美国文学12 Ernest Hemingway海明威课件

ErnestHemingway

theSpokesmanofthe“LostGeneration”

BornJuly21,1899(1899-07-21)OakPark,Illinois,USDiedJuly2,1961(aged

61)Ketchum,Idaho,USOccupationAuthor,Novelist,JournalistGenresWar,RomanceLiterarymovementTheLostGenerationNotableaward(s)NobelPrizeinLiterature(1954)

PulitzerPrizeforFiction(1953)Spouse(s)ElizabethHadleyRichardson(1921-1927)

PaulinePfeiffer(1927-1940)

MarthaGellhorn(1940-1945)

MaryWelshHemingway(1946-1961)ChildrenJackHemingway(1923-2000)

PatrickHemingway(1928-)

GregoryHemingway(1931-2001)ChildhoodthefirstsonandthesecondchildMother,domineeringandnarrowlyreligious,hopedthathersonwoulddevelopaninterestinmusicadoptedhisfather'soutdoorsmanhobbiesofhunting,fishingandcampinginthewoodsandlakesofNorthernMichiganTheseearlyexperiencesinclosecontactwithnatureinstilledinHemingwayalifelongpassionforoutdooradventureandforlivinginremoteorisolatedareas.ErnestHemingway,c.1900TobeaReporterAfterhighschool,beganhiswritingcareerasacubreporterforTheKansasCityStar.foronlysixmonths(October17,1917-April30,1918)usedtheguidanceoftheStar'sstyleguideasafoundationforhiswritingstyle:"Useshortsentences.Useshortfirstparagraphs.UsevigorousEnglish.Bepositive,notnegative.”WorldWarItriedtojointheUnitedStatesArmytoseeactioninWorldWarI.failedduetopoorvision,insteadjoinedtheRedCross

AmbulanceCorps.OnhisfirstdayondutyontheItalianFrontanammunitionfactorynearMilanblewup.Hemingwayhadtopickupthehuman—primarilyfemale—remains.wroteaboutthisexperienceinhisshortstory"ANaturalHistoryoftheDead".HisencounterwithwaranddeathlefthimshakenHemingwayinWorldWarI,uniformOnJuly8,1918,woundeddeliveringsuppliestosoldiershitbyanAustriantrench

mortarshellthatleftfragmentsinhislegs,andwasalsohitbyaburstofmachine-gunfire.laterawardedtheSilverMedalofMilitaryValorfromtheItaliangovernmentfordraggingawoundedItaliansoldiertosafetyinspiteofhisowninjuries.receivedtreatmentinaMilanhospitalHeremetAgnesvonKurowskyofWashington,D.C.,anursemorethansixyearshisseniorlatershebecameromanticallyinvolvedwithanItalianofficer.Thisleftanindelible[notabletobeforgottenorremoved]markonhispsycheandprovidedinspirationfor,andwasfictionalizedin,oneofhisearlynovels,AFarewelltoArms.Hemingway'sfirststorybasedonthisrelationship,"AVeryShortStory,"appearedin1925.settledinParis,France,whereHemingwaycoveredtheGreco-TurkishWarfortheTorontoStar.AndersongavehimaletterofintroductiontoGertrudeStein.ShebecamehismentorandintroducedhimtobeginningoftheAmericanexpatriatecirclethatbecameknownasthe"LostGeneration”.HisotherinfluentialmentorwasEzraPound,the

founderofimagism.AlsomadefriendswithJamesJoyce,F.ScottFitzgerald

Hisownfirstbook,calledThreeStoriesandTenPoems(1923),waspublishedinParisbyRobertMcAlmonLifeinParisLifeinKeyWestIn1928movedtoKeyWest,Florida,tobegintheirnewlifetogetherHemingway'sfather,Clarence,troubledwithdiabetesandfinancialinstabilities,committedsuicideusinganoldCivilWar

pistolthe2ndsonwasborn.ItwasaCaesareanbirthafterdifficultlabor,detailsofwhichwereincorporatedintotheconcludingsceneofAFarewelltoArms

(1929)thesummerof1929inSpain,Hemingwayresearchedhisnextwork,DeathintheAfternoon(1932),abookaboutbullfighting.The2ndwifeSpanishCivilWarattheageof38in1937

reportedonthewarfortheNorthAmericanNewspaperAlliance(NANA)usedthisexperienceinSpainasthebackgroundforForWhomtheBellTolls(1940).

