Unit 1 语法和写作学案含答案 人教新课标必修一

必修一第二讲语法与写作必修一第二讲语法与写作一、知识梳理一、知识梳理一．听力训练一．听力训练一．Gramma一．Grammar语法一、分清句子成分根据英语词汇在英语句子中的地位和作用，英语句子的成分可分为主语、谓语、宾语、宾语补足语、表语、定语、状语、同位语及独立成分等。1．主语：表示句子所要说明或描述的人或事物，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，置于句首。①Theteacherisverykindtous.老师对我们很好。②Idon'tlikepopmusic.我不喜欢流行音乐。2．谓语：说明或描述主语的动作、状态或特征，由动词或动词短语充当，位于主语之后。①Wehavefinishedourworkalready.我们已经完成了工作。②Iwillwaitforyouattheschoolgate.我要在校门口等你。3．表语：表示主语的身份、性质、状态和特征，一般由名词、形容词或相当于名词、形容词的词、短语或句子充当，位于连系动词之后，与连系动词一起构成句子的谓语。①Helooksveryangry.他看上去很生气。②Sheisaclevergirl.她是一位聪明的女孩。4．宾语：指动作所涉及的人或事物，一般由名词、代词或相当于名词的词组或句子充当，位于动词之后。Hewrotemanyplays.他写了许多剧本。Shelovesswimming.她喜欢游泳。5．宾语补足语：用来对宾语进行补充和说明，一般由名词、非谓语动词、形容词等充当。①I'veneverseenherdancing.我从未看见过她跳舞。②Iwishyouahappyweekend.我祝愿你周末愉快。6．定语：对名词或代词进行修饰、限制或说明，一般由形容词、名词、代词、数词、介词短语、非谓语动词及句子等充当，位置可在所修饰的词之前，也可在所修饰的词之后。①It'saninterestingstory.那是一个有趣的故事。②Doyouhavetimetohelpus?你有时间帮助我们吗？7．状语：用于修饰动词、形容词、副词、短语或整个句子等，一般由副词、介词短语、非谓语动词短语或句子充当。①WelikeEnglishverymuch.我们非常喜欢英语。②HerunclelivesinCanada.她叔叔住在加拿大。③Shewaslyinginbedreading.她躺在床上看书。8．同位语：若两个语法单位指同一个人或事物，并且句法功能也一样，那么后一项称为前一项的同位语。①Westudentsshouldstudyhard.我们学生应该努力学习。②LiHua,amiddleschoolstudent,comesfromtheUSA.李华是一名来自美国的中学生。二、八种基本句式句子成分构成了英语中各种各样的句子，其实英语中最基本的句式只有八种，其他各种句式都是由这八种基本句式演变而来。八种基本句式如下：①主语＋谓语(不及物动词)；②主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语；③主语＋系动词＋表语；④主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语＋直接宾语；⑤主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语；⑥主语＋谓语(不及物动词)＋状语；⑦主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋状语；⑧Therebe...[句式一]主语＋谓语(不及物动词)该句式常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为：句子的谓语动词能表达完整的意思，这类动词叫作不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。eq\o(Howtime,\s\do14(主语))eq\o(flies,\s\do14(谓语))！时间过得真快呀！Andeq\o(I,\s\do14(主语))eq\o(canplay,\s\do14(谓语))outsidetoo!我也可以在外面玩耍。[句式二]主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语在此句式中，谓语为及物动词。及物动词本身需要一个动作的承受者(即宾语)才可以表达完整的意思。作宾语的可以是名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等。eq\o(Ourschool,\s\do14(主语))eq\o(isgoingtohold,\s\do14(谓语))eq\o(aspokenEnglishmatch,\s\do14(宾语)).我们学校准备举行一场英语口语比赛。eq\o(MyfriendsandI,\s\do14(主语))eq\o(haveplanted,\s\do14(谓语))eq\o(manytrees,\s\do14(宾语)).我朋友和我已经种了许多棵树。[句式三]主语＋系动词＋表语该句式中，谓语动词不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语才能表达完整的意思，这类动词叫系动词。eq\o(Thethemeoftheshow,\s\do14(主语))eq\o(is,\s\do14(系动词))eq\o(environmentalprotection,\s\do14(表语)).本次展出的主题是环境保护。eq\o(This,\s\do14(主语))eq\o(is,\s\do14(系动词))eq\o(surelyagoodchanceformorepeopletosee,\s\do14(表语))them.这对更多的人来说当然是一次欣赏它们的好机会。[句式四]主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语＋直接宾语该句式中的谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。一个是表示人的间接宾语；一个是表示物的直接宾语。一般间接宾语在前面，直接宾语在后面。Atthesametime,eq\o(parents,\s\do14(主语))eq\o(aregiving,\s\do14(谓语))eq\o(theirchildren,\s\do14(间接宾语))eq\o(toomuch,\s\do14(直接))eq\o(protection,\s\do14(宾语)).[句式五]主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾补(宾语补足语)本句式中的谓语动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分，如形容词、名词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词等。eq\o(I,\s\do14(主语))eq\o(wouldliketoinvite,\s\do14(谓语))eq\o(you,\s\do14(宾语))eq\o(tojoinus,\s\do14(宾补))foravisittothenearbynursinghomenextSaturday.我想邀请你下周六和我们一起去拜访附近的敬老院。eq\o(Mike,\s\do14(主语))eq\o(hadasked,\s\do14(谓语))eq\o(theyoungman,\s\do14(宾语))eq\o(nottoplaythepianoatmidnight,\s\do14(宾补)).迈克已经请求这个年轻人不要在半夜弹钢琴。[句式六]主语＋谓语(不及物动词)＋状语本句式中的谓语动词是不及物动词，后可跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等作状语。eq\o(Thetime,\s\do14(主语))eq\o(passed,\s\do14(谓语))eq\o(veryquickly,\s\do14(状语)).时间过得很快。eq\o(Thelittleboy,\s\do14(主语))eq\o(willcry,\s\do14(谓语))eq\o(ifhecan'tseehismother,\s\do14(条件状语)).这个小男孩看不到他的妈妈就会哭。[句式七]主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋状语eq\o(He,\s\do14(主语))eq\o(settled,\s\do14(谓语))eq\o(theproblem,\s\do14(宾语))eq\o(inaneasyway,\s\do14(状语)).他用一种很简单的方法解决了这个问题。eq\o(I,\s\do14(主语))eq\o(wouldhave,\s\do14(谓语))eq\o(aface­to­facetalkwithmyparents,\s\do14(宾语))eq\o(inmyfreetime,\s\do14(状语)).我有空会和我的父母进行一次面对面的交流。[句式八]Therebe...本句式中的be单复数要与最近的主语一致。Therearemanystudentsintheplayground.操场上有许多学生。Therewasapenandtwobooksonthedesk.桌子上有一支笔两本书。Enjoyandpractice!一.按照要求，写出下列加黑句子的成分1．Thetheatreticketshavesoldout.2．Thiskindofclothwasheswell.3．Whatyousaidjustnowmademeveryhappy.4．Couldyougivemetheletter？5．IwillstudyhardtolearnEnglishwell.6．ProfessorSmith,ourmathteacher,willreturntohiscountrytomorrow.7．AsfarasIknow,Maryisagoodstudent.8．Heisaverykindlady二.写出下列句子所属的类型1．Inotherwords,wearethemasterofourownfuture.2．ThismorningourteachertoldussomethingabouttheHopeProjectinclass.Anoldmanwaswalkingslowlyandcarefully.Farmersinourareagrowlotsofvegetables.Friendsmademylifefullofexcitement.6．Thesunwasshining.7．Thebossmadehimdotheworkdayandnight.Therearetenboysintheclassroom.二、如何二、如何写建议信

