专业八级分类模拟435

专业八级分类模拟435(总分：58.92，做题时间：90分钟)一、PARTIREADINGCOMPREHENSION、题数：1,分数：30.00)SECTIONAMULTIPLE-CHOICEQUESTIONSInthissectiontherearefourpassagesfollowedbyfourteenmultiplechoicequestions.Foreachmultiplechoicequestion,therearefoursuggestedanswersmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosetheonethatyouthinkisthebestanswerandmarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETTWO.PASSAGEONEIfyoudropyourlaptopcomputer,achipbuiltintoitwillsensetheaccelerationandprotectthedelicatemovingpartsofitsharddiskbeforeithitstheground.AgroupofresearchersledbyJesseLawrenceofStanfordUniversityareputtingthesameaccelerometerchiptoanintriguingnewuse:detectingearthquakes.Theyplantocreateanetworkofvolunteerlaptopsthatcanmapoutfuturequakesinfargreaterdetailthantraditionalseismometersmanage.Seismometersarelarge,expensivebeasts,costing$10,000ormoreapiece.Theyaredesignedtobeexquisitelysensitivetothesortofvibrationsanearthquakeproduces,whichmeanstheycanpickuptremorsthatbeganhalfwayaroundtheworld.Bycontrast,theaccelerometerchipsinlaptops,whichhaveevolvedfromthoseusedtodetectwhenacarisinacollisionandthustriggerthereleaseoftheairbags,arerathercrudedevices.Theyare,however,ubiquitous.Almostallmodemlaptopshavethemandtheyareevenfindingtheirwayintomobilephones.TheiPhone,forexample,usessuchachiptodetectitsorientationsothatitcanrotateitsdisplayandthusmakeiteasilyreadable.Onitsown,anaccelerometerchipinalaptopisnotveryusefulforearthquake-detection,asitcannotdistinguishbetweenaquakeandallsortsofothervibrations——theusertappingawayatthekeyboard,forexample.Butiflotsofthesechipsareconnectedtoacentralserverviatheinternet,theirresponsescanbecompared.Andifalargenumberinaparticularplaceregisteravibrationatalmostthesametime,itismorelikelytobeanearthquakethanabunchofusersallhittingtheirspacebars.Toexploitthisgroupeffect,DrLawrence"sQuake-CatcherNetwork(QCN)employsthesamesoftwarethatisusedbytheSETI@homeproject,whichaggregatescomputingpowerfromhundredsofthousandsofvolunteercomputersaroundtheworldtoanalyzeradio-telescopesignalsforsignsofextraterrestrialintelligence.DrLawrenceandhiscolleagueshavealreadydemonstratedthattheQCNworks.ItdetectedaquakenearReno,Nevada,inApril,andonenearLosAngelesinJuly.Merelydetectingaquake,however,isnotthepoint.Seismometerscandothat.Tobeuseful,theQCNneedstobeabletodothingsthatseismometerscannot.Oneofthosethingsistomeasurethemaximumamountofgroundshaking.Thesensitivityofseismometersmeansthatstrongsignalswoulddamagethemiftheywerenotdesignedto"clip"suchsignalswhentheyexceedacertainthreshold.Thepricepaidisthatinformationaboutstrong,nearbyearthquakesislost.Laptopaccelerometersaremorerobust.Thoughtheycannot,ifinAmerica,tellyouanythingaboutanearthquakeinChina,theycansometimesdobetterthanconventionalkitwhenmeasuringlocalquakes.Thenetwork"ssecondbenefitisofsheernumbers.Thisshouldallowtheconstructionoffarmoredetailedmapsoftheup-and-downandside-to-sidemotionsinducedbyearthquakes.Thesevaryalotfromquaketoquake,andthatmeansthedamagedonebyaquakeofanygivenstrengthisalsovariable.Abetterunderstandingofhowmovementanddamagerelatemighthelpbothbuildingdesignandtownplanninginearthquakezones.Ofcourse,forthattowork,youhavetoknowwhereeachlaptopwasatthemomentofthequake.Ideally,thisinformationwouldcomefromaGlobalPositioningSystemdevicefittedwithinthelaptop,butfewcomputershavethematthemoment.Intheirabsence,informationautomaticallysuppliedaboutthesiteofthenearestrouter(anetworkdevicethatcomputersusetoconnecttothewiderinternet)givesaroughlocation.Thisisimperfect,butpoolingthedatafromlotsoflaptopsmeansthatlocationerrorscanbedetectedstatisticallyanderroneousdatadiscarded.Ifthatcanbedonequicklyenough,theQCNcouldbringathird—andmostvaluable—benefit:warning.Thespeedofinternetcommunication,coupledwithaschemeforuploadingdatafromeachcomputeratbriefintervals,meansthatDrLawrence"snetworkcouldissueanearthquakewarningwithinseconds.Thatisfasterthantraditionalseismometernetworks,whichupdatelessregularly,and,aboveall,ismuchfasterthanseismicwavestravel.Warningscouldthusbebroadcasttoplacestheearthquakewaveshadnotyetreached,givingpeoplevitaltimetofindaplaceofrefuge.Atthemoment,theQCNhasabout1,500participatingcomputers.But,ashappenedwithSETI@home,theresearchersexpectnumberstogrowonceknowledgeoftheprojectspreads:,forthosewhowanttojoininthefun.PASSAGETWODamnyou,tallpeople.Theyblockyourviewatthemovietheater.They"reapaintoshopfor:WhoreallywantstodragthemselvestotheBig&TalltobuyUncleLurchapairofextra-longpants?They"retheoneswithbetterchancesofbecomingprobasketballplayers,orsupermodels.Squirtsprobablydon"tneedanymorereasonstoenvytheirlonger-limbedneighbors.Unfortunately,anewstudyjustaddedtotheindignityofshortpeople.AccordingtoapaperfromtheNationalBureauofEconomicResearch,bothmenandwomenwhoareaboveaverageheight—5ft.10in.formales,5ft.4in.forfemales——reporthigherlevelsofhappinessthansmallerpeople.Inthestudy,menwhocalltheirlivesthe"worstpossible"arenearlyaninchshorterthantheaverageman.Thewomenmostdowninthedumpsarehalfaninchsmaller,onaverage,thantheaveragewoman.Tallerpeoplesaytheyaremorecontent,andarelesslikelytoreportarangeofnegativeemotionslikesadnessandphysicalpain."Happinessisjustonemorethingthattallerpeoplehavegoingforthem,"saysAngusDeaton,aPrincetoneconomistandco-authorofthestudy,whostandsasmug6ft.4in.(Fulldisclosure:I,too,amabout6ft.4in.,butIwillrefrainfrommockingshrimpsinthisstory.)Whyaretallpeoplehappier?AccordingtoDeaton"sanalysis,theresultislinkedtoeducationandincome.Thestudyfoundthattallerpeopletendtohavemoreeducation,andthushigherincomelevels,thanshorterpeople.Itfollowsthatthesmarter,richertallpeoplewouldbesunnierthantheirverticallychallengedcompatriots."Moneybuysenjoymentandhigherlifeevaluation,"saysDeaton."Itbuysoffstress,anger,worryandpain.Incomeisthething!"Togainsomereal-worldinsightintothesestats,IcalledthefirstsmartshortpersonIcouldthinkof,afriendnamedMiltonLee.Despitewhatthesestudiesindicate,smartshortpeopledoexist.Milt,agraduateoftheUniversityofPennsylvania,madeakillingasaWallStreettraderinthe1990s,butquitfinancetochasehisdreamofbecomingabasketballcoach.HehastrainedmanyNBAplayers,includingthisyear"stopdraftpick,Oklahoma"sBlakeGriffin,andevenlandedanassistantcoachinggigfortheLosAngelesClippers"summer-leagueteam.DespitegivingupanhealthyWallStreetincome,Lee,whoclaimshe"s5ft.9in.butadmitstobeing5ft.8in.whenpressed,considershimselfcontent."I"mnottotallybuyingit,"hesaysofthestudy."I"mbelowaverageheight,andhaveabove-averagehappiness."Inhisbasketballwork,Leespendsalotoftimearoundwell-compensatedhumantrees,anddoesn"talwaysseesmilingfaces."ThereareplentyofNBAplayerswhoareabsolutelymiserable,"Leesays."Theywantmoreplayingtime,theyfeelunderappreciated.Onlyadozenorsoguysfeelthattheyaretrulyloved."InhisWallStreetdays,Leesawplentyofrich,happyshortpeopleandwealthy,depressedtallpeople.Hedoesofferonereasonwhytallermenmightbehappier."WheneverI"moutwithtallguys,theytendtogetmoreattentionfromwomen,"saysLee."Youneverheargirlssay,"Hey,I"mreallyintoshortguys.""Leedirectedmetooneoftheplayershecoaches,ColemanCollins,forthesmart,tallguy"sperspective.WhenItoldhimLeequestionedthefindings,Collins,whois6ft.9in.,wasn"tsurprised."Shortpeoplearealwaysreadytodisagree,"saysCollins,whograduatedfromVirginiaTechwhenhewas19,afterjustthreeyears,andplayedfortheschool"sbasketballteam.Hepointsoutthathehasmanyshortfriends."Generallyspeaking,I"vefoundthattheyaremorelikelytohaveachipontheirshoulder,morelikelytohavesomethingtoprove,"Collinssays.Collins,now23,supportsthestudy"sresults."I"mgenerallyinagoodmood,"hesays."AndbasedontheanecdotalevidenceI"veseen,tallpeoplehaveamorepleasantdispositionandaremoreeasygoing.Theydon"thavetomakeanextraefforttocommandattention.Whentheywalkintoaroom,ittendstocomenaturallytothem."Suchrecognitionsurelyhelpsyourself-esteem.Ifonlyitwasn"ttoolateforyoushortpeopletohaveagrowthspurt.PASSAGETHREEMONDAY'SSupremeCourtdecisiontoblockaclass-actionsex-discriminationlawsuitagainstWal-Martwasahugesetbackforasmanyas1.6millioncurrentandformerfemaleemployeesoftheworld"slargestretailer.Butthedecisionhasconsequencesthatrangefarbeyondsexdiscriminationortheviabilityofclass-actionsuits.Theunderlyingissue,whichtheSupremeCourthasnowratified,isWal-Mart"sauthoritarianstyle,bywhichexecutivespressurestore-levelmanagementtosqueezemoreandmorefrommillionsofclerks,stockersandlower-tiermanagers.Indeed,thesexdiscriminationatWal-Martthatdrovetherecentsuitistheproductnotmerelyofmanagerialbiasandprejudice,butalsoofacorporatecultureandbusinessmodelthatsustainsit,rootedinthecompany"sverybeginnings.Inthe1950sand"60s,northwestArkansas,whereWal-Martgotitsstart,waspoor,whiteandrural,inthemidstofawaveofagriculturalmechanizationthatgeneratedahugesurplusofunskilledworkers.Tothesemenandwomen,theburgeoningchainofdiscountstoresfoundedbySamWaltonwasagodsend.Themenmightfinddignitymanagingastoreinsteadofahardscrabblefarm,whiletheirwivesanddaughterscouldearnpinmoneyclerkingforMr.Sam,ashewasknown."TheenthusiasmofWal-Martassociatestowardtheirjobsisoneofthecompany"sgreatestassets,"declaredthefirm"s1973annualreport.ApatriarchalethoswaswrittenintotheWal-MartDNA."WelcomeAssistantManagersandWives"readabannerata1975meetingforexecutivetrainees.Andthatcorporateculture—"thesinglemostimportantelementinthecontinued,remarkablesuccessofWal-Mart,"assertedDonSoderquist,thecompany"schiefoperatingofficerinthe1990swassustainednotonlybythehypercentralizedmanagerialcontrolthatflowedfromtheBentonville,Ark.,homeofficebutbytheevangelicalProtestantismthatMr.Soderquistandotherexecutivesencouraged.Wal-Martattorneyshaveargued,andtheSupremeCourtagreedthisweek,thatevenifsexdiscriminationwasoncepartofthecompany"sculture,itisnowancienthistory:ifanystoremanagersareguiltyofbiaswhenitcomestopromotingwomen,theyareatoddswithcorporatepolicy.Wal-MartisnolongeranOzarkcompany;itisacosmopolitan,multinationaloperation.Butthatavoidsthemoreessentialpoint,namelythatWal-Martviewslowlaborcostsandahighdegreeofworkplaceflexibilityasasignalcompetitiveadvantage.Itisamilitantlyanti-unioncompanythathasbeenforcedtopayhundredsofmillionsofdollarstocurrentandformeremployeesforviolationsofstatewageandhourlaws.Inotherwords,thepatriarchyofoldhasbeenreconfiguredintoamoresystematicallyauthoritarianstructure,onethatdeploysacommunitarianethostosustainahighdegreeofcorporateloyaltyevenaswagesandworkingconditionsareputundercontinualdownwardpressure—especiallyinrecentyears,asWal-Mart"ssame-storesaleshavedeclined.Workersofbothsexespaytheprice,butwomen,whoconstitutemorethan70percentofhourlyemployees,paymore.TherearetensofthousandsofexperiencedWal-Martwomenwhowouldliketobepromotedtothefirstmanagerialrung,salariedassistantstoremanager.ButWal-Martmakesitimpossibleformanyofthemtotakethatpost,becauseitsruthlessmanagementstylestructuresthejobitselfasonethatmostwomen,andespeciallythosewithyoungchildrenorarelativetocarefor,wouldfinddifficulttoaccept.Why?Because,forallthechangethathassweptoverthecompany,atthestorelevelthereisstillafairamountoftheoldcommunalsociability.Recognizingthatworkerssteepedinthatculturemakepoorcandidatesforassistantmanagers,whoarethefrontlinesinenforcinglabordiscipline,Wal-Martinsiststhatalmostallworkerspromotedtothemanagerialranksmovetoanewstore,oftenhundredsofmilesaway.Foryoungmeninahurry,that"saninconvenience;formiddle-agedwomencaringforfamilies,thiscorporatereassignmentpolicyamountstosexdiscrimination.True,Wal-Martishardlyaloneindemandingthatrisingmanagerssacrificefamilylife,butfewcompaniesmakerelocationsuchafixedpolicy,andfewhaveemploymentrollsevenathirdthesize.Theobstaclestowomen"sadvancementdonotstopthere.Theworkweekforsalariedmanagersisaround50hoursormore,whichcansurgeto80or90hoursaweekduringholidayseasons.Notunexpectedly,somemanagersthinkwomenwithfamilyresponsibilitieswouldbalkatsuchdemands,anditishardlytothediscreditofthousandsofWal-Martwomenthattheymayberight.Thereusedtobearemedyforthissortofmanagerialauthoritarianism:itwascalledaunion,whichbargainedovernotonlywagesandpensionsbutalsothekindofqualitativeissues,includingpromotionandtransferpolicies,thathaveprovedsovexingfornon-unionizedemployeesatWal-Martandotherbigretailers.Foratimeitseemedasiftheclass-actionlawsuitmightbeapartialsubstitute.Bydrasticallylimitinghowaclass-actionsuitcanbebrought,theSupremeCourtleavesmillionsofservice-sectorworkerswithfewavenuestoescapethegrindingworklifeandlimitedopportunitiesthatsomanynowface.PASSAGEFOUR"HELLisacitymuchlikeLondon,"opinedPercyByssheShelleyin1819.Modemacademicsagree.LastyearDutchresearchersshowedthatcitydwellershavea21%higherriskofdevelopinganxietydisordersthandotheircalmerruralcountrymen,anda39%higherriskofdevelopingmooddisorders.Butexactlyhowtheinnerworkingsoftheurbanandruralmindscausethisdifferencehasremainedobscure—untilnow.AstudyjustpublishedinNaturebyAndreasMeyer-LindenbergoftheUniversityofHeidelbergandhiscolleagueshasusedascanningtechniquecalledfunctionalmagnetic-resonanceimaging(FMRI)toexaminethebrainsofcitydwellersandcountrybumpkinswhentheyareunderstress.InDrMeyer-Lindenberg"sfirstexperiment,participantslyingwiththeirheadsinascannertookmathsteststhattheyweredoomedtofail(theresearchershaddesignedsuccessratestobejust25%-40%).Tomaketheexperiencestillmorehumiliating,theteamprovidednegativefeedbackthroughheadphones,allthewhilecheckingparticipantsforindicationsofstress,suchashighbloodpressure.Theurbanites"generalmentalhealthdidnotdifferfromthatoftheirprovincialcounterparts.However,theirbrainsdealtwiththestressimposedbytheexperimentersindifferentways.Thesedifferenceswerenoticeableintworegions:theamygdalasandtheperigenualanteriorcingulatecortex(PACC).Theamygdalasareapairofstructures,oneineachcerebralhemisphere,thatarefounddeepinsidethebrainandareresponsibleforassessingthreatsandgeneratingtheemotionoffear.ThePACCispartofthecerebralcortex(again,foundinbothhemispheres)thatregulatestheamygdalas.Peoplelivinginthecountrysidehadthelowestlevelsofactivityintheiramygdalas.Thoselivingintownshadhigherlevels.Citydwellershadthehighest.Notthatsurprising,tothoseofaShelleyesquedisposition.InthecaseofthePACC,however,whatmatteredwasnotwheresomeonewaslivingnow,butwhereheorshewasbroughtup.Themoreurbanaperson"schildhood,themoreactivehisPACC,regardlessofwherehewasdwellingatthetimeoftheexperiment.Theamygdalasthusseemtorespondtothehere-and-nowwhereasthePACCisprogrammedearlyon,anddoesnotreactinthesame,flexiblewayastheamygdalas.Second-to-secondchangesinitsactivitymight,though,beexpectedtobecorrelatedwithchangesintheamygdalas,becauseofitsroleinregulatingthem.FMRIallowssuchcorrelationstobemeasured.Inthecasesofthosebroughtupinthecountryside,regardlessofwheretheynowlive,thecorrelationswereasexpected.Forthosebroughtupincities,however,thesecorrelationsbrokedown.Theregulatorymechanismofthenativeurbanite,inotherwords,seemstobeoutofkilter.Furtherevidence,then,forShelley"spointofview.Moreover,itisalsoknownthatthePACC-amygdalalinkisoftenoutofkilterinschizophrenia,andthatschizophreniaismorecommonamongcitydwellersthancountryfolk.DrMeyer-Lindenbergiscarefulnottoclaimthathisresultsshowthecauseofthisconnection.Buttheymight.DrMeyer-Lindenbergandhisteamconductedseveralsubsequentexperimentstochecktheirfindings.Theyaskedparticipantstocompletemoremathstests—andalsotestsinwhichtheymentallyrotatedanobject—whileinvestigatorschidedthemabouttheirperformance.Theresultsmatchedthoseofthefirsttest.Theyalsostudiedanothergroupofvolunteers,whoweregivenstress-freetaskstocomplete.TheseexperimentsshowednoactivityineithertheamygdalasorthePACC,suggestingthattheearlierresultswereindeedtheresultofsocialstressratherthanmentalexertion.Asisusuallythecaseinstudiesofthissort,thesamplesizewassmall(andthereforenotasrobustasmightbedesirable)andtheresultshowedanassociation,ratherthanadefinite,causalrelationship.Thatassociationis,nevertheless,interesting.Livingincitiesbringsmanybenefits,butDrMeyer-Lindenberg"sworksuggeststhatShelleyandhisfellowRomanticshadatleasthalfapoint.(分数：29.92).WhichofthefollowingisNOToneoftheadvantagesofQCNcomparedwithtraditionalseismometers?(PASSAGEONE)(分数：1.36)Itschipscanmeasurethemaximumamountofgroundshaking.Itcancapturedetailedinformationabouthowmovementanddamagerelateinearthquakes.Itcanbeusedasearthquakewarningforpeopleindangerouszones.TOC\o"1-5"\h\zItcancollectsignalsfromallaroundtheworld.V解析：［解析］该题为事实细节题。根据原文第4段，"Tobeuseful,theQCNneedstobeabletodothingsthatseismometerscannot”，在后面的第5,6,8段中，文章分别列举了QCNi它做到而传动测震仪做不到的，如QC阿以测量strongsignals，因为太强的震动会破坏traditionalseismometers,更加详细的关于某一地点震动方向强弱与所造成损害的关系，以及用来预警。而D选项恰恰相反，QCN勺局限就在于它不能测量大范围的地震，只能是小范围的，当地的地震。因此正确答案为D.WhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutQCNisNOTtrue?(PASSAGEONE)(分数：1.36)TheaccelerometerchipsusedinQCNweredesignedfordetectingearthquake.VItshareswithSETI@homeprojectthesamesoftwareforexploitinggroupeffect.Ithasbeensuccessfulindetectingearthquakes.Itcanprovideusefulinformationfortownplanninginearthquakezones.解析：［解析］该题为综合理解题。根据原文第1段，笔记本电脑中的accelerometer的最初的功能是保护电脑中元器件不受震动损害，而非探测地震。因此选A。其他B,C,D选项分别在第3和6段中有提及，因此是正确的。.Whatdoesthearticlemainlytalkabout?(PASSAGEONE)(分数：1.36)ABetterWaytoForecastEarthquake.Thenewtechniqueofusinglaptopsforearthquakedetecting.VTheimportanceofvolunteeringlaptopowners.Aneffectivedeviceforprotectinglaptopsfromearthquake.