广东外语外贸大学高级翻译学院高级英汉汉英口译课件4

Session4主题与主语Session4主题与主语1Chinesevs.English只要用功读书，就能提高成绩。（隐含主语）Ifonestudieshardenough,onewill…国庆节七天我们第一天全家人北京路购物。（多主语）Onthefirstdayoftheseven-dayNationalDayholiday,ourwholefamily…游泳非常消耗体力。（主语非名词）Swimmingisquiteexhausting.Itisquiteexhaustingtoswim.刮风了，下雨了。（零位主语）Itiswindyandrainy.Chinesevs.English只要用功读书，就能提高2Chinesevs.EnglishChinese:Topic-prominentlanguage（话题占突显地位的语言）English:Subject-prominentlanguage（主语占突显地位的语言）--C.N.Li&S.A.Thompsonin1970sChinesevs.EnglishChinese:To3English:Theme-Rheme主位:述位

(Mathesius)Themeistheprimaryelementofasentence;itisthesubjectbeingtalkedaboutandisknown.Rhemeisthecoreelementofasentence;itissomethingthespeakerwantstosayaboutthetheme,orsomethingrelatedtothetheme.English:Theme-Rheme主位:述位

(Ma4ModernEnglishsentences83%--97%SVO(Jesperson)Theme=PsychologicalSubjectTheme≈SubjectModernEnglishsentences5FeaturesoftheSubjectinEnglish1.Theremustalwaysbeasubject;2.Thesubjectisthethemeofthesentencethattheverbstructuredescribes;3.Thesubjecthasgrammaticalcontrol;4.Thesubjectmustbeanounoranounstructure.FeaturesoftheSubjectinEng6Chinese:Topic-Comment话题:评说(Sapir)

Topicisthethemeofasentence.Commentisnarrationaboutthetheme.Chinese:Topic-Comment话题:评说(Sa7FeaturesoftheSubjectinChinese1.Thesubjectisnotessential;2.Thesubjecthasnogrammaticalcontroloverthewholesentence;3.Therecanbemorethanonesubject;4.Thesubjectcanbeanoun,verb,adjectiveoranysuchstructures.FeaturesoftheSubjectinChi8DifficultieswithChineseSubjects(SVO?):1）宾踞句首2）主谓谓语句3）宾踞动前4）主状不分∴可以没有主语，也可以有多个主语，除名词以外，可以由动词，形容词，副词，介词短语，主谓结构担当主语。DifficultieswithChineseSubj9Subject-prominentvs.Topic-prominent

Asubject-prominentlanguage(eg.English)isalanguageinwhichthegrammaticalunitsofsubjectandpredicate(SV)arebasictothestructureofsentencesandinwhichsentencesusuallyhavesubject-predicatestructure.Atopic-prominentlanguage(eg.Chinese)isoneinwhichtheinformationunitsoftopicandcommentarebasictothestructureofsentence.Subject-prominentvs.Topic-pr10ExamplesAnalysis1）主语的增补（汉语无主语）出太阳了！Thesunisrising!冷死我啦！Iamdeadcold.累得我走不动了。ItexhaustedmesomuchthatIcouldn’twalk.Iwastootiredtowalk.知己知彼，百战不殆。Youcanfightahundredbattleswithoutdefeatifyouknowtheenemyaswellasyourself.ExamplesAnalysis1）主语的增补（汉语无主语11ExamplesAnalysis2）主语的选择（汉语有多个主语）近二十年的时间已经充分证明，我们进行改革开放的方向是正确的，信念是坚定的，步骤是稳妥的，方式是渐进的，取得的成就是巨大的。Thepracticeinthepast20yearshaseloquentlyprovedthatthedirectionofourreformandopening-upisright,ourconvictionisfirm,ourstepsaresteady,ourapproachisgradualandourachievementsarehuge.Thepracticeinthepast20yearshaseloquentlyprovedthatwearerightindirection,firminconviction,steadyinourstepsandgradualinourapproachwhencarryingoutthereformandopening-upandhaveachievedtremendoussuccess.ExamplesAnalysis2）主语的选择（汉语有多个12ExamplesAnalysis主语的转换（汉语有名词以外成分充当主语）采用新工艺大大降低了产品的成本。Theadoptionofthenewprocesshasgreatlycutthecostofproduction.能吃能睡不一定就健康。Greateatersandsleepersarenotalwayshealthy.今天讨论范围涉及时事政治的问题。Today’sdiscussioncoversissuesofcurrentpoliticalaffairs.工作时候心不在焉，经常会带来不必要的损失。Absent-mindednessinourworkwilloftenleadtounwantedlosses.ExamplesAnalysis主语的转换（汉语有名词以外13ExamplesAnalysis各民族之间建立了平等、团结、互助的新型关系。