Duringthistime,wrotealittleknownessay,“TheDenunciation”,publisheduntil1969withinacollectionofstories,The

FifthColumnandFourStoriesoftheSpanishCivilWar.Thestoryseemsautobiographical,suggestingthatHemingwaymighthavebeenaninformantfortheRepublicaswellasaweaponsinstructorduringthewar.AfterthewarThewaralsostrainedHemingway'smarriage.PaulinePfiefferwasadevoutCatholicand,assuch,sidedwiththefascist,pro-CatholicregimeofFranco,whereasHemingwaymostlysupportedtheRepublicangovernment,forallhiscriticismsofit.In1940,divorceAfewweeksafterthedivorce,hemarriedhiscompanionoffouryearsinSpain,MarthaGellhorn,histhirdwife.WorldWarIIawarcorrespondent

wasinEuropefromJunetoDec.

1944observedtheD-Daylandingsfromanlandingcraft,althoughhewasnotallowedtogoashoreinvolvedinthewaractivities1947awardedaBronzeStarforhisbraveryduringWWII.recognizedforhisvalorinhavingbeen"underfireincombatareasinordertoobtainanaccuratepictureofconditions”HemingwaywithCol.Charles(Buck)T.LanhaminGermany,1944,duringthefightinginHürtgenwald,afterwhichhebecameillwithpneumonia.ThelasttimehesawthethirdwifewasinMarch

1945,ashewaspreparingtoreturntoCuba1946,marriedwarcorrespondentMaryWelshHemingway,whomhehadmetoverseasin1944thePulitzerPrizein1953.In1954,awardedwiththeNobelPrizeinLiterature.Then,hislegendarybadluckstruckonceagain;onasafari,hewasseriouslyinjuredintwosuccessiveplanecrashes;hesprainedhisrightshoulder,arm,andleftleg,hadagraveconcussion,temporarilylostvisioninhislefteyeandthehearinginhisleftear,sufferedparalysisofthespine,acrushedvertebra,rupturedliver,spleenandkidney,andfirstdegreeburnsonhisface,arms,andleg.SomeAmericannewspapersmistakenlypublishedhisobituary,thinkinghehadbeenkilled.Hemingwaywasthenbadlyinjuredonemonthlaterinabushfireaccident,whichlefthimwithseconddegreeburnsonhislegs,fronttorso[thetrunkofthehumanbody],lips,lefthandandrightforearm.Thepainlefthiminprolongedanguish,andhewasunabletotraveltoStockholmtoaccepthisNobelPrize.LateryearsWorksbyHemingwayNovels(1925)TheTorrentsofSpring

(1926)TheSunAlsoRises

(1929)AFarewelltoArms

(1937)ToHaveandHaveNot

(1940)ForWhomtheBellTolls

(1950)AcrosstheRiverandIntotheTrees

(1952)TheOldManandtheSea

(1962)AdventuresofaYoungMan

(1970)IslandsintheStream(Hemingway)

(1999)TrueatFirstLight

(2005)UnderKilimanjaro

(1986)TheGardenofEden

Nonfiction(1932)DeathintheAfternoon

(1935)GreenHillsofAfrica

(1960)TheDangerousSummer

(1964)AMoveableFeast

MajorWorksTheSunAlsoRises(1926)ItdealswithagroupofexpatriatesinFranceandSpain,membersofthedisillusionedpost-WorldWarILostGeneration.Inattempttocopewiththeirdespairtheyturntoalcohol,violence,andsex.Thetextismultilayeredandrichinallusions.AFarewelltoArms

(1929)ThecentralheroLieutenantHenry,afterseeingsomanywoundsanddeathsinthebattlefield,feltsickofthewarwhichwasoncedeclaredtobegloriousandsacred.Thesenselessness,ugliness,wasteandbrutalitytendtobetheessenceoflife.TheOldManAndThe

