SAT阅读讲义(完整版)

SAT阅读SAT阅读SAT阅读讲义一．SAT考试简介考试结构3hrsand45mins10sections(3forMath3forWriting3forReadingplusavariablesection)选项设置一共5个选项： 蒙猜答案的几率下降；审查选项的时间增加评分标准1point0point-1/4point不鼓励 Randomguess，不仅考察学术能力，还考察学术态度二、SAT阅读考试简介1.考试时间和分项组成TypeofQsNo.ofQsTimeAllottedSentenceCompletion1970mins(includingtwo25-minsectionsandone20-minsection)Passage-basedReading48TotalQs67文章特点简介导言source,time,background,author(status),keywords,theme,etc.题材一黑妹生自文艺社移民文化 (cross-cultureandemigration)黑人土著 (BlackAmericans&NativeAmericans)女性女权 (women&feminism)生物环境 (biology&environment)自然科学 （naturalscience）文学作品 （literaryfiction）艺术评论 （artcriticism）社会研究 （socialstudies）类型根据文章体裁： non-literary/literaryfiction根据文章长度： shortpassage/longpassage根据文章数量： singlepassage/pairedpassages排列组合之后考试时所见到的文章类型有：SSP（shortsinglepassage）SPP（shortpairedpassages）LSP（longsinglepassage）（non-literary）LF（literaryfiction）LPP（longpairedpassages）我将会在后面的课程中一一向大家进行阅读策略的介绍。题型及考查比重 （2005年10月到2009年5月）TOC\o"1-5"\h\z推理（ 8）细节（ 6）态度（ 6）词汇（ 5）作用（ 5）例子（ 3）主旨（ 3）互联（ 5）求同（ 2）求异（ 2）修辞（ 2）外援（ 1）符号（ 0or1）三．文章类型及阅读策略StrategyforSSPQuantity:2Format:P+2QsWordcount:100-150/pRequiredtime:2-3mins/pScan2QsquicklyFindthecluewords;IdentifythetypeofQifpossible;ReadthepassageandtakeBRIEFnotesifnecessary;Scrutinizeoptions;Selectthebestchoice.（ABCDEandleaveitblank）文章示范：新 OGP577-9-10Thatnineteenth-centuryFrenchnovelistHonoredeBalzaccouldbefinanciallywiseinhisfictionwhilelosingallhismoneyinlifewasanironyduplicatedinothermatters.Forinstance,theverywomenwhohadbeendrawntohimbythepenetratingintuitionofthefemaleheartthatheshowedinhisnovelswereappalledtodiscoverhowinsensitiveandawkwardtherealmancouldbe.ItseemsthatthetruesourceofcreationforBalzacwasnotsensitivitybutimagination.Balzac’sfictionoriginallysprangfromanintuitionhefirstdiscoveredasawretchedlittleschoolboylockedinadarkclosetofhisboardingschool:lifeisaprison,andonlyimaginationcanopenitsdoors.Theexampleinlines4-8primarilysuggeststhat Balzac’sworkswnaotespeciallypopularamongfemalereadersBalzaccouldnotwriteconvincinglyaboutfinancialmattersBalzac’sinsightsintocharacterwerenotevidentinhiseverydaylifepeoplewhoknewBalzacpersonallycouldnotrespecthimasanartistreadershadunreasonableexpectationsofBalzacthemanTheauthormentionsBalzac’sexperienceasaschoolboyinordertoexplainwhyBalzacwasunabletoconducthisfinancialaffairsproperlypointoutapossiblesourceofBalzac ulima’gisnaptoiownerfexoneratetheboardingschoolforBalzac ’slacklusterperformancefostertheimpressionthatBalzacwasanunrulystudentdepicttheconditionsofboardingschoollifeduringBalzac ’youth举例说明概述题 (purposeofexample)ID：Theauthormentions/quotes/cites/uses/describes/discussessthto/inorderto⋯TheexampleinlineXsuggests/emphasizes/illustrates ⋯ThereferencetoXprovides/presentsanexample/examplesof ⋯Structure:TS.+(Forinstance/example),+example.Example.+Conclusion.TS+(suchas/by)+example.Solution:瞻前顾后，外加自恋！ TS/C详读，例子本身可以扫读或阅读。<Thatnineteenth-centuryFrenchnovelistHonoredeBalzaccouldbefinanciallywiseinhisfictionwhilelosingallhismoneyinlife>wasanirony<duplicatedinothermatters>.Itwasanirony<that⋯inlife>.