医学英语呼吸系统课件

MedicalTerminology（3）TheRespiratorySystem

110）

IntroductionoftheRespiratorysystem

Themainfunctionoftherespiratorysystemistoprovideoxygentobodycellsforenergymetabolismandtoeliminatecarbondioxide,abyproductofmetabolism.Becausethesegasesmustbecarriedtoandfromthecellsintheblood,therespiratorysystemworkscloselywiththecardiovascularsystemtoaccomplishgasexchange.TheLung:Exchangeofgasesbetweentheatmosphereandthebloodtakesplaceinthelungs,twocone-shapedorganslocatedinthethoraciccavity.Adoublemembrane,thepleura(胸膜),coversthelungsandlinesthethoraciccavity.Theouterlayerthatisattachedtothewallofthethoraciccavityistheparietalpleura(胸膜壁层);theinnerlayerthatisattachedtothesurfaceofthelungsisthevisceralpleura(胸膜脏层).Theverythin,fluid-filledspacebetweenthetwolayersofthepleuraisthepleuralspace(胸膜腔).

Inhaledairpassesintothethroat,orpharynx(咽),whereitmixeswithairthatentersthroughthemouthandalsowithfooddestinedforthedigestivetract.Thepharynxisdividedintothreeregions:(1)anupperportion,thenasopharynx(鼻咽),behindthenasalcavity;(2)amiddleportion,theoropharynx(口咽),behindthemouth;and(3)alowerportion,thelaryngealpharynx(喉咽),behindthelarynx.Thepalatinetonsils(腭扁桃体)areoneithersideofthesoftpalate(软腭)intheoropharynx;thepharyngealtonsils,oradenoids(咽扁桃体),areinthenasopharynx.LowerRespiratoryPassagewaysandLungs

Thepharynxconductsairintothetrachea,atubereinforcedwithC-shapedringsofcartilage(软骨)topreventitscollapse.Ciliaintheliningofthetracheamoveimpuritiesuptowardthethroat,wheretheycanbeeliminatedbyswallowingorbyexpectoration(咳痰).Thelarynxisshapedbyninecartilages,themostprominentofwhichisthethyroidcartilageatthefrontthatformsthe“Adam’sapple.”Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsistheglottis(声门).Thesmallleaf-shapedcartilageatthetopofthelarynxiscalledtheepiglottis(会厌).Whenoneswallows,theepiglottiscoverstheopeningofthelarynxandhelpstopreventfoodfromenteringtherespiratorytract.Atitslowerend,thetracheadividesintoarightandaleftmainstembronchus(支气管干)thatenterthelungs.Therightbronchusisshorterandwider;itdividesintothreesecondarybronchithatenterthethreelobes(肺叶)

oftherightlung.Theleftbronchusdividesintotwobranchesthatsupplythetwolobesoftheleftlung.Thesmallestoftheconductingtubes,thebronchioles(细支气管),carryairintothemicroscopicairsacs,theaveoli(肺泡),whroughwhichgasesareexchangedbetweenthelungsandtheblood.TheProcessofBreathing:Airismovedintoandoutofthelungsbytheprocessofbreathing,technicallycalledventilation.Thisconsistsofasteadycycleofinspiration

(inhalation)andexpiration(exhalation),separatedbyaperiodofrest.Thecyclebeginswhenthephrenicnerve(膈神经)stimulatesthediaphragm(隔膜)

tocontractandflatten,thusenlargingthechestcavity.Exercise1:

Usethesuffix-pneatobuildawordwitheachofthefollowingmeanings:1.painfulordifficultbreathingdyspnea2.easy,normal(eu-)breathing

3.lackof(a-)ofbreathing

4.rapidrate(tachy-)ofbreathing

Dyspnea(呼吸困难)Eupnea(平静呼吸)Apnea(呼吸暂停)Tachypnea(呼吸急促)IIRootsfortheRespirationPassagewaysROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEBronch/o,bronch/ibronchusbronchogenicOriginatinginabronchus(支气管源的)bronchiolbronchiolebronchiolectasisDilatationofthebronchioles(细支气管扩张)

Definethefollowingwords(notetheadjectivalendings):9.intranasalwithinthenose10.bronchiolar

11.bronchiectasis

12.peribronchial

13.endotracheal

14.nasopharyngeal

9.withinthenose10.pertainingtoabronchiole11.dilatationofthebronchi12.aroundthebronchi13.withinthetrachea14.pertainingtothenoseandpharynxIIIRootsfortheLungsandBreathingROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLEPhren/oDiaphragmphrenicPertainingtothediaphragmPhrenic/oPhrenicnervephrenicotripsyCrushingofthephrenicnerve(膈神经压扎术)Pleur/oPleurapleurodesisFusionofthepleura(胸膜固定术)Pulm/o,pulmon/o(拉丁语源)LungsintrapulmonaryWithinthelungsPneumon/o(希腊语源)lungpneumonectomySurgicalremovalofalungorlungtissue(肺切除术)IIIRootsfortheLungsandBreathingROOTMEANINGEXAMPLEDEFINITIONOFEXAMPLESpir/oBreathingspirometerInstrumentformeasuringbreathingvolumes(肺活量计)Pneum/o,pneumat/oAir,gas;alsorespiration,lungpneumatocardiaPresenceofairintheheart(心腔积气)Exercise3：Writeawordforeachofthefollowingdefinitions:1.between(inter)thepleura

2.belowthediaphragm

3.surgicalincisionofthephrenicnerve

4.anydiseaseofthelungs(pneumon/o)

5.recordofbreathingvolumes_

6.surgicalpuncture(-centesis)ofthepleuralspace

Interpleuralsubphrenic(膈下的)phrenicotomy(膈神经切断术)pneumonopathy(肺脏疾病)spirogram(肺量图，呼吸描记图)pleurocentesis(胸腔穿刺术)Definethefollowingwords:1.pneumonitis

2.