Sea(1952):Thethemeofthenovel,"amancanbedestroyedbutnotdefeated,"pointstothenobilityofallhumanbeings.SometermsrelatedtoHemingwayTheLostGenerationTheHemingwayCodeHeroTheIcebergPrincipleTheLostGenerationAmericanpoetGertrudeSteincoinedtheexpression"lostgeneration”.ThiswasthegenerationthathadgonethroughWorldWarI.Theywere"lost"inatopsy-turvy[chaotic]world,whatthepoetT.S.Eliotcalleda"wasteland".Thequestionforthesemenandwomenwas,howdoesoneliveinaworldwithoutstability,withoutsecurity?Hemingway'sanswerwasthecodehero.Hemingwaybecameaspokespersonforhisgeneration.Hemingwaywroteofwar,death,andthe"lostgeneration"ofcynicalsurvivors.TheSunAlsoRises(1926)hasbeenconsideredtheessentialproseoftheLostGeneration.TheHemingwayCodeHerofigureswhotrytofollowahyper-masculinemoralcodeandmakesenseoftheworldthroughthosebeliefs.HemingwayhimselfdefinedtheCodeHeroas"amanwholivescorrectly,followingtheidealsofhonor,courageandenduranceinaworldthatissometimeschaotic,oftenstressful,andalwayspainful."

ThecodebywhichHemingway'sheroesmustliveiscontingentonthequalitiesofcourage,self-control,enduranceand"graceunderpressure."Thefinestandbestknownofthesecodeheroesappears,however,asoldSantiagoofTheOldManandtheSea.Deathisnottheultimatefear:theHemingwayheroknowshowtoconfrontdeath.Whathetrulyfearsisnada(theSpanishwordfornothing)-existenceinastateofnonbeing.ThiscodetypicallyinvolvesseveraltraitsfortheCodeHero:(1)Measuringhimselfagainstthedifficultieslifethrowsinhisway,realizingthatwewillallloseultimatelybecausewearemortals,butplayingthegamehonestlyandpassionatelyinspiteofthatknowledge.(2)Facingdeathwithdignity,enduringphysicalandemotionalpaininsilence(3)Nevershowingemotions

(4)Maintainingfree-willandindividualism,neverweaklyallowingcommitmenttoasinglewomanorsocialconventiontopreventadventure,travel,andactsofbravery(5)Beingcompletelyhonest,keepingone'swordorpromise(6)Beingcourageousandbrave,daringtotravelandhave"beautifuladventures,"asHemingwaywouldphraseit(7)AdmittingthetruthofNada(Spanish,"nothing"),i.e.,thatnoexternalsourceoutsideofoneselfcanprovidemeaningorpurpose.Thisexistentialawarenessalsoinvolvesfacingdeathwithouthopeofanafterlife,whichtheHemingwayCodeHeroconsidersmorebravethan"cowering"behindfalsereligioushopes.ThemesAcentralthemeinHemingway'sworkis“graceunderpressure”---howtheindividualfitsintosociety,andhowoneshouldliveinwhatoftenseemstobeacrazyanddifficultworld.ThisissueisexploredinmanyofHemingway'searlyshortstoriesthatfocusonNickAdams,Hemingway'syoungalterego.

Omnipresentviolenceisafactofexistence,accordingtoHemingway.InmuchofHemingway'sfiction,asin“TheKillers”,violenceimpinges[haveannegativeeffect]oneverydayexistenceandleaveseverythingaltered.SomestoriesinMenWithoutWomentreattheanguishofhumansexualrelationsasin"HillsLikeWhiteElephants".OtherstoriesexplorethehollownessofreligiousconsolationasinAClean,Well-LightedPlaceandthemeaninglessnessofhumanlife,malecamaraderie[mutualtrustandfriendshipamongpeoplewhospendalotoftimetogether],andtheinevitabilityofdeathasinTheKillers.TheIcebergPrinciple

“Ialwaystrytowriteontheprincipleoftheiceberg.Thereisseven-eightsofitunderwaterforeverypartthatshows.Anythingyouknowyoucaneliminateanditonlystrengthensyouriceberg.Itisthepartthatdoesn’tshow.”“Isometimesthinkthatmystyleissuggestiveratherthandirect.Thereadermustoftenusehisimaginationorlosethemostsubtlepartofmythoughts.”