经典例题经典例题

假定你是红星中学高三学生李华，你的英国朋友Jim在给你的邮件中提到他对中国文化感兴趣，计划明年来北京上大学。他向你咨询相关信息。请给他回邮件，内容包括：

1.

表示欢迎；

2.

推荐他上哪所大学；

3.

建议他做哪些准备工作。

注意：词数100左右（开头和结尾已给出，但不计入总词数）。DearJim,____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

LiHua【写作指导】一、审题定调

该写作任务要求给英国朋友Jim回一封邮件，主要就他来中国上大学的问题给出建议，属于建议信。二、谋篇布局

因本写作任务的开头和结尾已给出，所以我们只需要写出正文部分即可。正文部分可分为三部分：

第一部分：引出话题，说明写信目的。

第二部分：根据要点提示，提出合理的建议并说明理由。

第三部分：希望对方采纳建议并表达心愿。三、组织语言第一部分：引出话题，说明写信目的。普通表达•I’mveryhappytoknowthatyouwillstudyinBeijing.•YouarewelcometoBeijingandIbelieveyouwillliveanunforgettablelifehere.高级表达第二部分：根据要点提示，提出合理的建议并说明原因。普通表达•BecauseyouareinterestedinChineseculture,Iadviseyoutochoose...,whichisoneofthebestuniversitiesinChina.•Its...majorisverygood.•Asforthepreparations,youneedtolearn...,becausetheywillbeveryusefulforyouwhenyouareinBeijing.•Ifyouhavemuchknowledgeof...,itwillbeeasyforyoutolivehere.高级表达第三部分：希望对方采纳建议并表达心愿。普通表达•Ihopeyouwillfindmyadvice/suggestionsuseful/helpful.

