庭院设计毕业论文外文文献翻译

文献出处：作者：MarianMoffett,MichaelW.Fazio期刊或书名:Aworldhistoryofarchitecture出版社：NewYork:Harper&Row,Publishers.Inc.出版时间：2009页码：17-24庭院设计CourtyardDesignLayoutofCourtyardDesignThecreationofcourtyardatmosphereisuptothelayoutplanofcourtyarddesign.Areasonablelayoutcanmakeasmallgradenrichandfulloffun.whileabiggardenfilledwithagoodgratation.Whendesigningacourtyard,weshouldobeythefollowingprinciples・UnifiedDiversityManyaespectsincourtyarddesignshouldfollowtheprincipleofunity,suchasformandstyle,gardeningmaterials,colorandlinesetc.Wepreferredthegardentoberegardedasawholefrommainthemetodetails,butwedonotlikerigidatmospherebecauseofoverunification.Thatiswhyweoftendescribeitasunifieddiversity,whichmeanstoseekunityinchanges・Nowadays,therearethreepopularcourtyardstylesintheworld:Natural-styleGardendesignswereinfluencedbythepursuitofnaturalbasicdailynecessitiesafterthe20*centurywiththesloganof"backtonature*'・Chinese-stylegardenshouldberegardedastheoriginatorofnatural-stylegarden・foritpursueselegantandsecludednaturewithvibrantandvigorousplants・Western-styleKnownasregularcourtyard,western-stylegardenisasymmetricalandgracefullandscapelayoutwithanaxisandgrandscale,whoseplantsareprunedtobegeometric-shaped・1(ismoreandmorepopularatcurrenttimeswithsignificantdevelopment,resultinginalargeareaofunnaturalman-madeartificiallandscapes・MixedStyleOriginally,naturalandregularstylesaremutuallycontradictory,butithasbeenverycommontoseeboththesestylesinonegarden,astheimprovedladyCheongsaminthefashionindustry.ItisanewtrendtocombineChineseandwesternstyleinonedesign,sowestillneedalongtimetoproveitsadvantagesanddisadvantages,similartotheotherstyles・BalanceThesenseofbalanceisanoverallsenseofobjects1weightonbothsidesfromaperson'svisualcenter.Ifthereareacoupleofobjectsofthesameweightandsizeinthefront-Iefsimaginethey'reacoupleofstonelions,peoplewillhaveasenseofbalance・However,thelackofanyonewouldcausevisualimbalance・Thedesignershouldpayattentiontothisprincipleinthecourtyarddesign.ProportionItisnecessarytoconsidertheproportionofeverypartinthecourtyard,suchastheproportionbetweenapartandthewholecourtyard,orevenproportionbetweenasmallpieceofwoodorstoneandtheenvironment.Aspeople'sfacialorbodyfeatures,itiseasytobenoticed,ifnon-conformingproportionappearsincourtyards,whichwon'tbetreatedas”beauty”・RhythmRhythmreferstotherepetitionofsimilarrhymesinaccordancewithacertainruleinmusicorpoetry.Courtyarddesignshouldalsotakethisintoconsideration,forvisitorscangetasenseofrhythmonlyafteracleveruseofavarietyofsynchronizedrhythm.ContrastIncourtyarddesign,onelocallandscapedesplayedtogetherwithanotheronewhoseshape,color,textureetc.areincontrastwiththoseoftheformeronewillcreatasharpvisualcontrastandatthesametimegivetouristsaclearaesthetictaste・HarmonyHarmonyreferstoasenseofdynamicunitywiththecolor,shape,lineofasceneintimeandspace.Wintersceneshouldbepaidmoreattentiontoavoidvisualemptiness,becausemostornamentalplantsarewitheredinwinter.Asaresult,evergreenplantswillbeabetterchoiceinwinter.TextureTexturereferstothicknessandsenseofbiologicalandnon-biologicalorganismsinthecourtyard.Forexample,softlawn,anddeepgreenmosscanmakepeoplefeelreluctanttosteponoreventotouchthem.Ifweputasmoothrockintheriversand,aharmonyscenewillbegeneratedbytheselandscapeelementsofthesametextureandfeatures・SimplicitySimplicityusedincourtyarddesignmeansasimpleelegantarrangementofscenery.Courtyarddesignpursuesandimitatesnaturalbeauty,whichneedstoberefinedtoartisticbeauty.Justaswhatwesterngardenerssaid”Simplicityisbeauty*1,choicesshouldbemadeunderthesimpleandelegantprinciple.”HumanViewingHuman11MHumanviewinghuman**isanewtopicdevelopedwithethologicaltheoryinrecent20years,whichisdirectlyappliedtocourtyarddesign・Thatistosay,themosteye-catchingdesignprincipleincourtyarddesignshouldconsiderthe”human”behaviorfirst.Agooddesignshouldbeabletosensitivelyrespondtotheneedsofpeople,amusethemasmuchaspossible,raisetheirspirits,andkeepinterestinotherpeople'sactivitiesinornearthecourtyardmeetingtheirbehaviouralneeds・PursuitofArtisticConceptionSuchworksofartascourtyardwillbearecreationplaceforvisitors,onceitbecomesahabitat.Acharmingcourtyardcanattractvisitorstocomeforseveralhundredsofyears・Thisshowsthattheimageofcreativityandfunhastriggeredthevisitors*thinkingandimagination,inotherwords,Theyhavesensedan"artisticmode'：whichismainlyreflectedasfollows:Poeticcharm—PeopleoftensayMOne*semotionisrousedbythescene.0Itmeanspeople'semotionarerousedby,alsoincludingimaginationandfantasywhattheysee.Picturesquescene——Courtyardisthebodyofthepicture,whichshouldbepleasantenoughtosatisfyvisitorsstrollinginit.CourtyardStyleDesignandOrientationTlieNeedsofFamilyMembersThefirststeptocreateabeautifulcourtyardistomakeagoodplan.Firstofall,thedesignershouldsetthecourtyardstyleaccordingtoenvironmentalconditions,familycompositionandmaintenanceability・Thegardenstylecanreflectthewayoflifeofafamily・Ifthefamilyconsistsofacoupleofofficeworkers,itisbettertoplantsomeflowertreesorperennialflowersinthecourtyard.becausetheyaretoobusytotakecareofthem.Forthefamilywithchildren,itisbettertolayalawntoplacetoysandplantsomecolorfulannualorbiennialherbaceousflowersandflowerbulbs;ifsomeoneinthefamilyisinterestedinplantmaintenanceandmanagement,theycanplantsomeseasonalherbaceousflowers,thusbuildaperfectornamentalgarden.Inshort,courtyardstyleandcultivationofplantspeciesshouldbebasedoncompositionandagestructureofthefamily.Therearevariousgardenstyles,whosebasicformsaregenerallybasedontheowners1preferences・AsreferredbeforeGardenstylescanbesimplydividedintothreecategories4regular,naturalandmixedstyle・Atpresent,privatecourtyardstylescanbedividedintofourbasicschools:ChineseandJapanesestylesinAsia,FrenchandBritishstylesinEurope・Buildingshavevariousstylesandtypes,suchasthegapbetweenclassicalandmodem,thecontrastbetweenavant-gardeandtraditional,thedifferencesbetweenEasternandWestern.Choiceofgardentypeisoftenmadeaccordingtothebuildingstyle・Inthepast,typicalJapanese-stylecourtyards,suchasgarden-stylecourtyardandteacourtyard,oftenintegratenaturalscenerywiththegarden,givingpeopleasenseofquietnessandelegance・However.Japanese-stylecourtyardandwestern-stylebuildingscannotbeharmonized・whileJapanese-stylearchitectureisalsoincompatiblewiththeregularcourtyardstyle,thereforedesignersshouldtakeintoconsiderationtheharmonybetweengardenstyleandbuilding・Forthosewholovesimplicity,theycanplantsomegrassesandflowersintheyardormakeagreenplantnursery.Ifyouwanttoachieveamoredesirablelandscapeeffect,youmayaskprofessionaldesignerstodesignanddecorateyourcourtyard・Forexample,windingroadswithtalltreesonbothsideswillmakepeoplefeelthat'Thecourtyardisdeep.*'andcurve-shapedarches,carvedrailings,andbanisterwithcarefullyprunedbusheswillbeshowingaEuropeanstyle・CourtyardColorColorisoneofthefactorsinfluencingthecourtyardstyle・Onetechniqueofcolordesignistodecidethemainhuesofthegardenbasedonthecolorsofbuildingsnearly.Foliageplantsareveryimportantingardendesign,anditisnaturalintheUnitedKingdomandtheotherEuropeancountriestoplantsomefoliageplantsinflowerbeds.Variegated-leaf-plant,suchasspecieswithwhitespots,imbeddedingreenleaf-plant,arebrighterthanpuregreenspecies,forexamplescneciocinerariaandAsagiriHaocaowithsilverleavescansettheflowerbedevenbrightc匚Othercolor-leafedplantswithorange,redorpurpleleavescanformasharpcontrastincreasingthebrightnessofthehue・Inaddition,differencesofleafshapesandtexturecanalsobetakenintoconsideration.Summerisaseasonwhenmanyvarietiesofplantsareflourishing;therefore,wecanapplydiversecolorcombinationandusewildperennialflowerstoembellishthegarden.Insummer,itwillnotgivepeopleasenseofclutter,eventhoughweuseacombinationofseveraldifferentbright-coloredflowers・Forexample,wecanusesomebright-coloredsnapdragonsofdifferentcolortonestomakeseverallivelycolorblocks,andwecanaddsomesilver-leafplantsorwhite-flowersweetalyssumtoneutralizetheeffect.ImpactofGardenDrainageandLightDrainage,light,ventilation,soil.andsoonwillaffectplants*growth,especiallywhetherlightissufficientornotisanimportantconditiontodeterminethechoiceofflowers.Generallyspeaking,theidealplacetobuildagardenistheplaceheadingsouthwithenoughsunshine.Therefore,thedesignershouldfirstmakeitclearthegeographicalconditionsofthevillagarden,forexamplethesunshinetimeinoneday,thelocationofsunnyandshadysidesetc.Onthisbasis,wecanchoosesuitablespeciesinsuchenvironment.However,wecanalsobuildagardenonshadyside・CourtyardAreaAlargerhousehasmorechoicesofgardenstyles,becausethelargertheareais,themoreplantspeciescanbechosen,thenthemorecomplexthecollocationwillbe.However,wemustconsiderconsistencyofthewholewhenplantingtreesandflowersandavoidconflictbetweenthem・Asmallhouseonlyhaslimitedapplicablearea,soweshouldmakeacarefulplanandplantlessspecies.CourtyardPlantDesignandClassification3.1ChinesegardensTheoveralllayoutofChinesegardensrequiresdeepnessandadjacentemptiness,stresses”isolatedscene11and”hiddenscene1*inspace,anddemandscirculationandendlessnesstocreateinfinitecharminalimitedspace.Inthecreationofplantlandscape,Chinesegardensstriveforpersonificationofplants,tryingtointegratepoeticandsceniccharm.1(oftenusesplanttonamebuildingsandgardenscenicspots.Finally,inrespectofplantconfiguration,Chinesegardensneedmorewoodyplantsandlessherbaceousplantstoreproducethestateofplantshapescreatinglandscapes・3.2Japanese-StyleCourtyardTheJapanese-stylecourtyardiscomposedoftheZengarden.Circuitoustourgardenandteataogarden.TheZengardenbasicallyusesnoflowerplants,becauseitmainlypursuesspirituallytheextremestateof"cleanness,emptinessandnothingness”.Circuitoustourgardenisabundantinvarietiesofplants,forexample,smallstemmaplewhichgrowsslowly,fiveneedlespinewithgoodshapes,smallarborofvariousappearances,shnibsandshortplantscoveringontherocksaswellaspodocarpusmarcophyllu.Japanesehemlockandevergreenrhododendron.Evergreenplantsnotonlycanpreservethelandscapeappearanceofthegarden,butalsocanprovideagreenbackgroundforbright-coloredflowerplantsandleafplants,whichmakesthegardenmorecolorful.Circuitoustourgarden・absorbingthegardeningcharacteristicsoftheZengardenandtheteataogarden,combinesthegardenlandscapeoffourseasonsandthequietandnaturalsceneryofruralatmosphere・Ilamazespeoplebytheeleganceandquietnessofplantshapesandthecharmandgracefulnessofplantcolors,reflectingthenatureandwildnesswhichChinesegardensislackof.Italian-StyleCourtyardAstheItalianpeninsulabordersonseasfromthreesidesandisabundantinmountainsandhills,gardensarcoftenbuiltonslopes・Frombuildingstotheoutside,thecontroloforderlyshapesislessened.whichisspecialforitsplantsdistribution,merginggardensintonaturalscenery,hiearlytimes,thereweremanyplantspeciesinthegarden,whilelaterpeopleattachmoreimportancetothebeautyoftheplantitself.Erectandemeraldgreenpodocarpusesareoftenusedaswaysidetreesorplantedinrows;umbrellapineswithconicalcrownsareusedasbackgroundtreesandarethemostspecialplantsinthegarden・Inplainareas,wecanusecarefullytrimmedChineseboxestoformageometricpatternasgreenfences,andformaflowerbeddividingflowerplantsandleafplants・FrenchRegularStyleFrenchgardenshaveterracegardenlayout,duetotheinfluenceoftheItalianregulargarden-buildingarts.However,astheterraininFranceisflat,theFrenchgardenlayoutscaleappearsgranderandmoremagnificent.Peopletrimtrees,buildflowerbedsandplantplentyofflowers.Onthevergeofgood-shapedtrees,seasonalbloomingflowersareplantedasarim,whichbecomeanembroidered-styleflowerbed.Onthelawnofabigarea,peopleplantshrubflowersandgrassestoformvarioustexturesandpatterns・BritishNaturalStyleTheGreatBritainisacountryofhills,whoseclimateiswarmandhumid.NaturalstyleisthemainstyleofBritishgarden・Redgeranium,blueChineselobeliaandyellowcalceolariaarecommonlyusedingardensofthisstyle・ProblemsinCourtyardDesignNoclearmainpoint.Overemphasizepavementonthegroundandthepavementisnotharmoniouswithbuildings・Ilappearsmoredisorderedwhenmanyhardmaterialsareused.Eachcornerofthegardenhasbecomeacenterandeverywhereisstuffedwithtop-notchgardeningworks・Thisproblemisacommonfatalhabit,becausewebuymaterialsonimpulsewithoutconsideringtheirsizeandapplicability・Allthesestuffsareplacedinthegarden,whichtogetherwithplantswillmakethegardenindisorderandwithoutanycharacteristicatall.Mostpeoplewillbuytheirfavoriteplantsfromthegardeningcenteronimpulseoracceptthewholepottedplantoracuppinggivenbyfriendsorrelativesasagift・Therefore・peoplewillplacethemfreelywithoutconsideringtheirneedsandsizebecauseoftoomanyplants・Badmatching・Plantsarebadmatched・asaresultthecourtyardappearstobedisorderedandtoosimilarwithoutindividualityortoocomplex・Peoplemechanicallycopyforeigncourtyardstyleswithoutconsideringthecourtyard'spracticalscaleandshapesaswellasthelocalclimateandgeographicallocation・MatchingofCourtyardPlantsItiscalled*plantstorage1bylandscapeexpertsduetoimpropermatchofcourtyardandplants,ormessgrowthofplants.Inordertoavoiddisorderofplantsandformingplantsstorage,wecanarrangeplantslayoutbyfollowingmethodsindetails・Acourtyardhasvariousoriginalshapessuchassquare,rectangular,wide-flat,longornarrow.Yoifdbettermakeaplanofcourtyardusage6havingarestforawhileorjustwalkingthrough.Thenyoucandecidethecombinationwaysoflayingbricksandvirescence・Forvirescence,oneshouldpayattentiontoarrangementoftallandshortplantsandcolormatch・Besides,acourtyardisanextensionoftheindoorenvironment,andbothsidesshouldbeinharmonywitheachotherinaspectsofvisualeffectsandfunctions・4」GateandTreesThegateislikeaperson'sfaceandissignificantforcourtyarddesign.Concerningofthis,Japan'sgreengardendesignershavecreatedalotofbeautifulworks:thecombinationofacertainnumberoftreestocreateacertainfeature,orplantingmoretreestomakeagreenfence.andmanydesignsmakinguseofahiddengatewaytogivethecourtyardgateasenseofdepth.4.2GateandMossSoftmossoftenremindsusofcarpetunderourfeet.Asaresult,iftheapproachestocourtyardarecoveredwithgreenmoss,itwillgiveguestsawarmfeelingofpleasure.Generally,inadditiontothetrails,thecarth*ssurfaceshouldbecoveredwithmoss,andsometimessomehighgroundisalsocoveredbymossachievingtheeffectofasmallhill.However,itisnotappropriatetogrowmossindryareas,sothedesignislimitedtohumidenvironment.4.3TrailsandTreesAstrailsinagardenisforwalking,theroleoftreesistogivepeopleapeacefulandcozyfeeling・Sometrailsaredesignedplainandsimple,buttheothersaredesignedwithcarefulthoughts:theycanbeeitherclusteredbyroadsidebushesoraccompaniedbyflowerbeds・Gardenpathandplantsdesignclearlyreflecttheowner'suniquetasteoflife・MainCourtyardandTreesMostofthetreesinagardenareplantedwithcareandgoodmaintenance,whoseprettyformisagoodreproductionoftheJapanesegardenmodeloftheoldera.Insomecases,carefullytrimmedbushesplayaroleofsettingoffothertreesinthegarden.Inrecentyears,theuseofartificialmodificationoftreesinthegardendesignparticularlytheuseofordinaryhardwood,suchasZaniu,hasbeencommonpractice.However,Zamumaintenanceisnotaneasytask.Whengardenisdividedintoseveralparts,orhavegeometricshapesontheground,talltreesandshnibswillbecomeveryimportantdesignfactors.Tosomeextent,treesareoftenthemainmaterialstosplitgarden.SmallCourtyardandTreesBamboosaremorecommonusedinasmallgarden,becauseoftheirbeautiful,tallandstraighttrunks・Landscapeofsmallspaceismostvividlydesignedbyusingverticallines・Gardenexpertssaythatwecanusescientificity,culture,practicabilityandartistrytoevaluetheperformanceofthecourtyarddesign,butthisistooprofessionalfortheownerofthecourtyard.Whetheragardencanachieveagoodeffectdependsonthemaster'sinterest.FunctionsofCourtyardPlantsSecurityInpersonalenvironment,peopleneedtooccupyandcontrolcertainspace・Psychologistsbelievethatspacenotonlyprovidesarelativesenseofsecurityandeaseofcommunication,butalsoisasymboloftheowner'sidentityandpower.Asaresult,thesenseofspacecontrolhasalreadyexistedfromancienttimeandiseverywhere・Gardenplantarrangementdesignshouldrespectthispersonalspace,sothatpeoplecangetasenseofstabilityandsecurity.Forexample,ancientsoftenplantedBashoagainsttheinsideofwalls,whichhavenotnmk.butstretchsoftly.Itismoredifficultforthievestoclimb,anditarousethesenseofthickerwallatthesametime・Anotherexample,greenbarriersareverycommonintheprivategardenasadivisiontoolinthecourtyardandsafetysuggestionforthefamilymembers・Thegreenbarriershaveachievedthefamily'srespectivespatialconstraintsthusmakespeoplegetasenseofareacontrol.PracticalityOriginally,theancientcourtyardwasaneconomicalandpracticalorchard,medicinalherbsgardenorvegetablegarden.Actuallynowadaysinmanyprivatecourtyardsorvillagardens,wecanstillseebeautifulsceneryoffruittreesorapastoralvegetablebed.Wecanevenseesomepeoplewhoenjoyamorerefinedlifedoingsomegardeningworkthemselves,suchasplantingsomefragrantsanitariangrasses,treesorflowersintheircourtyard・Infact,whetherinahomegardenoragreenspaceoutside,functionsofeachgreenlandshouldbediversified・Ilshouldnotonlyhaveplantsforentertainmentandsightseeing,butforuse,participationandprotectionofvisitors.becauseparticipationprovidespeoplewithasenseofsatisfactionandenrichment.Addingstoolstothetreeshadewillprovidearestplaceforpeople;openingofthelawncanallowpeopletoenter;buildinggardensandhorticulturalfacilitiescanprovidevisitorsthechanceofparticipatingingardeningactivities・Usingshrubsasfenceshasseveralfunctions,whichcannotonlydividethebiglandintosmallfunctionalareas,butkeepoutwind,reducenoiseandhideindecentscenerytoformavisualcontrol.Atthesametimefortheshrubsarelowplants,peoplecanviewtheirshapes,flowers,leavesandfniitsclosely.AgreeablenessInmodernsociety,itisnotenoughtoconfineplantlandscapetoeconomicutility,whichmustalsobebeautifulattractingandagreeabletosatisfypeopledaestheticandpsychologicalneedsofloveforbeautifulthings・Anindividualplanthasitsownbeautyofshape.color,texture.seasonalchangesandsoon.Throughcombinationsofsuchelementsasshape,line,color,textureaswellasareasonablescale,coupledwithbackgroundelementsofgreenland(paving,terrain,buildings,urbanelementetc.),plantsgrowinginclustersorgroupscannotonlybeautifytheenvironmentandenrichthelandscapedesign,butalsocanhelppeopleregulateemotionsandcultivatesentimentsunconsciouslyintheiraestheticenjoyment.PrivacyPrivacycanbeunderstoodastheselectivecontroloftheapproachingdegreeofpersonalspace.People'schoiceofprivatespacecanbeexpressedashopeofbeingalone,havingpersonalspace,orfreespaceofafewpeoplefromtheothers*interference,orintentionofnameconcealingfromthepublic・Inthehighlycompetitiveandrushedsocialenvironment,especiallyinaprosperouscity,peoplehaveagreatdesiretoownaquietplacefarfromclamorofthecity.Suchrequirementscaneasilybemetinfamilyyardsandgardens,ornaturalgreenspacedecoratedwithdesignedplants・Plantdesignisthebestnaturalelementtocreateaprivatespace・Designersconsiderpeople'sneedsofprivacy,whichdoesnotmeantheywilldesignacompletelyclosedspace,butmakeacompleteandclearlimitonspacebasedontheattributesofspace・Somegreenfenceswitharationallay-outorsomescatteredtreescanprovideprivacyandpeoplecanread,sitquietly,chatandtalkprivatelyinthequietenvironmentcreatedbyplants・PublicityAshumanneedprivatespace,sometimestheyalsoneedpublicopenspace・Environmentalpsychologistsonceputforwardthesocialcentripetalandcentrifugalspaceconcepts,sointhesamewaygreenlandofagardencanalsobedividedintocentripetalandcentrifugalgreenspace.Theformerincludesthecitysquare,park,greenspaceinthecenterofaresidentialareaetc.Squaretreesoflargecrownsshouldbeplantedtoprovideshadeforpeople,lawnsshouldnotbeasopenaspossibleandsheltersshouldalsobeset.Plantvarietiesinresidentialareasshouldbeofhighornamentalvaluessuchasfoliageplants,flowerplants,fruitplants,andsoon.Thesedesignideasareinclinedtohelppeoplegettogethertopromotetheirinteractionandtoseekmoreinformation.GardenPlantDesignTrendsAnAmericandesignersaid:HThegardendesignisaplantmaterialdesigninthefinalanalysis,whosepurposeistoimprovehuman'slivingenvironment,andothercontentscanonlyfunctioninanenvironmentwithplants.11Plantsaretheonlyelementofvitalityinthegardenandarecloselyrelatedtopeople・Afewyearsago,nturfhotMand"colorplantcover1*wasverypopular.Becausetheyhavesuchdefectsaslowecologicalbenefits,landscapepatterningandhighermaintenancecosts,theyarelimitedtobeusedinlocalareasnow.Thetrendofmoderngardenplantdesignwillbemoreparticularabouteco-efficiency・Tlicdesignwillfocusonthediversityofplantspecies,foreachplanthasitsspecificbiologicalfeatures,ecologicalhabitsandornamentalcharacteristics・Wecancreateacomfortableandbeautifullivingenvironmentfullofvigorbymakinguseofseasonalaspects・physicalchanges,colorchangesregionalcharacteristics,andhumanization,variabilityofcombinations,anddiversityofthelandscape・Secondly,wecancreateunexpectedresultswiththecombinationofChineseplantculture,modernaestheticpointofviewandhigh-technology.MainPointsofSmallCourtyardDesignAthemeisnecessary,whichshouldbefullyexpressed・(Suchaswalls,pavement,plantsetc.)Pavementstylecanneitherbesinglenorbetoomany.Generally,itisbettertohavetwoorthreetypesinaprivatecourtyard.ThereshouldbeaclearspacedivisionandmakefulluseoftheChinesegardenartisticconception・Plantcultivationshouldbenaturalwhichisbettertobeexquisiteinsteadofbeinggreaterinquantitywithdensityandareasonablecombination・Commonlandscapeelementssuchaswater,pavilion,woodenplatforms,flowerracks,openspaceandhaugh.etc・Theparkroadshouldbesmoothwithadequatetwistsandturns,andterrainchangescanbeproperlyusedtodividespace.Thelandscapestructureshouldbefocusedon:shapeofwallsandapplicationofmaterials,landscapewalls,anddecoration.庭院设计1庭院设计平面布局庭院的平面布局设计关系着整个庭院氛禺的营造，合理的布局可以使小面积的庭院变得丰富而有趣味，使大面积的庭院层次丰富不空洞。在做庭院平面设计时，我们应当遵循以下原则：1」多样统一原则“统一”的原则，用在庭院设汁中所指的方面很多，例如形式与风格、造园材料•色彩、线条等，从整体到局部都要讲求统一，但过分统一则显呆板，疏于统一则显杂乱。所以常在统一之上加一个多样，意思是需要在变化之中寻求统一，免于成为不伦不类的风格。LI前世界上主要流行以下三类风格庭院：(1)自然式庭院20世纪人们提出了“回归自然”的口号，衣食住行都狂热地追求自然，这股风潮自然传播到了庭院设讣中来。其实中国式园林自古以来就以幽雅自然、僻静清幽为胜，植物多为自然生长形态，一石一木都追求其自然风貌，可称之为自然式庭院的鼻祖。(2)西式庭院乂称规整式庭院，多为对称式景观布局，有中轴线，植物多被人工修葺成儿何形，容易形成规模庞大、宏伟雍容的风貌。在现行经济发达的社会中，这种庭院设讣风格逐渐兴盛起来，而且愈演愈烈，以致形成大面积人为造作的非自然景观。(3)混合式庭院本来自然式与规整式是相互矛盾的，但LI前自然式与规整式在同一庭院内混合应用己经相当流行，就像时装界的改良旗袍，中西结合的设计正在蔓延。一种设讣风格的形成需要很长时间，同样，我们仍需要很长时间来辩证这种风格的优缺点。1.2均衡原则均衡感是人对其视觉中心两侧景物的整体分量感。如果前方是一对体量与质量相同的景物，假设是一对石狮，即会产生均衡感，缺失一个便是视觉失衡。庭院设计中也要注意这一原则。1.3比例原则庭院中到处需要考虑比例的关系，大到局部与全局的比例，小到一木一石与环境的小局部。一旦失去比例，观赏者很容易发觉。正如人面部的五官或躯体，比例适当就可尊称为“美人”，反之类推。1.4韵律的原则在音乐或诗词中按一定的规律重复出现相近似的音韵即称为韵律。设计庭院也是如此，只有巧妙地运用多种韵律的同步，才能使游人获得韵律感。1.5对比原则在庭院设计中，为了突出园内的某局部景观，利用体形、色彩、质地等与之相对立的景物与其放在一起表现，以造成一种强烈的视觉对比效果，同时也给游人一种鲜明的审美情趣。1.6和谐原则和谐是指庭院内的景物在变化统一的原则下，色彩、体形、线条等在时间和空间上都给人一种和谐感。尤其值得注意的是冬季景色的布置，因为多数观赏性植物都在冬季凋零，造成视觉空洞，因此，庭院植物在种植时应种些常青植物。1.7质地原则质地是指庭院中生物与非生物体表面结构的粗细程度，以及山此引起的感觉。如细软的草坪、深绿色的青苔均匀而细腻，让人舍不得去踩碰，如果在旁边一片河沙中放一块光润的顽石，这一组质地相近的景物显然会呈现协调之美。1.8简单原则“简单”一词用在庭院设计中是指景物的安排以朴素淡雅为主。自然美是庭院设讣中刻意追求和模仿的要点，自然美被升华为艺术美要经过一番提炼。正如西方造园家提出“简单也是美”的道理一样，应当在朴素淡雅的原则之下取舍。1.9满足“人看人”原则“人看人”成为行为学的理论是近20年来才提出的新课题，而且直截了当地引申到庭院设计中来。也就是说，庭院设计中最引人注U的设计原则应当首先考虑“人”的行为问题。一个好的设汁应当能对人的需要最敏感地做出反应，使人尽情地游玩，使他们精神焕发，并对庭园内部或周边的其他人的活动保持兴趣盎然，满足他们行为的需要。1.10寻求意境原则庭院这类艺术品在成“境”之后就成为欣赏者游乐之所。一座耐人寻味的庭院可连续儿白年成为游人的乐往之地，可见创作的形象和情趣已经触发游人的联想和幻想，即体会到了“意境气突出表现为：诗悄一常说“见景生情"，意思是有了实景才触发情感，也包括联想和幻想而来的情感。画意一庭院是主体的画卷，对于庭院中自山漫步的游人来讲，只有“八面玲珑”才能使人满意。2风格的选择与定位2」家庭成员的需要营造一个美丽庭院的第一步就是要做好规划设计。首先应决定庭院的风格，要根据环境条件、家庭人员组成及养护能力等情况制定计划。庭园样式也可反映出居住在这里的家庭的生活方式。如果是上班族夫妇的两口之家III于无暇养护花草，庭院中常常只种些花木或宿根花卉；有幼儿家庭的庭院则应铺设可放玩具的草坪，并种植一些色彩艳丽的一、二年生草花和球根花卉；如果家中有人对植物养护管理感兴趣，就可种些四季时令草花，营建一个完美的观赏花园。总之，庭院样式及所栽培植物种类应根据家庭人员组成与年龄结构有所选择。庭院有多种不同的风格，一般是根据业主的喜好确定其基本的样式。前面将庭园的风格样式可简单地分为规则式和自然式及混合式三大类，U前从风格上私家庭院可分为四大流派：亚洲的中国式、日本式，欧洲的法国式和英国式。而建筑却有多种多样的不同风