国际IT咨询公司的竞争力分析体系课件_第1页
国际IT咨询公司的竞争力分析体系课件_第2页
国际IT咨询公司的竞争力分析体系课件_第3页
国际IT咨询公司的竞争力分析体系课件_第4页
国际IT咨询公司的竞争力分析体系课件_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩55页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

ComparingITConsultingCompetitivenessofLocalITCompaniesGroup2Yun,DongWonKim,WoongMoon,JeongNamNang,HeeKyungCha,ChangIKGroupReportComparingITConsultingCompet1IntroductionPreviousResearchResearchTool&ModelSelectedVariablesandProxiesFindingsResult&StatisticalAnalysisConclusionFurtherStudyAppendixAGENDAIntroductionAGENDA1.IntroductionNowadays,wecannotlivewithoutcompetitiveness.Tosurviveinbizworld,competitivenessiskeyfactorforsuccess.ByComparingITConsultingCompetitivenessofLocalITCompaniesinKorea,we’dliketodiagnosethedomesticcompetitivenessof3majorlocalITCompany

-SamsungSDS,LGCNS,SKC&CtheglobalcompetitivenessofthemWeusethegeneralizeddoublediamondmodeltocalculatecompetitivenessandglobalizationindices,andthestatisticalanalysis.1.IntroductionNowadays,weca1.Introduction–DefinitionofITConsultingConsultingservicesareadvisoryservicestohelpcompaniesanalyzeandimprovetheefficacyofbusinessoperationsandtechnologystrategies.InfluencetheadoptionofIT.CorporatestrategyReviewofbusinessplansBusinessprocessanalysisorre-engineeringConsultingservicesBusinessConsultingservicesAssessdifferenttechnologystrategiesAligntechnologystrategywithbusinessorprocessstrategy.Providingstrategic,Architectural,operationalandimplementationplanning.ITConsultingservices1.Introduction–Definitiono2.PreviousResearchSub-variablesVariablesProxiesAccentureSAMSUNGSDSSKC&CDecisionFactor

ConditionBasic

HumanResource

#ofconsultant

VEducationLevelofconsultant▲

VDeliverability

#ofsolution

▲▲

VIndustrycoverage–ReferenceSites

AddedVR&DInvestment

Financial

Creditratebycurrentratio

Profitratio

Globalization#ofoverseabranches

GlobalVAdvanced

Skill

#ofskilledconsultant

▲▲

VRevenue/#ofConsultants

VSophistication

CustomerManagement▲

InnovationSpeed▲

KnowledgeManagement

HistoryofKMS(years)▲

V#ofKMAgent▲

VAccesstoglobalknowledgesource

AddedV2.PreviousResearchSub-varia2.PreviousResearch-continuedSub-variablesVariablesProxiesAccentureSAMSUNGSDSSKC&CDecisionDemandSize

TraditionalMarketMarketShareinITServiceindustry▲

VSIMarketSize/Population

Growthrategrowthrate

Sophistica-tion

ReputationPriceperconsultant

AddedVExternalGroupRevenue

AddedVPreferenceConsultingfirmpreference▲

VR&SDirect

RelatedIndustryAssistancetoconsulting-relatedindustryrevenue

VRelatedConsultingcapability#ofBusinessConsultant

AddedVIndirectM&AExperienceStrengthgainedbyM&Aofconsultingfirm

AddedV2.PreviousResearch-continu2.PreviousResearch-continuedSub-variablesVariablesProxiesAccentureSAMSUNGSDSSKC&CDecisionS.S.RStrategy

CEOAbilityCEOAbility

CEOWill

GrossRevenuetargetratio(3years)