Wehaveestablishedanewtypeofrelationshipcharacterizedbyequality,solidarityandmutualassistancebetweendifferentethnicgroups.Anewtypeofrelationshipofequality,solidarityandmutualassistancebetweendifferentethnicgroupshasbeenestablished.ExamplesAnalysis各民族之间建立了平等、团结14ExamplesAnalysis中国历史上产生了许多杰出的哲学家、思想家、政治家、军事家、科学家和文学艺术家。

Chinaproducedinitshistorymanyoutstandingphilosophers,thinkers,statesmen,strategists,scientists,writersandartists.Manyoutstandingphilosophers,thinkers,statesmen,strategists,scientists,writersandartistswereproduced/emergedinChina’shistory.TheChinesehistoryhaswitnessedtheemergenceofmanyeminentphilosophers,thinkers,statesmen,strategists,scientists,writersandartists.ExamplesAnalysis中国历史上产生了许多杰出的15ExamplesAnalysis但是中美之间的关系也不能幻想从此就会一帆风顺。（我们不能幻想中美之间的关系从此就会一帆风顺。）ButwecannothavetheillusionthatSino-USrelationswillbefreefromtroublesfromnowon.ExamplesAnalysis但是中美之间的关系也不能幻16ExamplesAnalysis如果仅以此作为一个标准，来说中国就是一个发达国家，我觉得这种说法是不公平的。ButifyouconsiderthistheonlystandardandsayChinaisadevelopedcountry,Ithinkthisisunfair.ButIthinkitisunfairtousethisasthesinglestandardtoconcludethatChinaisadevelopedcountry.ExamplesAnalysis如果仅以此作为一个标准，来17ExamplesAnalysis从中国来看的话，不能只看中国的大城市、沿海和沿江，像珠江三角洲、长江三角洲，这些个地方老百姓的生活是比较好的。WhenlookingatChina,one/weshouldnotlimitoneself/ourselvestoitslargecites,coastalareasandriverbasins,suchasthePearlRiverDeltaandtheYangtzeRiverDelta,wherethepeopleenjoyahigherlivingstandard.ExamplesAnalysis从中国来看的话，不能只看中18ExamplesAnalysis中美两国贸易中时常出现摩擦和纠纷，此起彼伏、接连不断，在摩擦中前进。FrictionsanddisputesfrequentlycomeforthinSino-UStrade,butprogressismadeinfrictions.TherearefrequentfrictionsanddisputesinSino-UStrade,butprogressismadeinfrictions.ExamplesAnalysis中美两国贸易中时常出现摩擦19ExamplesAnalysis要和平、不要对抗；要合作，不要强权；要发展，不要贫困；是当今世界发展的主流，是世人的共同呼声。Wewantpeaceinsteadofconfrontation.Wewantcooperationinsteadofpowerpolitics.Wewantdevelopmentinsteadofpoverty.Thisisthemaintrendofthetimeandthecommonaspirationoftheworldpeople.Wethepeopleoftheworldwantpeace,notconfrontation;cooperation,notpowerpolitics;development,notpoverty.Thisrepresentsthemaintrendofthetimesandourcommonaspiration.Peaceratherthanconfrontation,cooperationratherthanpowerpolitics,developmentratherthanpovertyconstitutethemainstreamoftheworlddevelopmentandrepresentthecommonaspirationoftheworldpeople.ExamplesAnalysis要和平、不要对抗；要合作，20ExamplesAnalysis过去，只讲在社会主义条件下发展生产力，没有讲可持续地发展生产力，不完全。Inthepast,weonlystressedthedevelopmentofourproductivityundersocialism,withoutevenmentioningtheneedtoachievesustainabledevelopment.Thatwasnotcomplete.ExamplesAnalysis过去，只讲在社会主义条件下21ExamplesAnalysis随着全球化发展，香港和珠江三角洲的关系将会更加密切，要深入认识珠三角，非要亲身实地考察不可。Withincreasingglobalization,HongKongandthePearlRiverDeltawillbeevencloser.ItwasnecessarytovisitthePearlRiverDeltainordertogainfirsthandunderstandingoftheregion.Withincreasingglobalization,HongKongandthePearlRiverDeltawillbeevencloser.Togainfirsthandunderstandingoftheregion,oneneedstopayapersonalvisittothePearlRiverDelta.ExamplesAnalysis随着全球化发展，香港和珠江22ExamplesAnalysis不改革旧的不合理的经济秩序，发展中国家的发展努力就难以奏效，也就不可能从根本上解决发展中国家的发展问题。