“Ifawriterofproseknowsenoughaboutwhatheiswritingabouthemayomitthingsthatheknowsandthereader,ifthewriteriswritingtrulyenough,willhaveafeelingofthosethingsasstronglyasthoughthewriterhadstatedthem.Thedignityofmovementofanicebergisduetoonlyone-eighthofitbeingabovewater.“----HemingwayLinguisticStyle"Thewriter'sjobistotellthetruth,"ErnestHemingwayoncesaid.Hemingway'ssearchfortruthandaccuracyofexpressionisreflectedinhisterse,economicalprosestyle,whichiswidelyacknowledgedtobehisgreatestcontributiontoliterature.InadiscussionofHemingway'sstyle,SheldonNormanGrebsteinlistedthesecharacteristics:“First,shortandsimplesentenceconstructions,withheavyuseofparallelism,whichconveytheeffectofcontrol,terseness,andblunthonesty;Second,purgeddictionwhichabovealleschews[avoid]theuseofbookish,orabstractwordsandthusachievestheeffectofbeingheardorspokenortranscribedfromrealityratherthanappearingasaconstructoftheimagination;Third,skillfuluseofrepetitionandakindofverbalcounterpoint,whichoperateeitherbypairingorjuxtaposingopposites,orelsebyrunningthesamewordorphrasethroughaseriesofshiftingmeaningsandinflections."WhenHemingwaywontheNobelPrizeforLiteraturein1954,theNobelFoundationsaidthathehad"createdanewstyleinmodernliterature."“CatintheRain”PlotSummary

TheshortstorywaswrittenbyErnestHemingwayinthe1920´s.ItisaboutanAmericancouplethatspendstheirholidaysinanItalianhotel.ItisarainydayandtheAmericanwomanseesacatintherain,whichshewantstoprotectfromtheraindrops.Whenshegoesoutofthehotel,whichiskeptbyanoldItalianwhoreallyseemstodoeverythingtopleasethatwoman,andwantstogetthecat,itisgone.Afterreturningtothehotelroom,shestartsaconversationwithherhusbandGeorge,whoisreadingallthetime,tellinghimhowmuchshewantstohaveacatandotherthings,forinstanceherownsilvertoeatwith.Herhusbandseemstobeannoyedbythatandnotinterestedatall.AttheendofthestorythereisaknockonthedoorandthemaidstandsthereholdingacatfortheAmericanwomaninherhands.TheIcebergTheoryHowdoyouthinkofthestyleofthisshortstory?1.Telegramstyle---Economiclanguage:simplewords,shortsentences,briefconversations.2.Ice-burgstyle:seveneighthunderwater

GroupDiscussion:

Howisthemeaningofsignificanceachieved?Whatmooddoestheopeningparagraphset?Arethereunderlyingemotionsthatmakethecharacters'dialoguemeanmorethanthewordsthemselvesmean?

1.Adescriptionofthemomentarysituationintheraincreatesanatmospherethatissad,coldandunfriendly.TocreatethisatmosphereHemingwayuseswordssuchas"empty"or"themotorcarsweregone".

2.BylookingattherelationshipofthetwoAmericans,youcanseethatthisdescriptionwasaforeshadowingofthestateofthecouple’srelationship:Firstitwasnice,thespring-timeoftheirlove,andnowthereisonlyrain,theirrelationshipgotcoldandunfriendly.

Theseemotionsarealsoimpliedintheircommunication.3.Anothersymbolichintinthisintroductionisthewarmonument,whichismentionedthreetimes.Thismaybeisdonetotellusthataconflictistobeexpected.Whatmakestheincidentofgettingacatimportant?

Theincidentofthecatgivesusinsightintotherelationshipbetweenthehusbandandwife. TheAmericangirl'shusbandtreatsherwithalackofaffection,apathyandindifference.Whenshestartstellinghimallthethingsshedesires,hejusttellshertoshutup.Shewasn'taskingmuch,simplethings,littlethings,andmostofthetimeslittlethingsarewhatcountmost.Hethinksshe'sactinglikeaspoiledchild,hedoesn'tunderstandher,andhemakesnoeffortstomakeherfeelloved,wanted,tomakeherfeellikearealwoman. Sheclaimstofeellikeaboy,becausesheneedsphysicalandemotionalattention,whichherhusbanddoesn'tprovideher.

Thehotelkeeperwasthemanwhomadeherfeelimportant,sheadmireshiswilltoserveher,hegavehertheattentionsheneededandthatshe'snotgettingfromherhusband.Inotherwords,hemadeherfeellikealady.

Justlikethecat,theAmericangirlfeelslonelyandsheneedstobe"pet".Shehidesfromtherain,shetriestokeepsafeanddry.So,thegirlisthecat,herhusbandistherainthatmakesherfeelunsafeandunfulfilled,andthehotelkeeperisthetableunderwhichshehides.Sheneedssomeonetoholdher,toloveherandtakecareofher,andthosearequalitiesthatherhusbanddoesn'thave.

AsinmanystoriesbyHemingway,littleactuallyhappensinthisstory.Whatsignificancedoyouattachtothefewactions(forexample:thewife’srepetitivementioningofthecatintherain)thatdooccur?

1.thewife’srepetitivementioningofthecat

herstrongdesireorlonging2.thehoteloperator’spoliteness,concernandwillingnessinservingthewife

asharpcontrasttothehusband

ThemeThestorypresentstheAmericancouple

asemotionallybarren,isolatedbytheirownself-absorption.ItfocusesonatypicalAmericanwife'sdisillusionmentwithmarriage.Itdealswiththelackofcommunicationinamarriage.Freediscussion1.Whatisthesymbolicmeaningofcattothewife?Affectionfromherhusband?Differentdesires?Baby?2.Whatisthesymbolicmeaningofraininyouropinion?Obstacletogethappiness?Fertility?3.Isthecatbroughtbythemaidattheendofthestorythesamecatthewifesaw?AFarewelltoArmsNovle&Writer

ThisnovelisgreatlyinformedbyHemingway‘sownwartimeexperience.RejectedfromtheU.S.armyforhispooreyesight,Hemingway’sdeterminationtojointhewareffortlandedhimapostwiththeRedCrossasanambulancedriverontheItalianfront.OnJuly8,1918hewashitinthelegbyanAustrianmortar[shortcanonthatfiresshellsatahighangle迫击炮]shell.Despitethewound,hemanagedtocarryanItaliansoldiertothenearbycommandpost.However,machine-gunfirestruckhiminthekneeandfoot,andhewaseventuallysenttoahospitalinMilan,Italy.AsimilarinjurybefallsHenryinthenovel.Whilerecoveringinahospital,HemingwayfellinlovewithAgnesvonKurowsky,anursesevenyearshissenior.ThisexperienceinspiredHenry'sromancewithCatherineinthenovel,mostscholarsbelieveAgnes,acommittednurse,neverlethimmovebeyondkissinganddidnotreciprocatehisintensefeelings.Thoughshedidnotdieduringthewar,asCatherinedoes,AgneseventuallyrejectedHemingwayviaaletter.PlotSummary

LieutenantFredericHenry,ayoungAmericanambulancedriverwiththeItalianarmyduringWorldWarI,takesawinterleavefromthefront.Whenhereturns,hemeetsandquicklyfallsinlovewithCatherineBarkley,anEnglishnurse'saideinthetown'sBritishhospital.Shemournsthedeathofherfiancéfromthewarlastyear,andsheeagerlyentersthepleasurablediversionthegameofloveofferswithHenry.Henry,too,isrevivedbyloveafterthehorrorhehasseenofwar.Henry‘skneeisbadlywoundedduringanartillery[heavyguns大炮]bombardment,andheissenttoahospitalinMilanforanoperation.Catherinetransferstohishospitalandhelpshimrecoverfromthesurgery.Theyspendalltheirfreetimetogether,andtheirlovedeepensastheygraduallyacknowledgethattheystandaloneagainstthecruelworld.BeforeHenryreturnstothefront,Catherinerevealssheispregnant.Theyarebothpleasedwiththis,however,andcannotwaittoseeeachotheragain.Backatthefront,theGermansandAustriansbreakthroughtheItalianline,andtheItaliansareforcedtomakealengthyretreat.Henrytravelswithsomeotherdrivers,twoItalianengineeringsergeants,andtwoItaliangirls.Whenthesergeantsabandonthedriverswhentheircargetsstuck,Henryshootsoneofthem,andanotherdriverfinisheshimoff[kill].Later,thetrigger-happyItalianrearguardmistakenlyshootsoneoftheItaliandrivers.Oneofthedriversdesertsthegroup,choosingtobetakenprisonerratherthanfacepotentialdeath.Atabridgeoverafloodedriver,thecorruptItalianmilitarysinglesoutHenryasalieutenantandaccuseshimoftreacheryleadingtotheItaliandefeat.Knowinghewillbeexecuted,Henryjumpsintotheriverandescapeswiththecurrent.