题目示范：Eachpassagebelowisfollowedbyquestionsbasedonitscontent.Answerthequestionsonthebasisofwhatisstatedorimplied.ineachpassageandinanyintroductorymaterialthatmaybeprovided.Questions6-7arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ChoiceoflanguagefrequentlyplaysasignificantroleinthedevelopmentoftheHispanicAmericanwriter'svoiceandmessage."Ilacklanguage,"wrote.CherrieMoraga,authorofLovingintheWarYears:loquenuncapas6porsuslabios.Theuseoftwolanguagesinthetitleitselfexpressesthedifficultythattheauthorperceivesinnarratingpersonalexperienceinonelanguagewhenonehaslivedinanother.TheauthorcitesMoraga'sbookprimarilyinordertoemphasizethechallengesthatsomeHispanicAmericanwritersfaceingettingtheirworkpublishedcelebratetheachievementsofayoungHispanicAmericannovelistdemonstratetheexpressivenessofawriterwhohasmasteredseverallanguagesconfirmthatAmericanwritersareexploringnewartisticapproachesillustrateadilemmathatHispanicAmericanwritersoftenface态度题(attitude)ID：tone,attitude,reaction,response,feeling,sentiment,expression,view,regard，describe,portray,characterizeType:positiveattitudenegativeattitudemixedattitudeSolution:①从情感态度词和转折句判断态度类型②从作者语气辨别字面态度 /反语态度③用态度评价原则排除错误选项举例示范：Students’attitudetowardNNcanbestbedescribedasA.好棒B.好土 C.好囧 D.好cuoE.好吃文章示范：Questions8-9arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thesciencefictionmasterpiece2001:ASpaceOdyssey~willprobablyberememberedbe~tforthefinelyhonedportraitofHAL,theHeuristicallyproLinegrammedALgorithmiccomputerthatcouldnotonly5reasonbutalsoexperiencehumanfeelingsandanxiety.Surprisingly,perhaps,computershaveinsomewayssurpassedwriterArthurC.Clarke'sandfilmdirectorStanleyKubrick'svisionofcomputingtechnologyattheturnofthemillennium.Today'scomputersarelOvastlysmallerandmoreportablethanHALandusesoftwareinterfacesthatforgothetypeofmanualcontrolsfoundonthespaceshipthatcardedHAL.Theauthor'sattitudetowardthe"portrait"(line3)isbestcharacterizedasoneofresentmentappreciationconfusionawederisionawe:afeelingofgreatrespectusuallymixedwithfearorwonder.文章示范：Questions13-25arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thispassageisexcerptedfromanovelpublishedin1970.Asthepassagebegins,fourmenarelookingatamapinpreparationforacanoetrip.Itunrolledslowly,forcedtoshowitscolors,curlingandsnappingbackwheneveroneofusturnedloose.ThewholelandwasverytenseuntilweputourfoursteinsonLineitscornersandlaidtheriverouttorunforusthroughthemountains150milesnorth.Lewis'handtookapencilandmarkedoutasmallstrongXinaplacewheresomeofthegreenbledawayandthepaperchangedwithhighground,andbegantoworkdownstream,northeasttosouthwestthroughtheprintedwoods.Iwatchedthehandratherthanthelocation, foritseemedtohavepowerovertheterrain,andwhenitstoppedforLewis'voicetoexplainsomething,itwasasthoughallstreamseverywherequitrunning,hangingsilentlywheretheyweretoletthepointbemade.Thepencilturnedoverandpretendedtosketchinwiththeeraseranareathatmusthavebeenaroundfiftymileslong,throughwhichtheriverhookedandcramped."Whentheytakeanothersurveyandreworkthemap,"Lewissaid,"allthisinherewillbeblue.ThedamatAintryhasalreadybeenstarted,andwhenit'sfinishednextspringtheriverwillbackupfast.Thiswholevalleywillbeunderwater.Butrightnowit'swild.AndImeanwild;itlookslikesomethingupinAlaska.Wereallyoughttogouptherebeforetherealestatepeoplegetholdofitandmakeitoverintooneoftheirheavens."Ileanedforwardandconcentrateddownintotheinvisibleshapehehaddrawn,tryingtoseethechangesthatwouldcome,thenighttimerisingofdammedwaterbringinganewlakeupwithitschoicelots,itsmarinasandbeercans,andalsotryingtovisualizethelandasLewissaiditwasatthatmoment,unvisited