabulary词汇的定义Allthewordsinalanguagemakeupwhatisgenerallyknownasvocabulary.一般来说，词汇指的是一种语言里所有单词的总和。Sound&MeaningSound&Meaning发音和意义Theconnectionbetweenthesound(form)andmeaningisarbitrary(任意的)andconventional.二者的关系是约定俗成、随意的四、四、Sound&Form发音和形式Thewrittenformofanaturallanguageistheorthographical（正字的）recordoftheoralform.自然语言的书写形式是口语形式的书写记录。Thereasonsofdifferencesoccurbetweensoundandform:发音与形式不同的原因：①EnglishalphabetwasadoptedfromtheRomans英语字母表来自罗马②thepronunciationhaschangedmorerapidlythanspellingovertheyears. 发音改变快速③Differencescreatedbyprofessionalscribes.专业抄写员的不同④Moredifferencesbroughtbythecontinuingchangeofsoundsandthestandardizationofspelling.发音不断变化，书写标准化。五、ClassificationofWords词的分类⑤五、ClassificationofWords词的分类①BasicWordsThebasicvocabularyhasthefollowingcharacteristics:基本词汇特点：1.Allnationalcharacter全民性(indispensabletoallthepeoplewhospeakthelanguage).2.Stability（relativelystableor3.Productivity多产性（formnewwordsincombinationwithotherrootsandaffixes)4.Polysemy多义性5.Collocability搭配性②Non-basicWordsNon-basicvocabulary:terminology,jargon,slang,argot,dialectalwords,archaisms,neologisms.非基本词包含：专业术语、行话、俚语、黑话、方言、古语、新词。①ContentWords/Fullwords/Nationalwords：Theydenoteclearnotions.能够表达清楚的含义②Functionalwords/Emptywords/Formwords：Theyshowtherelationbetweennotions.显示了与概念之间的关系①NativeWords：Anglo-SaxonwordsbroughtbytheGermanictribessuchasAngles,SaxonsandtheJutes.②BorrowedWords：loanwordsorborrowings.Englishhasadoptedalmostallthemajorlanguagesintheworld.ItincludesDenizens同化词Aliens非同化词Translationloans 译借词Semanticloans借义词Chapter2Chapter2一、TheIndo-EuropeanLanguageFamily印欧语系TheIndo-EuropeanlanguagefamilyismadeupofmostlanguagesofEurope,theNearEast,andIndia.印欧语系是由欧洲、近东和印度的大部分语言组成的。Theclassificationoflanguagefamily:①TheEasternSet二、ThreephasesoftheVocabularyDevelopment词汇发展三阶段②TheWesternSet（二、ThreephasesoftheVocabularyDevelopment词汇发展三阶段OldEnglish(450-1150)特点：Ithasasmallvocabularyofabout50,000to60,000words.词汇量小IthassmallnumberofborrowingscamefromLatinandScandinavian.拉丁/斯堪的纳维亚外来词少Itisahighlyinflectedlanguage.(ithasthewordsfullof完整词尾MiddleEnglish(1150-1500)特点：Ithasacomparativelylarge词汇量相对较大IthasabsorbedatremendousnumberofforeignwordsmainlyfromFrenchandLatin;吸收大量发育和拉丁词汇Wordendingsbecome词尾扁平ModernEnglish(1500uptothepresent)特点：ithasahugeandheterogeneousvocabulary;巨大且多样的词汇Ithastremendousborrowings;许多外来词三、GeneralCharacteristic一般特征Ithaswordswithlostendings三、GeneralCharacteristic一般特征Receptivity,adaptabilityandheterogeneity接受性、适应性、异质性Simplicityofinflection简洁性、屈折性四、ForeignElementsintheEnglishVocabulary英语词汇中的外来成分Relativelyfixed四、ForeignElementsintheEnglishVocabulary英语词汇中的外来成分主要外来成分：拉丁、希腊、法语、斯堪的纳维亚语五、GrowthofContemporaryEnglishVocabulary五、GrowthofContemporaryEnglishVocabulary当代英语词汇的发展ModesofVocabularyDevelopment发展方式：Creation创词SemanticchangeBorrowing借词Chapter3一、Morphemes词素词素的定义：Itisthesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.