AddedVCEO’swilltogrowth

AddedVCompensationCompensation&BenefitLevel▲

VIndustryLeadershipIndustrySolutionLeadership-#of1stsolution▲

Partnership#ofPartnershiporAlliancewithWorldClassConsultingFirm

VStructure

Process

CMMLevel-StandardProcess▲

VProcessSophistication-Coordination▲

Rivalry

IntensityofRivalry#ofconsultingfirm

Monopoly#ofmonopolizedservice

AddedV*References-AccentureConsultingBusinessStrategy(2001)-SamsungSDSTheCompetitivenessofSamsungSDSine-Environment(2000)-SKC&CCompetencyAnalysisofSKC&C’sConsultingResources(2003)2.PreviousResearch-continu3.ResearchTool&ModelDiamondModelITConsultingMarketinKoreaCEO’sWillCompensation&BenefitRecruitPlanPartnership&ProcessMonopolyHumanResourcesDeliveryCapabilitySkillKnowledgeRelatedIndustriesRelatedConsultantM&AExenperienceFactorConditionsTraditionalMarketGrowthRateReputationPreferenceDemandConditionsRelated&SupportingIndustriesStrategy,Structure&RivalryITConsultingMarketGlobal StrategyGlobalBrandImageGeneralizedDoubleDiamondModelSizeQualityGlobali-zationlevel3.ResearchTool&ModelDiamo3.ResearchTool&Model

DataSourcesandTreatmentCharacteristicsDataSourcesTreatmentQuantitativeDataInternet,Theses,Articles,IndustryJournalsSKC&CKnowledgeDBConvertoriginaldataintothefivescalefigureQualitativeDataSurvey(Questionnaire)StatisticalAnalysisAppliedtoqualitativedataTotesthypothesisTestMethodH0(NullHypothesis)H1(AlternativeHypothesis)ANOVATherearenodifferenceamongthecompaniesRejecttheH0t-TestTherearenodifferencebetweenspecifictwocompaniesRejecttheH03.ResearchTool&ModelData4.SelectedVariablesandProxiesDimensionVariablesProxiesSignWeightFactor

ConditionBasicHumanResource#ofConsultant+15EducationLevel+10DeliverableCapability#ofsolution+10#ofIndustriestheycanconsult+10AdvancedSkillExperiencedemployee–Seniorlevel+15Revenue/#ofConsultants+10KnowledgeKMSage+5#ofKMAgent+15GlobalKnowledgeSource+104.SelectedVariablesandProx4.SelectedVariablesandProxiesDimensionVariablesProxiesSignWeightDemand

ConditionSizeTraditionalMarketMarketShareinITServices+20GrowthRateRevenueGrowthRate(3years)+20SophisticationReputationUnitPrice+20ExternalGroupRevenue+15PreferencePreference–Survey+25R&SDirectRelatedIndustryRevenueinSIArea+40RelatedConsultant#ofBusinessConsultant+30IndirectM&AExperienceStrengthofM&Aofconsultingfirm+304.SelectedVariablesandProx4.SelectedVariablesandProxiesDimensionVariablesProxiesSignWeightS.S.RStrategyCEOWillGrossRevenuetargetratio(3years)inconsulting+15CEO’sWill–Survey+15CompensationCompensation&BenefitLevel-Survey+15RecruitPlan#ofincreasedemployeeinnextyear+15Partnership#ofPartnershiporAlliancewithWorldClassConsultingFirm+15StructureProcessCMMlevel+15RivalryMonopolymonopolizedservice-Survey+104.SelectedVariablesandProx4.SelectedVariablesandProxiesDimensionVariablesProxiesSignWeightGlobalFactorGlobalizationLevel#ofGlobalBranches+50AbroadRev./TotalRev.+50DemandSizeRevenue-Globalmarketsize+50Quality#ofnationalhavingglobalrelation+50R&SGlobalBrandGlobalBrandAwareness-Survey+100S.S.RGlobalStrategyGlobalizationStandard-Survey+1004.SelectedVariablesandProx5.Findings–FactorConditionsProxiesWeightSDSLGCNSSKC&C#ofConsultant15140명209명105명EducationLevel1042.9%79%27%#ofsolution1017개11개10개#ofIndustriestheycanconsult1013개9개6개Experiencedemployee–

