自考英语词汇学 部分章节 重点归纳English Lexicology

自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳EnglishLexicology自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳EnglishLexicology自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳EnglishLexicology资料仅供参考文件编号：2022年4月自考英语词汇学部分章节重点归纳EnglishLexicology版本号：A修改号：1页次：1.0审核：批准:发布日期：《英语词汇学》（课程代码：00832）试卷结构Chapter5WordMeaning(词的意义)Reference(所指关系)istherelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.Concept(概念)，whichisbeyondlanguage,istheresultofhumancognitionn.认识；知识；认识能力,reflectingtheobjectiveworldinthehumanmind.Sense(语义)denotestherelationshipinsidethelanguage.Everywordthathasmeaninghassense(noteverywordhasreference)Motivation(词义理据)accountfortheconnectionbetweenthelinguistic(word)symbolanditsmeaning.Onomatopoeicmotivation(拟声理据)wordswerecreatedbyimitatingthenaturesoundsornoises.Morphologicalmotivation(形态理据)compoundsandderivedwordsaremulti-morphemicwordsandthemeaningsofmanyarethesumtotalofthemorphemescombined.很多合成词和派生词都是这类，Semanticmotivation(语义理据)referstothementalassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaningofaword.Itexplainstheconnectionbetweentheliteralsenseandfigurativesenseoftheword.(由字面义派生出来的引申义)Etymologicalmotivation(词源理据)themeaningofmanywordsoftenrelatedirectlytotheirorigins.Inotherwordsthehistoryofthewordexplainthemeaningoftheword.Grammaticalmeaningreferstothatpartofthemeaningofthewordwhichindicatesgrammaticalconceptorrelationships.Conceptualmeaningalsoknownasdenotativemeaning(外延意义),isthemeaninggiveninthedictionaryandformsthecoreofword-meaning.Associativemeaningisthesecondarymeaningsupplementedtotheconceptualmeaning.Connotativemeaningreferstotheovertonesorassociationssuggestedbytheconceptualmeaning,traditionallyknowasconnotations.Stylisticmeaningreferstostylisticfeatures,whichmakethemappropriatefordifferentcontexts.Affectivemeaningindicatesthespeaker’sattitudetowardsthepersonorthinginquestion.(appreciativeorpejorative).Collocativemeaningisthatpartoftheword-meaningsuggestedbythewordsbeforeorafterthewordindiscussion.Stylisticmeaningandaffectivemeaningarerevealedbymeansofcollocations.Chapter6SenseRelationsandSemanticField(语义关系和语义场)6.1Polysemy（多义关系） 1．多义关系的形成：Polysemyisacommonfeaturepeculiartoallnaturelanguagethatawordhasmorethanonesense.Anoverwhelmingmajorityofwordsarepolysemous.Whenawordisfirstcoined,itisalwaysmonosemic.Butinthecourseofdevelopment,thesamesymbolmustbeusedtoexpressmoremeanings.Theresultispolysemy.2.Twoapproachestopolysemy(多义关系的两种研究方法):diachronicapproach(历时角度)andsynchronicapproach(共时角度).3.Twoprocessofdevelopment(词义发展的两种模式)1）Radiation(辐射型)isasemanticprocessinwhichtheprimarymeaningstandsatthecenterandthesecondarymeaningsproceedoutofitineverydirectionlikerays.Themeaningsareindependentofoneanother.Butcanallbetracedbacktothecentremeaning.2)Concatenation(连锁型),meaning‘linkingtogether’,isthesemanticprocessinwhichthemeaningofawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsfirstsensebysuccessiveadj.连续的；继承的；依次的；接替的shifts.6.2Homonymy（同形spelling同音sound异义meaning关系）6.2.1Typesofhomonyms1.Perfecthomonyms(完全同形同音异义词)arewordsidenticalbothinsoundandspelling,butdifferentinmeaning.2.Homographs(同形词)arewordsidenticalonlyinspellingbutdifferentinsoundandmeaning.3.Homophones(同音词)arewordsidenticalonlyinsoundbutdifferentinspellingandmeaning.Homophonesconstitutethelargestnumberandaremostcommon.6.2.2OriginsofHomonyms1.Changeinsoundandspelling.2.Borrowing.3.Shortening.6.2.3Differentiationofhomonymsandpolysemants(同形同异义词与多义词的区别)Theyarefullyidenticalwithregardtospellingandpronunciation.homonyms1)Form形式Oneandsameworddifferentwords（shareform）Thefundamentaldifference最根本的区别2)Etymology词源samesourceDifferentsources3)Semanticrelatedness语义相关性Correlated相关的unrelated4)Indictionaries字典上Allmeaningslistedunderoneheadword(词条)Separateentries6.2.4Rhetoricfeaturesofhomonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)6.3Synonymy(同义关系)—2类型+4来源+3区分1.Definitionofsynonyms(同义词的定义):wordsdifferentinsoundandspellingbutmostnearlyalikeorexactlythesameinmeaning.2.