•Ihopeyouwillconsidermyadvice/suggestions.•I’dbegladtoshowyouaround...whenyoucome.高级表达课堂训练课堂训练

假定你是李华，你的英国笔友Jack给你发来电子邮件，说他厌烦学校生活，想辍学找工作。请你用英文给他回一封邮件，要点如下：

1.

表示同情；2.

提出可行性建议并说明理由。

注意：1.

词数100左右；2.

可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________三、课后自主训练三、课后自主训练一．阅读理解阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AVacationingintheOceanCityarea?SavetimeandmoneywithourOceanCityrestaurantguide.HigginsCrabHouseLetHigginsCrabHouseshowyouwhatitisallaboutsteamedcrabsandtraditionalMarylandfood.Withover4decadesofexperience,weofferthebestandfreshestcrabsforourcustomers.Sevendaysaweekwearebuyingsoftcrabs,freshcrabsandcrabmeatdirectlyfromthementhatcatchthem.Openeverydayallyearround.TheGreeneTurtleTheGreeneTurtlecombinesthebestofasportsbarandacasualrestaurantintoadifferentkindofneighborhoodgatheringplace,wherefriendsandfamilycangathertogrababite,watchagame,orjustenjoyabeertogether.It'sasportsfan'sdreamwithTVseverywhere.Openeverydayallyearround.Macky'sBaysideBarMacky'sisabarservinggreatfoodanddrinkinarelaxingsetting.Ourwaterfrontrestaurantandbarisopenair,andhasaprivatewhitesandybeach.Tablesandchairsaresettothewater'sedge.AtnightMacky'sheatsup!Beautifulbayviews,spectacularsunsets,excellentfareandabsolutelythebestservicemakeMacky'sBaysideBartheplacetomeetyourfriendsandmakenewones.Openeverydayallyearround.Thrasher'sFrenchFriesThrashersFrenchFriesisanOceanCity,Marylandtradition.AvisittotheOceanCityisnotcompletewithoutstoppingforthoseamazingFrenchfries.Thereisareasonwhythereisalwaysalonglinedowntheboardwalkforthesefries.Theyarejustamazing!Thrasher'sfriesarefreshcut,andjusthitthespot!OpeneverydayexceptonChristmas.1. WhowouldprefertogototheGreeneTurtle?A.Animallovers. B.Moviegoers. C.Footballfans. D.Caveexplorers.2. WhatdoweknowaboutMacky's?A.ItsFrenchfriesareveryfamous. B. Itstablesandchairsaresetinwater.C.Ithasapublicwhitesandybeach. D. Itservesfoodanddrinkoutdoors.3. ThrashersFrenchFriesisdifferentfromtheothersinthat .A.itonlyofferslocalcrabs B. itisclosedonChristmasC.itislocatedbythewater D. itprovidesvariousfoodsBWhatshouldyouthinkaboutintryingtofindyourcareer?Youareprobablybetteratsomeschoolsubjectsthanothers.Thesemayshowstrengthsthatyoucanuseinyourwork.Aboywhoisgoodatmathematicscanusethatinanengineeringcareer.AgirlwhospellswellandlikesEnglishmaybegoodatofficework.Soitisimportanttodowellatschool.Ontheotherhand,youmaynothaveanyspeciallystrongorweaksubjectsbutyourrecordsshowageneralsatisfactorystandard.Althoughnotallsubjectscanbeuseddirectlyinajob,theymayhaveindirectvalue.Knowledgeofhistoryisnotrequiredformostjobsbutifhistoryisoneofyourgoodsubjectsyoumusthavelearnedtorememberfactsanddetails.Thisisanabilitythatcanbeusefulinmanyjobs.Yourschoolmayhavetaughtyouskills,suchastypingortechnicaldrawing,whichyoucanuseinyourwork.Youmaybegoodatmetalworkorcookery(烹饪术)andlookforajobwhereyoucanimprovetheseskills.Ifyouhavehadapart-timejobonweekendsorinthesummer,thinkwhatyougainedfromit.Ifnothingelse,youmayhavelearnedhowtogettoworkontime,tofollowinstructionsandtogetonwitholderworkers.Youmayhavelearnedtogivecorrectchangeinashop,forexample.Justasimportant,youmaybecomeinterestedinaparticularindustryorcareeryouseefromtheinsideofapart-timejob.Facingyourweakpointsisalsopartofknowingyourself