Malthus 简介及人口论简介英文版课件

Thomas

RobertMalthus

lifetimemainideas1PrincipleofPopulation2evolutionarysocialtheorybooksinfluence(13February1766

–29December1834)LifetimeTheReverendThomas

RobertMalthuswasanEnglishscholar,influentialinpoliticaleconomyanddemography,grewupinTheRookeryreceivedhiseducationathomethenattheDissentingWarringtonAcademyenteredJesusCollege,Cambridge(剑桥大学耶稣学院)in1784.hismajorismathematicsIn1797,hetookorders（做牧师），andin1798，becameanAnglicancountrycurateatOkewoodnearAlburyinSurrey..In1805hebecameProfessorofHistoryandPoliticalEconomyattheEastIndiaCompanyCollegeHisstudentsaffectionatelyreferredtohimas"Pop"or"Population"MalthusIn1818MalthusbecameaFellowoftheRoyalSocietyHisportrait,anddescriptionsbycontemporaries,presenthimastallandgood-looking,butwithacleftlipandpalate.（兔唇）Malthusdiedin1834,histombisinBathAbbeyThattheincreaseofpopulationisnecessarilylimitedbythemeansofsubsistence.Thatpopulationdoesinvariablyincreasewhenthemeansofsubsistenceincrease.Thatthesuperiorpowerofpopulationisrepressed,andtheactualpopulationkeptequaltothemeansofsubsistence,bymiseryandvice.populationgrowthisexponential(1→2→4→8)whilethegrowthofthefoodsupplywasexpectedtobearithmetical(1→2→3→4).MalthusarguedtwotypesofchecksThepositivechecksincludehunger,diseaseandwar.(whichraisethedeathrate)thepreventivechecks,abortion,birthcontrol,prostitution,postponement(推迟)ofmarriageandcelibacy(

独身).(whichlowerthebirthrate.)Hebelievestheworkingclass‘stendencytoreproducerapidly,ratherthanexploitationbycapitaliststhatleadstothepoors'poverty.Becauseofthis,MarxandEngelsdescribedMalthusasa“lackey(跟班)ofthebourgeoisie."CommentsonthistheoryNeglectadvancesinagriculturaltechniquesandmodernreductionsinhumanfertility.Containsexcessivepessimismandinhumanity.Malthusianideashaveattractedpoliticalcriticismfromdiverseschoolsofthought,fromMarxistsandsocialists

5becauseproductivityincreasescannotmaintainthepotentialrateofpopulationgrowth,populationrequiresstrongcheckstokeepparitywiththecarrying-capacity从长远来看，生产增长不能与人口的增长潜力保持同步，人口数量与供养能力之间必将出现巨大裂痕

6individualcost/benefitdecisionsregardingsex,work,andchildrendeterminetheexpansionorcontractionofpopulationandproduction性、劳动和子女等影响人口和生产力的诸多因素由个人的收支决定所影响books1800:Thepresenthighpriceofprovisions1814:ObservationsontheeffectsoftheCornLaws1815:TheNatureofRent1815:Thepolicyofrestrictingtheimpo