andfree.Ibreathedinandoutonce,consciously;mybody,particularlythebackandarms,feltreadyforsomethinglikethis.Ilookedaroundthebarandthenbackintothemap,pickinguptheriverwherewewouldenterit.Alittlewaytothesouthwestthepaperblanched."Doesthismeanit'shigherhere?"Iasked.Yes,Lewissaid,lookingquicklyatmetoseeifIsawhewasbeingtolerant.Ah,he'sgoingtoturnthisintosomething,Ithought.Alesson.Amoral.Alifeprinciple.AWay."Itmustrunthroughagorgeorsomething"wasallhesaidthough."Butwecangetthroughthatinaday,easy.Andthewatershouldbegood,inthatpartespecially."Ididn'thavemuchideawhatgoodmeantinthewayofriverwater,butforittoseemgoodtoLewisitwouldhavetomeetsomeverydefinitestandards.Thewayhewentaboutthingswasstrictlyhisown;thatwasmainlywhathelikedaboutdoingthem.Helikedparticularlytotakesomeextremelyspecializedanddifficultform5oofsport--usually onehecoulddobyhimself--andevolveapersonalapproachtoitwhichhecouldthenexpound.Ihadbeenthroughthiswithhiminflycasting,inarcheryandweightliftingandspelunking,inallofwhichhehaddevelopedcompletemystiques.Nowitwascanoeing.Isettledbackandcameoutofthemap.BobbyTrippewasthere,acrossfromme.Hehadsmooththinhairandahighpinkcomplexion.Iknewhimleastwelloftheothersatthetable,butIlikedhimagooddeal,evenso.HewaspleasantlycynicalandgavemetheimpressionthathesharedsomekindofunderstandingwithmethatneitherofuswastotakeLewistooseriously."Theytellmethatthisisthekindofthingthatgetsholdofmiddle-classhouseholderseveryonceinawhile,"Bobbysaid."Butmostofthemjustliedowntillthefeelingpasses.""Andwhenmostofthemliedownthey'reatWoodlawn*beforetheythinkaboutgettingup,"Lewissaid.*Acemetery.19.Lewis'useoftheword"heavens"(line24)isbestcharacterizedasappreciativedeceitfultentativedefensiveironic2.StrategyforSPPQuantity:1Format:P1&P2+4～5QsWordcount:250-300/P1&P2Requiredtime:5-6minsReadP1&P2andtakeBRIEFnotes;read1stsentence,lastsentenceandthesentencesindicatingchangecarefully;judgetherelationshipbtw2Ps:oppose(考查最多 )/support/looselyrelatedReadaquestion(cluewords;type);Scrutinizeoptions;Selectthebestchoice.求异题ID:P1differsfromP2inthat UnlikeP1,P2 Thecontrast/differencebetweenP1&P2isthat XinP1&P2respectively ComparedtoP1,P2 isinP1,butnotinP2?Solution:TrytofindtheDFbtw2Psinview/attitudecontentsstyle/rhetoric求同题ID:P1issimilar/analogous/parallel/akintoP2inthat WhichofthefollowingstatementissharedbyP1&P2?Bothpassages XinP1ismostlike inP2?WhatdoP1&P2haveincommon?Solution:先找交集 ;若无交集，再找补集并取反互联题ID:Whichbestdescribestherelationshipbetweenthetwopassages? inonepassagewouldmostlikely+VERB+___inanotherpassage?TYPESOFVERBS:↑support/exemplify/agreewith/espouse/strengthen↓weaken/undermine/discredit/criticize/damage？respondto/reactto/claim/assert/argue/contend/suggest/consider/interpret/view/regardSolution:①弄清题干中的已知信息②根据另一篇文章内容和题干中的动词找出最佳选项文章示范：Thepassagesbelowarefollowedbyquestionsbasedontheircontent;questionsfollowingapairofrelatedpassagesmayalso.bebasedontherelationshipbetweenthepairedpassages.Answerthequestionsonthebasisofwhatisstatedor~inthepassagesandinanyintroductorymaterialthatmaybeprovided.Questions6-9arebasedonthefollowingpassages.Passage1Theeighteenth-centurybotanistCarolusLinnaeus'enormousandessentialcontributiontonaturalhistorywastodeviseasystemofclassificationwherebyanyLineplantoranimalcouldbeidentifiedandslottedinto5anoverallplan.YetLinnaeushimselfwouldprobablyhavebeenthefirsttoadmitthatclassificationisonlyatool,andnottheultimatepurpose,ofbiologicalinquiry.Unfortunately,thistruthwasnotapparenttohisimmediatesuccessors,whoforthenexthundred10yearsweretoconcernthemselvesalmostexclusivelywithclassification.Passage2IamahereticaboutLinnaeus.!donotdisputethevalueofthetoolhegavenaturalscience,butIamwaryaboutthechangeithaseffectedonhumans'relationship15totheworld.FromLinnaeuson,muchofsciencehasbeendevotedtosortingmassesintoindividualentitiesandarrangingtheentitiesneatly.Thecostofhavingsosuccessfullyitemizedandpigeonholednatureistolimitcertainpossibilitiesofseeingandapprehending.For20example,themodemhumanthinksthatheorshecanbestunderstandatree(oraspeciesoftree)byexaminingasingletree.Buttreesarenotintendedtog~owinisolation.Theyaresocialcreatures,andtheirsocietyinturnsupportsotherspeciesofplants,insects,birds,mammals,andmicro-25organisms,allofwhichmakeupthewholeexperienceofthewoods.Compared,totheauthorofPassage2,theauthorofPassage1regardsLinnaeuswithmorecynicismbafflementappreciationnostalgiaresentmentUnliketheauthorofPassage1,theauthorofPassage2makesuseofscientificdataliteraryallusionhistoricalresearchpersonalvoicedirectcitationBothpassagesemphasizewhichofthefollowingaspectsofLinnaeus'work?TheextenttowhichitcontributedtonaturalscienceThewayinwhichitlimitspresent-dayscienceThedegreetowhichitrevivedinterestinbiologyThedecisivenesswithwhichitsettledscientificdisputesThekindsofscientificdiscoveriesonwhichitbuiltTheauthorofPassage1wouldmostlikelyrespondtotheopeningofPassage2(lines12-17)byarguingthattheauthorofPassage2hasdemonstratedthatLinnaeusshouldbebetterknownasascientistthanhecurrentlyisminimizedtheachievementsofthosescientistswhobuiltonLinnaeus'workrefusedtoappreciatetheimportanceofproperclassificationtoscientificprogressfailedtodistinguishtheideasofLinnaeusfromthoseofhisfollowersmisunderstoodLinnaeus'primarycontributiontonaturalhistory文章内容简介： P1:CL toolSP2:CL大小 toolStrategyforLSP(说明文，评论文)Quantity:1or2Format:P+5～ 13QsWordcount:450-850/PRequiredtime:10±4minsStructuralreadingstrategyScantheblurbandmarkusefulinfo;Readthecrucialpartsofthepassageandtakenotes(3-5’);’Readaquestionanditscorrespondingcontentsinthepassage;Selectthebestchoicefromoptions.CrucialpartsofapassageYoushouldreadatleastthefollowings:1stsentencesofeachparagraphlastsentencesof1stpara&lastparamajorsentencesindicatingchange文章示范：Questions18-22arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thisexcerptdiscussestherelationshipbetweenplantsandtheirenvironments.Whydosomedesertplantsgrowtallandthinlikeorganpipes?Whydomosttreesinthetropicskeeptheirleavesyearround?WhyintheArctictundraaretherenotreesatall?Aftermanyyearswithoutconvincinggeneralanswers,wenowknowmuchaboutwhatsetsthefashioninplantdesign.Usingterminologymorecharacteristicofathermalengineerthanofabotanist,wecanthinkofplantsasmechanismsthatmustbalancetheirheatbudgets.AplantbydayisstakedoutundertheSunwithnowayofshelteringitself.Alldaylongitabsorbsheat.Ifitdidnotloseasmuchheatasitgained,theneventuallyitwoulddie:Plantsgetridoftheirheatbywarmingtheairaroundthem,byevaporatingwater,andbyradiatingheattotheatmosphereandthecold,blackreachesofspace.temperatureistolerablefortheprocessesoflife.PlantsintheArctictundralieclosetothegroundinthethinlayerofstillairthatclingsthere.AfootortwoabovethegroundarethewindsofArcticcold.TundraplantsabsorbheatfromtheSunandtendtowarmup;theyprobablybalancemostoftheirheatbudgetsbyradiatingheattospace,butalsobywarmingthestillairhatistrappedamongthem.AslongasArcticplantsareclosetotheground,theycanbalancetheirheatbudgets.Butiftheyshouldstretchupasatreedoes,theywouldlifttheirworkingparts,theirleaves,intothestreamingArcticwinds.ThenitislikelythattheplantscouldnotabsorbenoughheatfromtheSuntoavoidbeingcooledbelowacriticaltemperature.YourheatbudgetdoesnotbalanceifyoustandtallintheArctic.Suchthinkingalsohelpsexplainothercharacteristicsofplantdesign.AdesertplantfacestheoppositeproblemfromthatofanArcticplantthedangerofoverheating.Itisshortofwaterandsocannotcoolitselfbyevaporationwithoutdehydrating.Thefamiliarsticklikeshapeofdesertplantsrepresentsoneofthesolutionstothisproblem:theshapeexposesthesmallestpossiblesurfacetoincomingsolarradiationandprovidesthelargestpossiblesurfacefromwhichtheplantcanradiateheat.Intropicalrainforests,bywayofcontrast,thescorchingSunisnotaproblemforplantsbecausethereissufficientwater.Thisworkingmodelallowsustoconnectthegeneralcharacteristicsoftheformsofplantsindifferenthabitatswithfactorssuchastemperature,availabilityofwater,andpresenceorabsenceofseasonaldifferences.OurEarthiscoveredwithapatchworkquiltofmeteorologicalconditions, andthepatternsofthispatchworkarefaithfullyreflectedbytheplants.q-hepassageprimarilyfocusesonwhichofthefollowingcharacteristicsofplants?TheirabilitytogrowequallywellinallenvironmentsTheireffectsontheEarth'satmosphereTheirabilitytostorewaterfordryperiodsTheirfundamentalsimilarityofshapeTheirabilitytobalanceheatintakeandoutputQuestions16-24arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thispassageisfromaboo.kofnaturewritingpublishedin1991.InNorthAmerica,batsfallintomainlypredictablecategories:theyarenocturnal,eatinsects,andarerathersmall.Butwingingthroughtheirlush,green-blackworld,Linetropicalbatsaremorenumerousandhavemoreexotic5habitsthandotemperatespecies.Someofthemfeedonnectarthatbat-pollinatedtreeshaveevolvedtoprofitfromtheirvisits.Carnivorousbatslikenothingbetterthanalocalfrog,lizard,fish,orbird,whichtheypluckfromthefoliageoramoonlitpond.Ofcourse,somebatsarevampiresand10dineonblood.Inthemovies,vampiresarerathershowy,theatricaltypes,butvampirebatsrelyonstealthandsmall,pinprickincisionsmadebyrazory,triangularfrontteeth.Sleepinglivestockaretheirusualvictims,andtheytakecarenottowakethem.First,theymaketheclassicincisions15shapedlikequotationmarks;then,withsalivafullofanticoagulantssothatthevictim'sbloodwillflownicely,they.quietlylaptheirfill.Becausethisanticoagulantisnottoxictohumans,vampirebatsmayonedayplayanimportantroleinthetreatmentofheartpatients--thatis,ifwecan2ojustgetoverourphobiaaboutthem.Havingstudiedthemintimately,Inowknowthatbatsaresweet-tempered,useful,andfascinatingcreatures.Thelong-standingfearthatmanypeoplehaveaboutbatstellsuslessaboutbatsthanabouthumanfear.25Thingsthatlivebynightliveoutsidetherealmof"normal"time.Chauvinisticaboutourhumanneedtowakebydayandsleepbynight,wecometoassociatenightdwellerswithpeopleuptonogood,peoplewhohavethejumpontherestofusandaredefyingnature,defyingtheir30circadianrhythms.