语素是最小的有意义的单位。它是语言中最小的构词单位。词素的特点：①Allthemorphemeshavetheirownmeanings,buttheycannotbefurtherdivided,otherwisetheywillnotmakeanysense.所有的词素都有自己的意义；它们不能再细分了，否则将会没有任何意义。②Morphemesmayhavesomevariants.词素可能会有一些变。e.g.-ation.Mayalsobe-tion,-sion,-ion,buttheybelongtothesamesuffixbecausetheyhavethesamemeaningandgrammaticalfunction.二、MorphsandAllomorphs形素和词素变体形素的定义：Thephoneticororthographicstringsorsegmentswhichrealizemorphemesaretermed‘morphs’.体现词素的语音串和拼写字节被称为形素。形素与词素的关系：Morphemesareabstractunits,whicharerealizedinspeechbydiscreteunitsknownasmorphs.词素是抽象的单位，是由分立的形素在话语中具体实现的。词素变体：Anallomorphreferstoamemberofasetofmorphs,whichrepresentonemorpheme.词素变体指一套形素中的一个成员，表征一个词素。总结：语言中最小的不可再分的意义单位是词素。morpheme通过形素morph表现出来的。词素还有变体形式，在语allomorph。三、ClassifyingMorphemes词素分类intermsoftheircapacityofoccurringalone根据能否独立出现分类Freevs.boundmorphemes粘着词素Free)：Morphemeswhichareindependentofothermorphemesarefree.Freemorphemeshavecompletemeaningsinthemselvesandcanbeusedasfreegrammaticalunitsinsentences.自由词素是能独立运用的词素，它有完整的意义，在句中充当一个自由的语法单位。举例：man,wind,open,tour,,能用作词或作为构成新词的构词要素。Boundmorphemes()：Morphemeswhichcannotoccurasseparatewordsarebound.Theyareboundtoothermorphemestoformwordsortoperformaparticulargrammaticalfunction.粘着词素不能独立成词，只能依附于其他词素上以构成词或担当一定的语法功能。粘着词素包括词根（粘着词根）和词缀。举例：举例：boundroot:-dict-,-ced-affix:-ion,-ist,-iconthebasisofthecapacityofformingnewwords根据能否构成新词分类Derivationalvs.inflectionalmorphemes派生词素/屈折词素Derivational)Derivationalmorphemesareusedtoderivenewwordswhentheyareaddedtoanothermorpheme.InEnglishderivativesandcompoundsareallformedbysuchmorphemes.派生词素附着于其它词素可派生出新词。英语中派生词都是由这样的词素构成的。派生词素的特点：派生词素的特点：改变词干的意义和词性表明单词内的语义出现在一些词类里的部分语素中在任何屈折词缀添加之前出现Inflectionalmorphemes()Inflectionalmorphemesindicatethesyntacticrelationshipsbetweenwordsandfunctionasgrammaticalmarkers.Inflectionalmorphemesareconfinedtosuffixes.屈折词素的特点：屈折词素作为语法标记表示词的语法意义，屈折语素只限于词缀。屈折词素的特点：不改变词干的意义和词性表明句子中不同单词的句法和语义关系出现于一些大的词类里所有语素中出现于单词的边缘onasemanticandsyntacticbasis根据语义和语法分类Content/lexicalvs.grammaticalmorphemes实义词素/语法词素Lexical词汇/content实义morphemesaremorphemeswhichhavealexicalcontentandareusedfortheconstructionofnewwordsasincompoundwordsandderivationalmorphemessuchas–ship,-ize.实义词素是拥有词汇意义并且用来构造新词，就像复合词和派生词。Grammaticalmorphemesfunctionprimarilyasgrammaticalmarkers.Theyencompassbothinflectionalaffixes(-s)andfreemorphemes(in,and,do,have…functionalwords)四、IdentifyingMorphemes四、IdentifyingMorphemes词素的识别Howtoidentifymorphemes?Theyshouldbeidentifiablebytheirforms,meaninganddistribution.他们应该通过形式、意义、分布来识别。