同义词的2个分类1)absolutesynonyms(完全同义词)alsoknownascompletesynonymsarewordswhichareidenticalinmeaninginallitsaspects.2)relativesynonyms（相对同义词）alsocallednear-synonymsaresimilarornearlythesameindenotation,embracedifferentshadesofmeaningsordifferentdegreeofagivenquality.3.同义词的4个来源 1)Borrowing.(外来词)2)DialectsandregionalEnglish.（方言和区域性的英语）3)Figurativeandeuphemisticuseofwords.(词的引申义和委婉语用法)4)Coincidencewithidiomaticexpressions.(与习惯表达巧合一致)4.同义词的辨析（3个区分）1)differenceindenotation.(外延意义)2)differenceinconnotation.(thestylisticandemotivecolouringofwords)(内涵意义)3)differenceinapplication.应用上（differenceinusage.differentcollocations）6.4Antonymy反义关系—semanticopposition（语义相反关系）1.反义词的分类：矛盾反义词、对立反义词和关系反义词1)Contradictoryterms(exclusiveandnon-gradable)--oppositeness2)Contraryterms.(ascalebetweentwopolesorextremes,gradableandoneexistsincomparisonwiththeother.)—semanticrelativity3)Relativeterms.(interdependent相互依存)—relationalopposites2.三类反义词的特点和区别SomeofthecharacteristicsofantonymsAntonymsareclassifiedonthebasicofsemanticopposition.(adj.v.n.)therearemoresynonymsthanantonyms.Awordwhichhasmorethanonemeaningcanhavemorethanoneantonym.Antonymsdifferinsemanticinclusion.Pairsofantonymsareseenasmarkedandunmarkedtermsrespectively.Contrarytermsaregradableantonyms,differingindegreeofintensity,soeachhasitsowncorrespondingopposite.Somewordscanhavetwodifferenttypesofantonymsatthesametime,onebeingthenegativeandtheotheropposite.3.使用：解释词义。构成习惯表达。被作家喜欢。6.5Hyponymy上下义关系semanticinclusion(语义包含关系)Themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.(specificwords—subordinate/hyponyms;generalwords—superordinate/hypernym)Subordinates下义词,areconcreteandprecise,presentingavividverbalpicture;hyponyms上义词onlyconveyageneralandvagueidea.的概念和相互关系.评论，那个句子更好。6.6Semanticfiled语义场:语义上相关的词构成的群体。语义场的概念:thewordsoflanguagecanbeclassifiedintosemanticallyrelatedsetsorfileds.语义场的作用Chapter7ChangesInWordMeaning(词义的演变)7.1TypesofchangesWord-meaningchangesbymodesofextension,narrowing,elevation,degradation,transfer.7.1.1ExtensionExtensionofmeaning,alsoknownasgeneralization,isaprocessbywhichawordwhichoriginallyhadaspecializedmeaninghasnowbecomegeneralized.7.1.2NarrowingNarrowingofmeaning,alsocalledspecialization,istheoppositeofwideningmeaning.Itisaprocessbywhichawordofwidemeaningacquiresanarrowerorspecializedsense.7.1.3ElevationElevationorameliorationreferstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningstopositionsofimportance.7.1.4DegradationDegradationorpejorationofmeaningistheoppositeofsemanticelevation.Itistheprocessbywhichwordsofgoodoriginfallintoillreputationornon-affectivewordscometobeusedinderogatorysense.Transfer/SemantictransferTransferisaprocessbywhichwordsusedtodesignateonethingbutlaterchangedtomeansomethingelse.Associatedtransfer,Transferbetweenabstractandconcretemeaning.Transferbetweensubjectiveandobjectivemeaning.(d)Transferofsensations.7.2Causeofchanges变化的原因Therearegenerallytwomajorfactorsthatcausechangesinmeaningextra-linguisticfactorsandlinguisticfactors.Extra-linguisticfactors:1)Historicalreason:referentchanged.2)Classreason:elevationordegradation3)Psychologicalreason:theassociatedtransfer,euphemisticuseofwords;Psychologicalmotives;Religiousinfluence.Linguisticfactors:1)Shortening.2)Theinfluxofborrowings.3)Analogy类比Chapter8MeaningandContext（词义与语境）8.1TypesofContextContextisusedindifferentsenses.People,culture,time,place,backgroundWords,clause,sentences,paragraphs…book.ThestruPeople,culture,time,place,backgroundWords,clause,sentences,paragraphs…book.ThestructurethatawordoccursWordsthatoccurtogetherwiththewordinquestionInabroadsense,itincludesthephysicalsituationwhichembracesthepeople,time,place,andeventhewholeculturebackground.Thisiscalledextra-linguisticornon-linguisticcontext.(非语言语境)Inanarrowsense,itreferstothewords,clauses,sentences,aparagraph,awholechapterandeventheentirebookinwhichawordappears,thisisknownaslinguisticcontext.（语言语境）Linguisticcontext(verbalcontext)canbesubdividedintolexicalcontextandgrammaticalcontext.Lexicalcontextreferstothe