Henrymanagestogetoutofthefast-movingriverandjumpatraintoMilan.Hethinkshehasmadea"separatepeace"andisnolongerattachedtothemilitary.HefindsCatherineinthetownofStresaand,priortoHenry'sarrestfordesertion,thetwomakeadaringnighttimeescapebyaborrowedboattoSwitzerland.Theyenjoyanidyllic,isolatedlifethatwinterintheSwisstownofMontreux,spendingtimeoutdoorsandpreparingforthearrivaloftheirbaby;Henryisnotcompletelywithoutguilt,however,forabandoninghisfriendsatthefront.ChapterXLIPlotAroundthreeo’clockonemorning,Catherinegoesintolabor.Henrytakeshertothehospital,wheresheisgivenanightgownandaroom.SheencouragesHenrytogooutforbreakfast,whichhedoes.Whenhereturnstothehospital,hefindsthatCatherinehasbeentakentothedeliveryroom.Hegoesintoseeher;thedoctorstandsbyasCatherineinhalesananestheticgastogetherthroughthepainfulcontractions.Laterthatafternoon,whenHenryreturnsfromlunch,Catherinehasbecomeintoxicatedfromthegasandhasmadelittleprogressinherlabor.ThedoctortellsHenrythatthebestsolutionwouldbeaCaesareanoperation.Catherinesuffersunbearablepainandpleadsformoregas.Finally,theywheelheroutonastretchertoperformtheoperation.Henrywatchestherainoutside.

ChapterXLIPlotThedoctorsooncomesoutwithababyboy,forwhomHenry,strangely,hasnofeelings.Henryseesthedoctorfussingoverthechild,butherushesofftoseeCatherinewithoutspeakingtohim.WhenCatherineasksabouttheirson,Henrytellsherthatheisfine.Thenursegiveshimaquizzical[inaquestioningmanner]look;usheringhimoutside,thenurseexplainsthattheumbilical[oftheumbilicus/navel]cord[脐带]hadstrangledthechildpriortobirth.ChapterXLIPlotHenrygoesoutfordinner.Whenhereturns,thenursetellshimthatCatherineishemorrhaging.Heisterrifiedthatshewilldie.Whenheisfinallyallowedtoseeher,shetellshimthatshewilldieandaskshimnottosaythethingsthatheoncesaidtohertoothergirls.Hestayswithheruntilshedies.Oncesheisdead,heattemptstosaygoodbyebutcannotfindthesenseindoingso.Heleavesthehospitalandwalksbacktohishotelintherain.GroupDiscussion1.HowdoyouthinkoftheprotagonistFredericHenryinthenovel?DoyouthinkheisoneofHemingwayCodeHeroes?Whyorwhynot?2.HowdoyouthinkofCatherine?IssheoneofCodeHeroes?HowisshedifferentfromHenryinviewsoflife,world,war,death?FredericHenrytheprotagonistofthetaleanAmericanservingasaLieutenantintheItalianArmyHecommandsagroupofambulances.Afterreturningfromaleave,heisimmediatelysmittenwithMissCatherineBarkley.Theirloveaffairispassionateandlong-lasting.Heisseriouslywoundedinthelegsandspendsseveralmonthsrecoveringinahospital.Whenhereturnstothefro