五、五、MorphemizationandNewMorphemes词素化和新词素Morphemizationistheprocessofcreatingamorphemeusingaword,orpartofaword.词素化是通过一个词或者词的一部分来创造一个词素的过程。twowaysofcreatingnewmorphemes:①clippingfrontclipping e.g. e-,anddocu-backcliping e.g.-net(frominternet),-gate(fromwatergate)②usinganoldformasamorphemee.g.-speak(Clintonspeak)六、MorphemeandWord-formation词素和构词Inword-formation,morphemesarelabeledroot,stem,baseandaffix.在构词法中,语素被分为词根、词干、词基和词缀。①Affixesareformsthatareattachedtowordsorwordelementstomodifymeaningorfunction.Allaffixesareboundmorphemes.词缀都是粘着词素，依附于单词或其他构词材料构成新词或表示词的语法意义。Twotypesofaffixes:InflectionalaffixesandDerivationalaffixes屈折词缀和派生词缀②Arootisthatpartofawordformthatremainswhen allinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.词根是所有屈折词缀和派生词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。③Astemisthatpartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.词干是所有屈折词缀被去掉后所剩余的那部分。④Abasereferstoaformtowhichaffixesofanykind(bothderivationalandinflectional)canbeadded.Itcanbearootora词基是任何一种词缀都可加在上面的形式。但是上。举例：individualistic[stem,base]individual [stem,base]dividual[base]divide[root,stem,base]Chapter4一共9中构词方法：Affixation(derivation) 词缀法Compounding 复合法 最重要的三种（往年考过）Conversion/Shifting 转类法Blending 拼缀法Clipping/Shortening 截短法Acronymy 首字母拼音法Back-formation 逆生法SoundReduplication 语音重叠法CommonizationofProperNames专有名词的普通名词化法一、Affixation/Derivation/Derivative定义：AffixationreferstotheformationofwordsbyaddingwordformingorderivationalaffixestoDerivation:aprocessbywhichnewwordsarederivedfromoldorbaseforms.派生是指一个新词通过旧的或者基本形式派生出新的词。分类：Prefixation前缀法Prefixationisdefinedastheformationofnewwordsbyaddingprefixestobases.通过给词基添加前缀构成新词。前缀类型：①NegativePrefixes表否定的前缀②ReversativeorPrivativePrefixes表逆向意义的前缀③PejorativePrefixes表贬义的前缀④PrefixesofDegreeorSize表程度大小的前缀⑤PrefixedofOrientationandAttitude表倾向和态度等意义的前缀⑥LocativePrefixes表方位意义的前缀⑦PrefixesofTimeandOrder表时间和顺序等意义的前缀⑧NumberPrefixes表数字的前缀⑨ConversionPrefixes用于转换词性的前缀⑩MiscellaneousPrefixes其他种类意义的词缀11 NewPrefixes新的前缀Suffixation后缀法Suffixationistheprocessofnewwordsbyaddingorderivationalsuffixesto通过给词基添加可构词的词缀或者派生后缀来构成新词。后缀类型：①nounsuffixes名词后缀②adjectivesuffixes形容词后缀③adverbsuffixes副词后缀（如：-ward/-wards）④newsuffixes新后缀（如：-nik...的成员、-holic上瘾、-burger汉堡的）前缀特点：Preposed放在词前Grammaticallyunimportant(mostlynotchangingwordclass/partofspeech)语法上不特别重要，大多不改变词类词性。Modifyinglexicalmeaning修饰词汇意思后缀特点：Postposed放在词后Grammaticallysignificant语法意义重要Oflesssignificanceinlexicalmeaning词汇意义上相对不那么重要二、二、Compounding复合法→构成：复合词定义：Compoundingistheformationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorebases.复合法是通过添加两个或以上的词基来构成新词。Acompoundis“alexicalunitconsistingofmorethanonebaseandfunctioningbothgrammaticallyandsemanticallyasasingleword.”复合词是一个词汇单位，包括超过一个词基，在语法和语义上都作为一个单一的词。