.Youmaybeallthumbswhenyouhandletools;perhapsyouareapoorspellerorcannotaddupacolumnoffigures.Itisbettertofaceanyweaknessesthantopretendtheydonotexist.Yourschoolrecord,forinstance,maynotbetoogood,yetitisanimportantpartofyourbackground.Youshouldnotbeashamedofitbutinsteadrecognizethatyouwillhaveachanceofafreshstartatwork.4.Accordingtothepassage,whatdoestheauthorencourageustodo?A.Haveaspeciallystrongsubject.B.Useschoolperformancetohelptochooseacareer.CMakeeffortstobegoodatallsubjects.D.Takeuppart-timejobsasmuchaspossible.5.Wecanlearnfromthethirdparagraphthatasastudent,havingapart-timejob__________.A.maybeusefulforthefutureworkB.ishelplesstofindouttheweakpointsC.isagoodwaytoearnextramoneyD.isamusttoexperiencevariousjobs6.Ifastudent’sschoolrecordisnotgood,he__________.A.mustregretnothavingworkedharderatschoolB.willbeafailureinhisfutureworksoonerorlaterC.maydowellinhisfutureworkifhechoosestherightcareerD.shouldreceivefurthereducationaftergraduation二．完形填空阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AgroupofpatientsatChildren'sHealthcareofAtlanta（CHOA）wereinforaspecialtreatwhentheyhadtheopportunitytovisitFatherChristmasatthe"NorthPole".WiththehelpofDeltaAirLines,43kids,1childhoodcancersandblooddisordersattheAflacCancer&BloodDisordersCenterofCHOA,"flew”tothe"NorthPole"foramagical2Acoupleofpolicemen3thepatientstotheHartsfield-JacksonAtlantaInternationalAirport,whereDeltapilotsand"elves（精灵）”4greetedthemandhelpedthem"checkin".Ticketsinhand,thekidsboardeda5flighttothe"NorthPole".Theplanemovedslowlyaroundthetarmac（停机坪）forabout45minutesto6theillusion（错觉）oflong-distancetravel,afterwhichthepatients7theplaneandweregreetedbyevenmoreDeltaemployees8aselves.Atthe“NorthPole**,thekidsdanced,madecraftsand9FatherChristmashimself.Therewasevena10—indoorsnowfall.**ltisverymuchapartofthecultureatDeltato11_thecommunitieswhereweliveandwork.AndwithAtlantabeingourhometown,wegreatly12ourpartnershipwithChildren'sHealthcareofAtlantaandlookforwardto__13theNorthPoleeventeveryyear；"Deltaemployeeand“HeadElf'volunteerAliceMcnultysaid."Ittrulyisanunforgettableholidayformanyofus,_14ourvolunteersgetalldressedupintheirelfclothestomakethisamagical15forthesechildrenandtheirfamilies；"sheadded.1.A.attackingB.spreadingC.battlingD.studying2.A.eventB.treatmentC.destinationD.power3.A.introducedB.ledC.invitedD.followed4.A.seriouslyB.anxiouslyC.carefullyD.warmly5.A.modemB.comfortableC.strangeD.special6.A.createB.preventC.practiceD.adjust7.A.appreciatedB.exitedC.changedD.approached8.A.knownB.consideredC.rememberedD.dressed9.A.recognizedB.metC.playedD.described10.A.surpriseB.dreamC.secretD.pity11.A.putupwithB.getawayfromC.givebacktoD.dropinat12.A.recommendB.missC.valueD.improve13.A.celebratingB.advertisingC.inventingD.hosting14.A.untilB.asC.ifD.although15.A.experienceB.adventureC.lessonD.opportunity三．语法填空阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容（1个单词）或括号内单词的正确形式。Asteenagers,youhavemany___1___(dream).Thesedreamscanbeverybig,suchaswinningtheNobelPrize,ortheycanbeverysmall,forexample,youmayjustwant___2___(become)thebeststudentinyourclass.Onceyoufindadream,whatdoyoudowithit?Doyouevertrytomakeyourdreamcometrue?AndrewMathews,___3___Australianwriter,tellsusthatmakingourdreamscometrueisthebiggestchallenge(挑战)inourli