解析：［解析］该题为主旨大意题。纵观全文，作者主要谈了如何收集大量笔记本电脑中检测震动的加速测量仪发回的数据来检测小范围内的地震。因此正确答案为B。文中并未说QCNT以预报地震更谈不上一种更好的方法，只是在小范围内可以快速检测出地震。C选项只是文中的一部分内容，不能概括全文大意。D选项并未提到。⑷.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutthefindingsofthestudy?(PASSAGETWO)分数：1.36)Peoplewhoareaboveaverageheightfeelhappierthansmallerpeople.Themorepeoplearebelowaverageheightthelesstheyfeelcontent.VTallerpeoplearelesslikelytohavenegativefeelings.Smallerpeoplearemorelikelytofeelphysicalpain.解析：［解析］该题为细节理解题。原文的第2,3段描述了该研究的发现，研究的主要发现是身高高于平均身高的人幸福感更强，他们比矮个子的人更不容易受到负面情绪和身体疼痛的困扰。研究还发现，身高比平均身高低1英寸的男性以及身高比平均身高低半英寸的女性情况最糟(worstpossible)，因此B选项不符合研究发现。.TallandshortpeoplecouldbedifferentintermsofthefollowingaspectsEXCEPT---||||||---.(PASSAGETWO)分数:1.36)financeeducationTOC\o"1-5"\h\zmoralityVmarriage解析：［解析］该题为事实细节题。在原文的第4段，作者提到了高矮个在教育和收入上通常有较大差别，原文第7段提到高个子男性更易受女性青睐，择偶更容易。因此答案选G.Theauthor"sattitudetowardstheresultofthestudyis---||||||---.(PASSAGETWO)(分数:1.36)neutralVsurprisedresistantpositive解析：［解析］该题为观点态度题。根据原文第3段，作者说道：Fulldisclosure:I,too,amabout6ft.4in.,butIwillrefrainfrommockingshrimpsinthisstory.表明自己不会因为自己是高个子而产生偏见。而且纵观全文，他陈述了研究发现，分别找了高个子和矮个子的代表，介绍了他们对该研究结论的看法。因此他自己的态度应该是neutral的，答案为A。.Thefollowingfactorscontributetotherecentsex-discriminationlawsuitagainstWal-MartEXCEPT---||||||---.(PASSAGETHREEX分数：1.36)Wal-Mart"smanagerialbiasandprejudiceWal-Mart"scorporatecultureWal-Mart"sbusinessmodelTOC\o"1-5"\h\zWal-Mart"srecruitmentdiscriminationV解析：［解析］该题为事实细节题。根据原文第3段，作者提到沃尔玛的性别歧视是企业本身管理上的偏向，企业文化和运营模式等因素共同造成的，因此A,B,C选项均在该段提到。而文中并没有提到沃尔玛在招聘员工时有性别歧视，因此答案为Do.WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutWal-Martwhenitwasstarted?(PASSAGETHREE)(分数：1.36)Itprovidedmanyjobopportunitiesforthoseunskilledworkers.Itwasfoundedtobeacosmopolitan,multinationaloperation.VItwaslocatedintheruralarea.Thetargetcustomersweremainlythosewithlowincome.

文中提到Inthe1950sand,那时很多人由此可知选项A,C都是解析：［解析］该题为综合理解题。原文的第3,4段回顾了沃尔玛创建初期时，(PASSAGETHREE)分数:60s,northwestArkansas,whereWal-Martgotitsstart,waspoor,whiteandrural因为农业现代化而失业，因此这样一个折扣连锁店为这些人提供了大量工作岗位。正确的，并且可以推断其主要顾客群是那些低收入的人。所以应选Bo文中提到Inthe1950sand,那时很多人由此可知选项A,C都是(PASSAGETHREE)分数:1.36)Italwayspromotedequalitybetweenmaleandfemaleemployees.Itvaluesahighdegreeofworkplaceflexibility.VItrequireswomentosacrificetheirfamilylifeforwork.Itencouragesemployeestostrikeabalancebetweenworkandlife.解析：［解析］该题为综合理解题。由原文第5,6段可知，沃尔玛在创建初期确实是重男轻女的，认为女性只能做一些零杂工作。由第7段，Wal-Martviewslowlaborcostsandahighdegreeofworkplaceflexibilityasasignalcompetitiveadvantage，可知B选项是符合沃尔玛公司文化。原文第10,11段提到公司的reassignmentpolicy,这说明公司文化并不是看重员工家庭与生活平衡，这样的政策对女性而言更难接受，但并不是要求女性为工作牺牲家庭。综上，正确答案为Bo.WhatistheaimofthereassignmentpolicymadebyWal-Mart?(PASSAGETHREE)分数：1.36)Tomakesurethepromotedassistantmanageradequatelyenforceslabordiscipline.VToencourageinter-storemobility.Tomaintainafairamountoftheoldcommunalsociability.Tosetobstaclesforwomentobepromotedtohigherpositions.解析：［解析］该题为细节理解题。根据原文第10段，作者在该段解释了为什么女性升职更加困难的原因，是因为沃尔玛的reassignmentpolicy,因为员工在同一个店工作时间长了，会融入店内的文化并且和其他员工有communalsociability,这样如果被提拔为助理经理，就不容易严格地要求下级执行工作纪律。因此，新上任的助理经理都要调到其他连锁店。由此可见正确答案为Ao.Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?(PASSAGEFOUR)分数：1.36)Whythecityisnotasuitableplacetolive.Howtodetecttheinnerworkingofpeopledealingwithstress.VHowurbanandruralresidentsdifferintermsofmentalmechanism.Whythecitydwellerssufferahigherriskofmooddisorderthancountrymen.