Withoutreformingtheoldandunreasonableeconomicorder,thedevelopmenteffortofthedevelopingcountriescanhardlybeeffectiveandtheirdevelopmentproblemsarenotlikelytobesettledfromitsveryroot.Failuretoreformtheoldandunreasonableeconomicorderwillputthedevelopmenteffortofthedevelopingcountriesinvain,andwillpreventthesecountriesfromsolvingtheirdevelopmentproblemsfromitsveryroot.ExamplesAnalysis不改革旧的不合理的经济秩序23ExamplesAnalysis中美两国继续给予对方最惠国地位符合两国的利益，有助于双方经济贸易合作的发展以及双边关系的改善。ThefurthergrantingofMFNstatusbyChinaandtheUStoeachotherisintheinterestofbothsidesandisconducivetothedevelopmentoftheireconomicandtradecooperationaswellastheimprovementofbilateralrelations.ExamplesAnalysis中美两国继续给予对方最惠国24ExamplesAnalysis如果双方要对抗，我们可以找很多麻烦，制造很多人为障碍。Shouldthetwosidesgoinforconfrontation,wewillbeabletofindoutalotoftroubleandcreatemanyman-madeobstacles.Shouldonewantconfrontation,onecanalwayscreatetroubleandsetupobstacles.ExamplesAnalysis如果双方要对抗，我们可以找25ExamplesAnalysisWhenfailingtoreachagreementsrightaway,thoseinvolvedshouldexercisepatiencetopreventfurtherintensificationofthedisputes,andatthesametimecreateconditionsandfavourableatmosphereforaneventualpeacefulsolution.如果一时达不成协议，应采取耐心的态度，防止矛盾激化，努力为最终和平解决创造条件和气氛。ExamplesAnalysisWhenfailing26ExamplesAnalysisItisnotraretoseeinterferenceinothercountries’internalaffairsunderallsortsofpretexts.以各种借口干涉别国内政的事情屡见不鲜。某些国家以各种借口干涉别国内政的事情屡见不鲜。ExamplesAnalysisItisnotrar27ExamplesAnalysisItwillbeverydifficulttomakeadecisionwithoutknowingallthefacts.我们如果不知道全部真实情况的话，很难做出决定。如果不知道全部真实情况的话，很难做出决定。ExamplesAnalysisItwillbeve28ExamplesAnalysisItisnotabadideatoconsiderourparticipationinthisnewbusinessproject.我们可以考虑参加这个新的商业项目。可以考虑我们参加这个新的商业项目。ExamplesAnalysisItisnotab29ExamplesAnalysisAbetterknowledgeofthelocalculturewillhelpourinterpretationwork.更好地了解当地文化有助于我们的口译工作。ExamplesAnalysisAbetterknow30ExamplesAnalysisInthelongterm,afundamentalrethinkingoftheroleoftheSecurityCouncilmayberequired,giventheexperienceofthepast60yearsoftheUNandnewpoliticalrealities.长远来看，根本性地重新考虑安理会的作用也许是必要的，联合国过去60年的经验和新的政治现实需要我们这样做。ExamplesAnalysisInthelongt31ExamplesAnalysisIntheinformationfield,instantanduniversalcommunicationoflargequantitiesofdataisnowthenorm.在信息领域，瞬间全球性地传递大量数据已司空见惯。ExamplesAnalysisIntheinform32Session4主题与主语Session4主题与主语33Chinesevs.English只要用功读书，就能提高成绩。（隐含主语）Ifonestudieshardenough,onewill…国庆节七天我们第一天全家人北京路购物。（多主语）Onthefirstdayoftheseven-dayNationalDayholiday,ourwholefamily…游泳非常消耗体力。（主语非名词）Swimmingisquiteexhausting.Itisquiteexhaustingtoswim.刮风了，下雨了。（零位主语）Itiswindyandrainy.Chinesevs.English只要用功读书，就能提高34Chinesevs.EnglishChinese:Topic-prominentlanguage（话题占突显地位的语言）English:Subject-prominentlanguage（主语占突显地位的语言）--C.N.Li&S.A.Thompsonin1970sChinesevs.EnglishChinese:To35English:Theme-Rheme主位:述位