Seniorlevel1577%52%41%Revenue/#ofConsultants101.07억0.94억0.62억KMSage56년4년5년#ofKMAgent15320명120명70명GlobalKnowledgeSource10E&YEDS(Old)N/ATotal5.Findings–FactorCondition5.Findings–DemandConditionsProxiesWeightSDSLGCNSSKC&CMarketShareinITServices2015,500억원11,617억원8900억원RevenueGrowthRate2013%28.5%25%UnitPrice202,000만원1,800만원1,100만원ExternalGroupRevenue156,975억원4,650억원900억원Preference-Survey*25752730582Total

Survey-SampleSize:34persons-7items,5scaleeach5.Findings–DemandCondition5.Findings–R&SProxiesWeightSDSLGCNSSKC&CRevenueinSIArea4015,350억원11,421억원8835억원#ofBusinessConsultant3050명38명3명StrengthofM&Aofconsultingfirm30직원영입N/AN/ATotal5.Findings–R&SProxiesWeig5.Findings–S.S.RProxiesWeightSDSLGCNSSKC&CGrossRevenuetargetratio(3years)inconsulting1530%25%30%CEO’sWill–Survey*1513914199Compensation&BenefitLevel–Survey*1511711475#ofincreasedemployeeinnextyear15250명90명35명#ofPartnershiporAlliancewithWorldClassConsultingFirm156개사

6개사4개사CMMlevel15Level2Level3Level2monopolizedservice–Survey**10731704555Total*Survey-SampleSize:34persons-1itemwith5scale**Survey-SampleSize:34persons-7items,5scaleeach5.Findings–S.S.RProxiesWeig5.Findings–GlobalPartProxiesWeightSDSLGCNSSKC&CFactor#ofGlobalBranches50262AbroadRev./TotalRev.509.8%5.1%4.5%DemandRevenue-Globalmarketsize501530600400#ofnationalhavingglobalrelation501494R&SGlobalBrandAwareness–Survey*100827846S.S.RGlobalizationStandard–Survey*10010310071Total*Survey-SampleSize:34persons-1itemwith5scale5.Findings–GlobalPartProxi6.Result&StatisticalAnalysis–FactorCondition6.Result&StatisticalAnalys6.Result&StatisticalAnalysis–DemandCondition6.Result&StatisticalAnalys6.Result&StatisticalAnalysis–R&S6.Result&StatisticalAnalys6.Result&StatisticalAnalysis–S.S.R6.Result&StatisticalAnalys6.Result&StatisticalAnalysis–Global6.Result&StatisticalAnalys6.Result&StatisticalAnalysis–SurveyAnalysisSurvey1Thepreferenceofthecompany(Composedof7surveyitems)HypothesisH0:TherearenodifferencesamongthecompaniesH1:H0isnottrueTestMethodANOVAResultWecan’tsaythatNullHypothesisistrue.So,Intermsofpreferenceofthecompanysomedifferencesareexists.6.Result&StatisticalAnalys6.Result&StatisticalAnalysis–SurveyAnalysisSurvey1Thepreferenceofthecompany(Composedof7surveyitems)HypothesisH0:ThereisnodifferencesbetweenSAMSUNGandLGH1:H0isnottrueTestMethodt-TestResultWecansaythatNullHypothesisistrue.So,Intermsofpreferenceofthecompanynodifferencesareexistsbetweentwocompanies.6.Result&StatisticalAnalys7.Conclusion-DomesticAreaSDSLGCNSSKC&CLocalFactor4.284.823.15

Demand4.464.363.07

R&S5.003.531.57

S.S.R4.544.063.04S.S.RR&SDemandFactorSDSLGCNSSKC&CSDSissuperiortoothersexceptfactorcondition.LGCNShasexcellenthumanresources.LGCNSmarkedrelativelyweakinR&S-businessconsultantissmallerthanSDSSKC&Cisinferiorinallattributes,especiallyinR&S.

-inshortterm,SKC&ChastofocusonenhancingR&SbyIncreasingconsultant

-Inlongterm,allfourattributesshouldbeincreasedsimultaneously.14.3334.8441.657.Conclusion-DomesticAreaSD7.Conclusion–GlobalAreaSDSLGCNSSKC&CGlobalFactor3.333.801.98

Demand5.002.591.37

R&S5.004.762.80

S.S.R5.004.853.45S.S.RR&SDemandFactorSDSLGCNSSKC&C41.6710.4730.70SDSissuperiortoothersinallattributesGlobalmarketrevenueofLGCNSisrelativelylessthanSDS,sodemandconditionisweakthanotherattributes.SKC&Cisinferiorinallattributes,especiallyinDemand.