解析：［解析］该题为主旨大意题。这篇文章主要谈了都市人和乡村人大脑的不同活动。文章从城市人比乡村人更易患情绪失调这个现象谈起，介绍了Meyer-Lindenberg博士的科学实验，即观察两个群体的人在处理压力时，脑部的活动方式，并介绍了这个实验的结果。由此可见，文章的主题是B。其他选项尽管也在中中提到，但只是其中一部分内容。.”outofkilter"(Para.6)isclosestinmeaningwith---||||||---.(PASSAGEFOUR)(分数:1.36)unexpectedVoutofcontrolill-informedcontradictory解析：［解析］该题为语义理解题。作者在该段前面提到，只要他们在乡村长大，那么在他们的大脑中，前扣带皮层和杏仁核之间的联系是在预料之中的。然而，对于那些在城市里长大的人，这些联系中断了。因此可以推断outofkilter的意思为“不符合规律，无法预料”。正确答案为A。.Whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthefindingsofthestudy?(PASSAGEFOUR)(分数：1.36)CitydwellershadthehighestlevelofPACCactivityintimeofpressure.Theplacewheretheparticipantswerebroughtupmattersmoreinpredictingtheirmentalactivity.Ruralresidentshadthelowestlevelsofamygdalasactivitywhenconfrontedwithstress.TheregulatorymechanismofPACCfailsamongpeoplewhonowliveinthecity.解析：［解析］该题为综合理解题。文章的第4,5,6段描述了实验的结果，可知乡村人的杏仁核显示出最低的活跃水平。城镇人的杏仁核则显示出较高的活跃水平。而都市人的是最高的。由此可知A选项错误，C选项正确。另外，试验者们的前扣带皮层的活动则跟他们在哪里长大有关，跟他们现在生活在哪里无关，可知B选项只是部分正确。而D选项应该是对于从小在城市长大的人，而非现在住在城市的人。因此选C。.Whichofthefollowingisamongthelimitationsofthestudymentionedinthetext?(PASSAGEFOUR)(分数：1.36)Thescanningtechniqueusedtoexaminethebrains.Therandomnessofchoosingparticipants.Itsinadequatedesignofmathproblemsthattheparticipantsareaskedtosolve.Itsinabilitytoclaimacausalrelationshipbetweensocialstressandmentalactivities.V解析：［解析］该题为事实细节题。在文章的最后一段，作者提到了该研究的局限之处。一是研究样本较小，从而结论不具有很强的推广性；二是研究结果仅仅揭示了现象之间的联系，并不能断定两者间具有因果关系。而研究的方法以及选取受试的程序并未提到。因此正确答案为Do.SECTIONBSHORTANSWERQUESTIONSInthissectionthereareeightshortanswerquestionsbasedonthepassagesinSectionA.Answereachquestioninnomorethan10wordsinthespaceprovidedonANSWERSHEETTWO.Howcanscientistsdetectanearthquakebasedonthesignalstheaccelerometersendsback?(PASSAGEONE)(分数：1.36)解析：Bycollectingsignalsfromallthevolunteerlaptops.［解析］该题为细节理解题。根据原文第3段，单独一个加速测量仪发回的数据并不能够检测地震，需要收集在一个区域范围内大量测量仪一起发回的信号，才能够作为判断是否有地震的依据。.WhatcouldenableQCNtomakeawarningofacomingearthquake?(PASSAGEONE)(分数：1.36)解析：ThewideuseofGPSdeviceswithinlaptops.［解析］该题为理解推断题。根据原文第7,8段，目前大部分笔记本电脑中还没有GPS设备，这使得QCN6法准确地知道每一台发回震动信息的笔记本的位置。而只有具备了精确的位置信息，QCNcouldbringathird—andmostvaluable—benefit:warning。.WhydoestheauthorcitetheexampleofMiltonLee?(PASSAGETWO)分数：1.36)解析：Tobetterunderstandthefindingswithrealworldinsight.［解析］该题为细节推断题。在第5段开始，作者提到打给MiltonLee是为了gainsomereal-worldinsightintothestatistics,作为矮个子的代表MiltonLee认为矮个子中也有富有，快乐的人，而高个子也会感到沮丧，同时在后文中作者又举了一个高个子的例子，而且作者并未表示出对研究发现的态度，可以看出他举MiltonLee的例子只是为了通过了解真实生活中的例子更好地理解该研究的发现。.WhatdoesCollinsmeanbysayingtheshortpeople"aremorelikelytohaveachipontheirshoulder"(Para.8)?(PASSAGETWO)分数：1.36)解析：Theytendtochallengeothers.［解析］该题为语义理解题。haveachiponone"sshoulder的意思为"向别人叫板，或对某事心存不悦”。在文章中，通过上下文，Collins认为Shortpeoplearealwaysreadytodisagree...morelikelytohavesomethingtoprove。.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofclass-actionlawsuitasmeansofprotectingtherightsofemployees?(PASSAGETHREE)分数：1.36)解析：Itsuseisgreatlylimitedbythesupremecourt.［解析］该题为细节理解题。根据原文倒数第1,2段，作者认为缓解这种管理上的专政，成为工会是一个很好的办法。它可以帮助工人在薪酬和职位晋升等方面和雇主协商。人们一度认为集体诉讼可以作为工会的一种替代，但最高法院对于集体诉讼的种种限制，使得大量饱受压榨的工人又少了改变现状的渠道。.WhydoestheauthormentionShelly"swordsatthebeginningofthetext?(PASSAGEFOUR)(分数:1.36)解析：Tointroducethefollowingdiscussionabouturbanandruraldwellers.［解析］该题为田节理解题。作者在文章开头引用雪莱的话“伦敦就像是地狱”，是为了引出后面关于城市和乡村居民的讨论。.Whatisthemainfunctionofamygdalas?(PASSAGEFOUR)(分数：1.36)解析：Todetectthreatsandgeneratefear.