*Also,nightiswhenwedream,andso-wepicturethebatsmovingthroughadreamtime,inwhichrealityiswarped.Afterall,wedonotseeverywellatnight;wedonotneedto.Butthatmakesusnearlydefenselessafterdark.Althoughweareaccustomedtotnastering35ourworldbyday,inthenightwebecomevulnerableasprey.Thinkingofbatsasmastersofthenightthreatensthesafetywedailytakeforgranted.Thoughweareatthetopofourfoodchain,ifwehadtolivealoneintherainforest,say,andprotectourselvesagainstroamingpredators,we40wouldlivepartlyinterror,asourancestorsdid.Oursenseofsafetydependsonpredictability,soanythinglivingoutsidetheusualruleswesuspecttobeanoutlaw,aghoul.Batshavealwaysfiguredasfrighteningorsupernaturalcreaturesinthemythology,religion,andsuperstitiooof45peopleseverywhere.Finnishpeasantsoncebelievedthattheirsoulsrosefromtheirbodieswhiletheysleptandflewaroundthecountrysideasbats,thenreturfiedtothembymorning.AncientEgyptiansprizedbatpartsasmedicineforavarietyofdiseases.Perhapsthemostmystical,ghoul-50ish,andintimaterelationshipbetweenbatsandhumansoccurredamongtheMayaabouttwothousandyearsago.ZotzilahaChamalc~in,theirbatgod,hadahumanbodybutthestylizedheadandwingsofabat.Hisimageappearsoftenontheiraltars,pottery,goldornaments,andstone55pillars.Oneespeciallyfrighteningengravingshowsthebatgodwithoutstretchedwingsandaquestion-markno~e,itstonguewaggingwithhunger,asitholdsahumancorpseinonehandandthehuman'sheartintheother.AnumberofotherCentralAmericanculturesraisedthebattotheulti-60mateheight:asgodofdeathandtheunderworld.ButitwasBramStoker'srivetingnovelDraculathatturnedsmall,furrymammalsintohuge,bloodsuckingmonstersinthemindsofEnglish-speakingpeople.Ifvampiresweresernihuman,thentheycouldfascinatewiththeirconniving65cruelty,andthusaspillofhorrorbooksbegantoappearaboutthehumanpassionsofvampires.*Circadianrhythrnsarepatternsofdailychangewithinone'sbodythataredeterminedbythetimeofdayornight.Theauthor'smainpointinthepassageisthatthereareonlyafewkindsofbatshumansareespeciallyvulnerabletonocturnalpredatorsbatsalivamayhavemedicinalusesonlymythandliteraturehavedepictedthetruenatureofthebatourperceptionofbatshasitsbasisinhumanpsychology主旨题ID:Thepassageservesmainlyto Thepassageprimarilyfocuseson Thepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith Themainidea/point/purposeofthepassageis Thepassageasawholeisbestdescribedas Thepassageasawholeanswerswhichofthefollowingquestion?solution:①画圈后做②（导言） +关键词+重点句↓（各段）首句（首末段）尾句重要转折句细节题之一：寻因题ID:because/dueto/attributeto/inthatSolution:根据题干中的结果，向前或向后找原因。文章示范：Questions18-22arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thisexcerptdiscussestherelationshipbetweenplantsandtheirenvironments.Whydosomedesertplantsgrowtallandthinlikeorganpipes?Whydomosttreesinthetropicskeeptheirleavesyearround?WhyintheArctictundraaretherenotreesatall?Aftermanyyearswithoutconvincinggeneralanswers,wenowknowmuchaboutwhatsetsthefashioninplantdesign.Usingterminologymorecharacteristicofathermalengineerthanofabotanist,wecanthinkofplantsasmechanismsthatmustbalancetheirheatbudgets.AplantbydayisstakedoutundertheSunwithnowayofshelteringitself.Alldaylongitabsorbsheat.Ifitdidnotloseasmuchheatasitgained,theneventuallyitwoulddie:Plantsgetridoftheirheatbywarmingtheairaroundthem,byevaporatingwater,andbyradiatingheattotheatmosphereandthecold,blackreachesofspace.temperatureistolerablefortheprocessesoflife.PlantsintheArctictundralieclosetothegroundinthethinlayerofstillairthatclingsthere.AfootortwoabovethegroundarethewindsofArcticcold.TundraplantsabsorbheatfromtheSunandtendtowarmup;theyprobablybalancemostoftheirheatbudgetsbyradiatingheattospace,butalsobywarmingthestillairhatistrappedamongthem.AslongasArcticplantsareclosetotheground,theycanbalancetheirheatbudgets.Butiftheyshouldstretchupasatreedoes,theywouldlifttheirworkingparts,theirleaves,intothestreamingArcticwinds.ThenitislikelythattheplantscouldnotabsorbenoughheatfromtheSuntoavoidbeingcooledbelowacriticaltemperature.YourheatbudgetdoesnotbalanceifyoustandtallintheArctic.Suchthinkingalsohelpsexplainothercharacteristicsofplantdesign.AdesertplantfacestheoppositeproblemfromthatofanArcticplantthedangerofoverheating.Itisshortofwaterandsocannotcoolitselfbyevaporationwithoutdehydrating.Thefamiliarsticklikeshapeofdesertplantsrepresentsoneofthesolutionstothisproblem:theshapeexposesthesmallestpossiblesurfacetoincomingsolarradiationandprovidesthelargestpossiblesurfacefromwhichtheplantcanradiateheat.Intropicalrainforests,bywayofcontrast,thescorchingSunisnotaproblemforplantsbecausethereissufficientwater.Thisworkingmodelallowsustoconnectthegeneralcharacteristicsoftheformsofplantsindifferenthabitatswithfactorssuchastemperature,availabilityofwater,andpresenceorabsenceofseasonaldifferences.OurEarthiscoveredwithapatchworkquiltofmeteorologicalconditions, andthepatternsofthispatchworkarefaithfullyreflectedbytheplants.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingismostresponsibleforpreventingtreesfromgrowingtallintheArctic?Thehard,frozengroundThesmallamountofavailablesunshineThecold,destructivewindsThelargeamountofsnowthatfallseachyearTheabsenceofseasonaldifferencesintemperatureTheauthorsuggeststhatthe"sticklikeshapeofdesertplants"(lines41-42)canbeattributedtotheinabilityoftheplantstoradiateheattotheairaroundthempresenceofirregularseasonaldifferencesinthedesertlargesurfaceareathattheplantsmustexposetotheSunabsenceofwindsstrongenoughtoknockdowntall,thinplantsextremeheatandaridityofthehabitatStrategyforLFParabyParareadingstrategyidentifythetypeofpassagebyscanningblurb(novel,memoir,autobiography,narrative,etc.);markquestionsrelatedto1stparaaccordingtolinereferenceorcluewords;read1stparaandanswerconcernedquestions;treatotherQsinotherparagraphssimilarly;answerQsabtthewholepassageifany.文章示范：Thepassagebelowisfollowedbyquestionsbasedonitscontent.Answerthequestionsonthebasisofwhatisstatedorinthepassageandinanyintroductorymaterialthatmaybeprovided.Questions7-19arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Thispassageisadaptedfroma1998memoirinwhichtheauthorrecallsherchildhoodinChicagointhe1960's.Atriptothelibrarywaslikeagreatexcursiontoadifferentcountry.Togetthere,wehadtowalkamile.ButthedistancebetweenwherewelivedandwhereweLineweregoingwasmuchgreater.Togettherewetraveled5beyondtheusualparametersofschoolandchurchandtheshoppingstripwefrequented,intothemanicuredlawnsandgardensofHydePark.Ilovedthewalkasmuchasthedestinationitself.Inthemiddleoftheangerthatwasmyhomeandtheupheavalofachangingworldinwhich10itseemedIhadnoplace,oursemimonthlyexcursionstothelibrarywereapieceofperfection.IhadaroundmeatonetimeallthepeopleIlovedbest--mymotherandbrothersandsister--andallthethingsIlovedbest-quiet,space,andbooks.15WewenttotheT.B.BlackstoneLibrary,notfarfromLakeMichigan.Youcouldeasilymissthebuildingifyoudidn'tknowwhatyouwerelookingfo