-SKC&Chasverysmallglobalmarkets7.Conclusion–GlobalAreaSDSL7.Conclusion–Total(Domestic+Global)AreaSDSLGCNSSKC&CLocalFactor4.284.823.15

Demand4.464.363.07

R&S5.003.531.57

S.S.R4.544.063.04GlobalFactor3.333.801.98

Demand5.002.591.37

R&S5.004.762.80

S.S.R5.004.853.45TotalFactor7.618.625.13

Demand9.466.954.43

R&S10.008.284.38

S.S.R9.548.916.49S.S.RR&SDemandFactorSDSLGCNSSKC&C166.7351.94133.907.Conclusion–Total(Domesti8.FurtherStudyWe’llgofurtherstudybytwoparts.ThefirstoneisToexpandthenumberofcompaniestotheglobalITcompanylikeIBMBCSconsulting.TocomparethecompetitivenessofthedomesticandglobalITcompanieshavingsamehistoryandbusinessmodel.ThesecondoneisToexpandthescopeofcompaniestoglobalconsultingservice,I.e,Accenture,KPMG,BCG,andDeloitteconsultingwhichhasdownstreamstrategyfromgeneralbusinessconsulting.8.FurtherStudyWe’llgofurt9.Appendix–SurveyContents9.Appendix–SurveyContentsComparingITConsultingCompetitivenessofLocalITCompaniesGroup2Yun,DongWonKim,WoongMoon,JeongNamNang,HeeKyungCha,ChangIKGroupReportComparingITConsultingCompet31IntroductionPreviousResearchResearchTool&ModelSelectedVariablesandProxiesFindingsResult&StatisticalAnalysisConclusionFurtherStudyAppendixAGENDAIntroductionAGENDA1.IntroductionNowadays,wecannotlivewithoutcompetitiveness.Tosurviveinbizworld,competitivenessiskeyfactorforsuccess.ByComparingITConsultingCompetitivenessofLocalITCompaniesinKorea,we’dliketodiagnosethedomesticcompetitivenessof3majorlocalITCompany

-SamsungSDS,LGCNS,SKC&CtheglobalcompetitivenessofthemWeusethegeneralizeddoublediamondmodeltocalculatecompetitivenessandglobalizationindices,andthestatisticalanalysis.1.IntroductionNowadays,weca1.Introduction–DefinitionofITConsultingConsultingservicesareadvisoryservicestohelpcompaniesanalyzeandimprovetheefficacyofbusinessoperationsandtechnologystrategies.InfluencetheadoptionofIT.CorporatestrategyReviewofbusinessplansBusinessprocessanalysisorre-engineeringConsultingservicesBusinessConsultingservicesAssessdifferenttechnologystrategiesAligntechnologystrategywithbusinessorprocessstrategy.Providingstrategic,Architectural,operationalandimplementationplanning.ITConsultingservices1.Introduction–Definitiono2.PreviousResearchSub-variablesVariablesProxiesAccentureSAMSUNGSDSSKC&CDecisionFactor

ConditionBasic

HumanResource

#ofconsultant

VEducationLevelofconsultant▲

VDeliverability

#ofsolution

▲▲

VIndustrycoverage–ReferenceSites

AddedVR&DInvestment

Financial

Creditratebycurrentratio

Profitratio

Globalization#ofoverseabranches

GlobalVAdvanced

Skill

#ofskilledconsultant

▲▲

VRevenue/#ofConsultants

VSophistication

CustomerManagement▲

InnovationSpeed▲

KnowledgeManagement

HistoryofKMS(years)▲

V#ofKMAgent▲

VAccesstoglobalknowledgesource

AddedV2.PreviousResearchSub-varia2.PreviousResearch-continuedSub-variablesVariablesProxiesAccentureSAMSUNGSDSSKC&CDecisionDemandSize

TraditionalMarketMarketShareinITServiceindustry▲

VSIMarketSize/Population

Growthrategrowthrate

Sophistica-tion

ReputationPriceperconsultant

AddedVExternalGroupRevenue

AddedVPreferenceConsultingfirmpreference▲

VR&SDirect

RelatedIndustryAssistancetoconsulting-relatedindustryrevenue

VRelatedConsultingcapability#ofBusinessConsultant

AddedVIndirectM&AExperienceStrengthgainedbyM&Aofconsultingfirm

AddedV2.PreviousResearch-continu2.PreviousResearch-continuedSub-variablesVariablesProxiesAccentureSAMSUNGSDSSKC&CDecisionS.S.RStrategy

CEOAbilityCEOAbility

CEOWill

GrossRevenuetargetratio(3years)

AddedVCEO’swilltogrowth

AddedVCompensationCompensation&BenefitLevel▲

VIndustryLeadershipIndustrySolutionLeadership-#of1stsolution▲

Partnership#ofPartnershiporAlliancewithWorldClassConsultingFirm

VStructure

Process

CMMLevel-StandardProcess▲

VProcessSophistication-Coordination▲

Rivalry

IntensityofRivalry#ofconsultingfirm

Monopoly#ofmonopolizedservice

AddedV*References-AccentureConsultingBusinessStrategy(2001)-SamsungSDSTheCompetitivenessofSamsungSDSine-Environment(2000)-SKC&CCompetencyAnalysisofSKC&C’sConsultingResources(2003)2.PreviousResearch-continu3.ResearchTool&ModelDiamondModelITConsultingMarketinKoreaCEO’sWillCompensation&BenefitRecruitPlanPartnership&ProcessMonopolyHumanResourcesDeliveryCapabilitySkillKnowledgeRelatedIndustriesRelatedConsultantM&AExenperienceFactorConditionsTraditionalMarketGrowthRateReputationPreferenceDemandConditionsRelated&SupportingIndustriesStrategy,Structure&RivalryITConsultingMarketGlobal StrategyGlobalBrandImageGeneralizedDoubleDiamondModelSizeQualityGlobali-zationlevel3.ResearchTool&ModelDiamo3.ResearchTool&Model

DataSourcesandTreatmentCharacteristicsDataSourcesTreatmentQuantitativeDataInternet,Theses,Articles,IndustryJournalsSKC&CKnowledgeDBConvertoriginaldataintothefivescalefigureQualitativeDataSurvey(Questionnaire)StatisticalAnalysisAppliedtoqualitativedataTotesthypothesisTestMethodH0(NullHypothesis)H1(AlternativeHypothesis)ANOVATherearenodifferenceamongthecompaniesRejecttheH0t-TestTherearenodifferencebetweenspecifictwocompaniesRejecttheH03.ResearchTool&ModelData4.SelectedVariablesandProxiesDimensionVariablesProxiesSignWeightFactor

ConditionBasicHumanResource#ofConsultant+15EducationLevel+10DeliverableCapability#ofsolution+10#ofIndustriestheycanconsult+10AdvancedSkillExperiencedemployee–Seniorlevel+15Revenue/#ofConsultants+10KnowledgeKMSage+5#ofKMAgent+15GlobalKnowledgeSource+104.SelectedVariablesandProx4.SelectedVariablesandProxiesDimensionVariablesProxiesSignWeightDemand