［解析］根据原文第3段，Theamygdalasareapairofstructures,oneineachcerebralhemisphere,thatarefounddeepinsidethebrainandareresponsibleforassessingandgeneratingtheemotionoffear,可适当对原文进行简化得出答案。.Whydidtheresearchteamconductanotherexperimentwithstress-freetasks?(PASSAGEFOUR)(分数:1.36)解析：Toconfirmtheirearlierfindingsareattributedtosocialstress.［解析］根据原文第7段，TheseexperimentsshowednoactivityineithertheamygdalasorthePACC,suggestingthattheearlierresultswereindeedtheresultofsocialstressratherthanmentalexertion,可推知研究者进一步进行实验是为了验证之前的发现。二、PARTHTRANSLATION：总题数：1,分数：12.50)无声即沉默。沉默有各种各样。腹中空泛，思想一片苍白，故无言可发，这是沉默。热情已如柴薪尽燃，故而冷漠处世，无喜无悲，无忧无愤，对人世的一切都失去兴趣和欲望，这也是沉默。有过爱，有过恨，有过迷茫，有过颖悟，有过一呼百应的呐喊，有过得不到回报的呼唤，然而却守口如瓶，只是平静地冷眼看世界，这是沉默。饱经忧患，阅尽人生百态，胸有千山万壑的屐痕，有江河湖海的涛声，然而却深思不语，这也是沉默。一把价值连城的意大利小提琴，和一只被随手削出的芦笛，不去触动它们，便都是沉默，但沉默的内涵却并不一样，即便永远不再有人去触动它们，你依然可以想象听见它们可能发出的决然不同的鸣响。一块莹洁无瑕的美玉，和一块粗糙的土砖，放在那里也都是沉默。然而谁能把它们所代表的内容划一个等号呢？(分数：12.50)正确答案：（）解析：Speechlessnessiscausedbyanemptyheadorablankmind—thatissilence.Enthusiasmfadeslikedyingembers,thusleadingtocynicismandindifferencetolife,whicharousesneitherhappinessnorsadness,neitherworriesnoranger,withoutanyinterestinanddesireforanything—thatissilence.Despitealltheexperiencesofloveandhate,ofdisorientationandreorientation,oforder-givingthatwasansweredbyhundredsandcallingthatwasnotansweredbyasinglesoul,hekeepshismouthshut,butonlywatchestheworldcalmly—thatisalsosilence.Withsufferingandhardship,readingsofallkindsofhumanconditions,footprintsleftinmountainsandvalleysandsoundsofriversandoceanscherishedintheheart,heisdeepinthought—thatisstillsilence.三、PARTmWRITING（总题数：1,分数：16.50）2.题目要求:Forvariousreasons,somecollegestudentshavetopayfortheirtuitionbystudentloans.Doyouthinkit"sagoodwaytosupportyourcollegelife?Readtheexcerptcarefullyandwriteyourresponseinabout300words,inwhichyoushould:summarizebrieflytheauthor"sopinionaboutstudentloans;giveyourcomment.Markswillbeawardedforcontentrelevance,contentsufficiency,organizationandlanguagequality.Failuretofollowtheaboveinstructionsmayresultinalossofmarks.Studentloansareoneofthetopwaysthatstudentspayforcollege.IthasbecomeafactoflifeintheAmericanhighereducationsystem,butmostborrowersdon"tunderstandtherisks.Studentloanscanbeagreatwaytofundahighereducation,buttheyarealsooneoftheworsttypesofdebtforborrowers.Ifyou"replanningtoborrowforcollege（orplanningtohelpyourstudentsborrowforcollege）,youneedtoreallyunderstandthesekeyfundamentalsofstudentloandebt,andrunthecalculationbelow.Thiswillhelpyoumakesurethatstudentloansaregooddebtforyou,anddon"tspiralintoafinancialnightmareforyou.WhenStudentLoansAreGoodDebtStudentloansaregooddebtwhentheyhelpyouimproveyourfinancialfuture.Remember,educationisaninvestment,andyouwanttomakesurethatyou"regettingasolidreturnonyourinvestment.Ifgoingtocollegehelpsyouearnmore,itisusuallyagooddebt.Onaverage,gettingacollegedegreewillseeyourinitialearningsjumpatleast25%comparedtohighschoolgraduates.Thegapfromhighschooltocollegegraduateearningsisobvious.Butitgoesbeyondthat:it"snotjustgoingtocollegethatcanboostearnings,butit"salsoaboutchoosinganappropriatedegree.AccordingtoarecentsurveybytheNationalAssociationofCollegesandEmployers,engineershavethehigheststartingsalaryamongcollegegraduates,earningonaverage$62,062intheirfirstyear.Incontrast,humanitiesandsocialsciencemajorshavetheloweststartingsalary,just$37,791.That"salmosta$25,000differencebetweenstartingsalaries,anditstartstopaintthepictureofwherestudentloansstopbeinggooddebt.Ifyou"regoingtotakeoutstudentloans,thefirstgoalshou