写法：Compoundscanbewrittensolid(silkworm),hyphenatedandopen(teargasandeasychair)复合词特点：Whatisthedividinglinebetweencompoundsandfreephrases?复合词和自由词组的区别界限：phonologicalfeatures语音特点semanticfeatures语义特点grammaticalfeatures语法特点orthographicalfeatures拼写特点复合词的构词方法：threemajorclassesofcompounds前三种是主要的复合词：①Nouncompounds 名词复合词②Adjectivecompounds 形容词复合词③Verbcompounds 动词复合词④prepositioncompounds⑤pronouncompound⑥conjunctioncompound①名词复合词：词汇层面分析：N+NN+VV+NA+NN+VingVing+NN+Veradv+NV+advVing+advadv+Ving句法层面的分析：S+V主语加谓语V+O谓语加宾语V+ADV谓语加副词PLACE地点（比如：hilding-place=hideinaTIME时间（比如：day-dreamer=dreamduringtheINSTRUMENT工具、手段（比如：handwriting=writebyOTHERS其他（比如：shadow-boxing=boxagainstaS+O主语加宾语S+C主语加补语（比如：girlfriend=thefriendisa②形容词复合词基本层面：N+VingADJ+VingN+adjadj+adj（比如：deaf-mute聋哑的）N+VedADJ+VedADV+VedN+Ned（比如：lion-hearted非常勇敢的）A+Ned（比如：short-sighted目光短浅的）num+Nednum+Vingadv+VingVed+adv内部语法层面：V+OV+ADVN-ADV+ADJ（比如：homesick=SickbecauseofmissingCoordinatingrelation③动词复合词：ThroughConversion转类比如：nickname=tonickname;honeymoon=tohoneymoonThroughBackFormation逆生法比如：lip-reading=tolip-read;massproduction=tomass-produce.三、三、Conversion转类法→构成：转类词定义：Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofonepartofspeechtothewordsofanotherpartofspeech,withoutanychangeinmorphological类型：①Conversiontonouns名词转类deverbalnouns动词名词化deverbalnouns动词名词化de-adjectivalnouns形容词名词化比如：want→de-adjectivalnouns形容词名词化fullconversion完全转换比如：awhite一个白人partialconversion部分转换比如：thepoor（得带定冠词才能表示名词意思）②Conversiontoverbs动词转类denominalverbs名词动词化denominalverbs名词动词化de-adjectivalverbs动词形容词化比如：tocanthefruitde-adjectivalverbs动词形容词化比如：Hewalkedsofastsoasnottowethisshoes.四、Blending拼缀法→构成：混合词③conversiontoadjectives形容词转类比如：agoldring（四、Blending拼缀法→构成：混合词定义：Blendingistheformationofnewwordsbycombiningpartsoftwowordsorawordplusapartofanotherwordandviceversa.拼缀法是通过合并两个单词的一部分或者一个单词加上另一个单词的一部分构成新单词的构词方法。结构：+尾+头+词+尾五、五、Clipping截短法→构成：缩略词定义：Clippingreferstothewayofmakingawordbyshorteningorclippingalongerwordknownasclipping.通过缩短或者截掉一个长单词来构新词。类型：①FrontClipping②BackClipping③Frontandbackclipping④Phraseclipping六、六、Acronymy首字母拼音法定义：Acronymyistheprocessofformingnewwordsbyjoiningtheinitiallettersofcompositenamesofsocialandpoliticalorganizationsorphrasesusedastechnical将社会和政治组织名称的首字母或短语作为术语组合在一起形成新词的过程。类型：initialisms(alphabetisms)：首字母缩略词定义：Initialismsrefertowordspronouncedletterbyletter,hencethename.字母一个一个读两种类型：①Lettersrepresentingfullwords②Lettersrepresentingconstituentsinacompoundorjustpartsofaword：首字母拼音词定义：Acronymsrefertoawordfrominitiallettersbutpronouncedasanormalword.可整体作为单词发音类型：①pureacronyms②hybridacronyms③syllabicacronyms七、七、Back-formation逆生法→构成：逆向派生词定义：Back-formationisaprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofasupposedsuffix.Itisalsoknownasa reversederivation.Thisisbecausemanyof thesuffixesarenottruesuffixesbutinseparablepartsofthewords.