ConditionSizeTraditionalMarketMarketShareinITServices+20GrowthRateRevenueGrowthRate(3years)+20SophisticationReputationUnitPrice+20ExternalGroupRevenue+15PreferencePreference–Survey+25R&SDirectRelatedIndustryRevenueinSIArea+40RelatedConsultant#ofBusinessConsultant+30IndirectM&AExperienceStrengthofM&Aofconsultingfirm+304.SelectedVariablesandProx4.SelectedVariablesandProxiesDimensionVariablesProxiesSignWeightS.S.RStrategyCEOWillGrossRevenuetargetratio(3years)inconsulting+15CEO’sWill–Survey+15CompensationCompensation&BenefitLevel-Survey+15RecruitPlan#ofincreasedemployeeinnextyear+15Partnership#ofPartnershiporAlliancewithWorldClassConsultingFirm+15StructureProcessCMMlevel+15RivalryMonopolymonopolizedservice-Survey+104.SelectedVariablesandProx4.SelectedVariablesandProxiesDimensionVariablesProxiesSignWeightGlobalFactorGlobalizationLevel#ofGlobalBranches+50AbroadRev./TotalRev.+50DemandSizeRevenue-Globalmarketsize+50Quality#ofnationalhavingglobalrelation+50R&SGlobalBrandGlobalBrandAwareness-Survey+100S.S.RGlobalStrategyGlobalizationStandard-Survey+1004.SelectedVariablesandProx5.Findings–FactorConditionsProxiesWeightSDSLGCNSSKC&C#ofConsultant15140명209명105명EducationLevel1042.9%79%27%#ofsolution1017개11개10개#ofIndustriestheycanconsult1013개9개6개Experiencedemployee–

Seniorlevel1577%52%41%Revenue/#ofConsultants101.07억0.94억0.62억KMSage56년4년5년#ofKMAgent15320명120명70명GlobalKnowledgeSource10E&YEDS(Old)N/ATotal5.Findings–FactorCondition5.Findings–DemandConditionsProxiesWeightSDSLGCNSSKC&CMarketShareinITServices2015,500억원11,617억원8900억원RevenueGrowthRate2013%28.5%25%UnitPrice202,000만원1,800만원1,100만원ExternalGroupRevenue156,975억원4,650억원900억원Preference-Survey*25752730582Total

Survey-SampleSize:34persons-7items,5scaleeach5.Findings–DemandCondition5.Findings–R&SProxiesWeightSDSLGCNSSKC&CRevenueinSIArea4015,350억원11,421억원8835억원#ofBusinessConsultant3050명38명3명StrengthofM&Aofconsultingfirm30직원영입N/AN/ATotal5.Findings–R&SProxiesWeig5.Findings–S.S.RProxiesWeightSDSLGCNSSKC&CGrossRevenuetargetratio(3years)inconsulting1530%25%30%CEO’sWill–Survey*1513914199Compensation&BenefitLevel–Survey*1511711475#ofincreasedemployeeinnextyear15250명90명35명#ofPartnershiporAlliancewithWorldClassConsultingFirm156개사

6개사4개사CMMlevel15Level2Level3Level2monopolizedservice–Survey**10731704555Total*Survey-SampleSize:34persons-1itemwith5scale**Survey-SampleSize:34persons-7items,5scaleeach5.Findings–S.S.RProxiesWeig5.Findings–GlobalPartProxiesWeightSDSLGCNSSKC&CFactor#ofGlobalBranches50262AbroadRev./TotalRev.509.8%5.1%4.5%DemandRevenue-Globalmarketsize501530600400#ofnationalhavingglobalrelation501494R&SGlobalBrandAwareness–Survey*100827846S.S.RGlobalizationStandard–Survey*10010310071Total*Survey-SampleSize:34persons-1itemwith5scale5.Findings–GlobalPartProxi6.Result&StatisticalAnalysis–FactorCondition6.Result&StatisticalAnalys6.Result&StatisticalAnalysis–DemandCondition6.Result&StatisticalAnalys6.Result&StatisticalAnalysis–R&S6.Result&StatisticalAnalys6.Result&StatisticalAnalysis–S.S.R6.Result&StatisticalAnalys6.Result&StatisticalAnalysis–Global6.Result&StatisticalAnalys6.Result&StatisticalAnalysis–SurveyAnalysisSurvey1Thepreferenceofthecompany(Composedof7surveyitems)HypothesisH0:TherearenodifferencesamongthecompaniesH1:H0isnottrueTestMethodANOVAResultWecan’tsaythatNullHypothesisistrue.So,Intermsofpreferenceofthecompanysomedifferencesareexists.6.Result&StatisticalAnalys6.Result&StatisticalAnalysis–SurveyAnalysisSurvey1Thepreferenceofthecompany(Composedof7

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论