八、SoundReduplication语音重叠法→构成：语音重叠词reduplicatives（逆向派生法八、SoundReduplication语音重叠法→构成：语音重叠词reduplicatives定义：Soundreduplicationistheformationofcompoundwordsby repeatingthesameelementwithlittleornochange.Fourtypes:类型：Fourtypes:①Wordstoimitatepuresounds e.g.tick-tuck模仿声音②Wordstosuggestalternatingmovements e.g.ping-pong暗示某种运动③Wordsto贬义、蔑视）bysuggesting'instability,nonsense,insecurity,vacillation',etc.e.g. hocus-pocus④wordsto增强语气 e.g.teeny-weeny九、九、CommonizationofProperNames专有名词的普通名词化法NamesofPeople人名专有化如：Ampere安培NamesofPlaces地名专有化如：Champagne香槟（法国尚帕涅）NamesofBooks书名专有化如：Utopia（乌托邦）TradeName商标名如：nylon尼龙Chapter5一、Chapter5一、WordMeaning词意(1) Reference所指含义定义：Referenceistheconnectionbetweenthewordformandwhattheformreferstointheworld.所指含义是单词形式和它在这个世界上所指事物之间的关系。语言符号和其所指之间的关系：therelationshipbetweenthelinguisticsignanditsreferent:①arbitrary任意性、随意性②conventional约定俗成③theresultofgeneralizationandabstraction概括化与抽象化的结果reference+context=somethingdefinite即要赋予一定的语境所指事物）：概括化合抽象化的结合&约定俗成Concept概念Concept概念定义：Conceptisanotionoridea,formedinthemindasaresultofcognition,whichreflectstheobjectiveConceptisbeyond在人的头脑中形成一些对客观世界的反映概念和意义的区别：①Theyarecloselyconnectedbutnotidentical.Theyarebothrelateddirectlytoreferentsandarenotionsofthewords.均与所指事物相关，是词语的概念。②Conceptisuniversaltoallmenalikeregardlessofculture,race,languageandsoon.概念对于所有人来说都是相似的。③Butmeaningbelongstolanguage.意义属于语言层次。SenseSense语义定义：Thesenseofawordshowsitsplaceinasystemofsemanticrelationshipswithotherwordsinthelanguage.Itisoftenusedtosubstitutemeaning.一个词的语义表现了它和语言中的其他词在语义系统上的关系，通常等于意义。Sensedenotestherelationshipsinsidethelanguage语义表现的是语言内在关系。二、Motivation理据Referencedenotestherelationshipbetweenwordsandthethingstheystandfor二、Motivation理据OnomatopoeicMotivation拟声理据InmodernEnglish,somewordswhosephoneticformssuggesttheirmeaningsasthewordswerecreatedbyimitatingthenaturalsoundsornoises.通过模仿自然声音或者噪音暗示单词意义。primaryonomatopoeiasecondaryonomatopoeia: e.g.splash/whisperMorphologicalMotivation形态理据Compoundsandderivedwordsaremultimorphemicwordsandthemeaningsofmanyofthemarethetotalofthemorphemescombined.复合词和派生词是多语素词，他们的意义由语素结合而成。e.g.airmail、miniskirtSemanticMotivation语义理据Itexplainsthemeaningofawordgeneratedthroughassociationsbasedonitsconceptualmeaning.语义理据解释了一个词通过联想在概念意义的基础上衍生出其他意义。e.g.mouthofariver:theopeningpartoftheriverEtymologicalMotivation词源理据theoriginsofwordsmoreoftenthannotthrowlightontheirmeanings.单词的起源往往能解释它们的含义。三、TypesofMeaningGrammaticalMeaning语法意义定义：Grammaticalmeaningindicatesgrammaticalconceptorrelationshipssuchaspartofspeechofwords,singularandpluralmeaningofnouns,tensemeaningofverbsandtheirinflectionalparadigm(alltheinflectionalfor