(Mathesius)Themeistheprimaryelementofasentence;itisthesubjectbeingtalkedaboutandisknown.Rhemeisthecoreelementofasentence;itissomethingthespeakerwantstosayaboutthetheme,orsomethingrelatedtothetheme.English:Theme-Rheme主位:述位

(Ma36ModernEnglishsentences83%--97%SVO(Jesperson)Theme=PsychologicalSubjectTheme≈SubjectModernEnglishsentences37FeaturesoftheSubjectinEnglish1.Theremustalwaysbeasubject;2.Thesubjectisthethemeofthesentencethattheverbstructuredescribes;3.Thesubjecthasgrammaticalcontrol;4.Thesubjectmustbeanounoranounstructure.FeaturesoftheSubjectinEng38Chinese:Topic-Comment话题:评说(Sapir)

Topicisthethemeofasentence.Commentisnarrationaboutthetheme.Chinese:Topic-Comment话题:评说(Sa39FeaturesoftheSubjectinChinese1.Thesubjectisnotessential;2.Thesubjecthasnogrammaticalcontroloverthewholesentence;3.Therecanbemorethanonesubject;4.Thesubjectcanbeanoun,verb,adjectiveoranysuchstructures.FeaturesoftheSubjectinChi40DifficultieswithChineseSubjects(SVO?):1）宾踞句首2）主谓谓语句3）宾踞动前4）主状不分∴可以没有主语，也可以有多个主语，除名词以外，可以由动词，形容词，副词，介词短语，主谓结构担当主语。DifficultieswithChineseSubj41Subject-prominentvs.Topic-prominent

Asubject-prominentlanguage(eg.English)isalanguageinwhichthegrammaticalunitsofsubjectandpredicate(SV)arebasictothestructureofsentencesandinwhichsentencesusuallyhavesubject-predicatestructure.Atopic-prominentlanguage(eg.Chinese)isoneinwhichtheinformationunitsoftopicandcommentarebasictothestructureofsentence.Subject-prominentvs.Topic-pr42ExamplesAnalysis1）主语的增补（汉语无主语）出太阳了！Thesunisrising!冷死我啦！Iamdeadcold.累得我走不动了。ItexhaustedmesomuchthatIcouldn’twalk.Iwastootiredtowalk.知己知彼，百战不殆。Youcanfightahundredbattleswithoutdefeatifyouknowtheenemyaswellasyourself.ExamplesAnalysis1）主语的增补（汉语无主语43ExamplesAnalysis2）主语的选择（汉语有多个主语）近二十年的时间已经充分证明，我们进行改革开放的方向是正确的，信念是坚定的，步骤是稳妥的，方式是渐进的，取得的成就是巨大的。Thepracticeinthepast20yearshaseloquentlyprovedthatthedirectionofourreformandopening-upisright,ourconvictionisfirm,ourstepsaresteady,ourapproachisgradualandourachievementsarehuge.Thepracticeinthepast20yearshaseloquentlyprovedthatwearerightindirection,firminconviction,steadyinourstepsandgradualinourapproachwhencarryingoutthereformandopening-upandhaveachievedtremendoussuccess.ExamplesAnalysis2）主语的选择（汉语有多个44ExamplesAnalysis主语的转换（汉语有名词以外成分充当主语）采用新工艺大大降低了产品的成本。Theadoptionofthenewprocesshasgreatlycutthecostofproduction.能吃能睡不一定就健康。Greateatersandsleepersarenotalwayshealthy.今天讨论范围涉及时事政治的问题。Today’sdiscussioncoversissuesofcurrentpoliticalaffairs.工作时候心不在焉，经常会带来不必要的损失。Absent-mindednessinourworkwilloftenleadtounwantedlosses.ExamplesAnalysis主语的转换（汉语有名词以外45ExamplesAnalysis各民族之间建立了平等、团结、互助的新型关系。

Wehaveestablishedanewtypeofrelationshipcharacterizedbyequality,solidarityandmutualassistancebetweendifferentethnicgroups.Anewtypeofrelationshipofequality,solidarityandmutualassistancebetweendifferentethnicgroupshasbeenestablished.ExamplesAnalysis各民族之间建立了平等、团结46ExamplesAnalysis中国历史上产生了许多杰出的哲学家、思想家、政治家、军事家、科学家和文学艺术家。

Chinaproducedinitshistorymanyoutstandingphilosophers,thinkers,statesmen,strategists,scientists,writersandartists.Manyoutstandingphilosophers,thinkers,statesmen,strategists,scientists,writersandartistswereproduced/emergedinChina’shistory.TheChinesehistoryhaswitnessedtheemergenceofmanyeminentphilosophers,thinkers,statesmen,strategists,scientists,writersandartists.ExamplesAnalysis中国历史上产生了许多杰出的47ExamplesAnalysis但是中美之间的关系也不能幻想从此就会一帆风顺。（我们不能幻想中美之间的关系从此就会一帆风顺。）ButwecannothavetheillusionthatSino-USrelationswillbefreefromtroublesfromnowon.ExamplesAnalysis但是中美之间的关系也不能幻48ExamplesAnalysis如果仅以此作为一个标准，来说中国就是一个发达国家，我觉得这种说法是不公平的。ButifyouconsiderthistheonlystandardandsayChinaisadevelopedcountry,Ithinkthisisunfair.ButIthinkitisunfairtousethisasthesinglestandardtoconcludethatChinaisadevelopedcountry.ExamplesAnalysis如果仅以此作为一个标准，来49ExamplesAnalysis从中国来看的话，不能只看中国的大城市、沿海和沿江，像珠江三角洲、长江三角洲，这些个地方老百姓的生活是比较好的。WhenlookingatChina,one/weshouldnotlimitoneself/ourselvestoitslargecites,coastalareasandriverbasins,suchasthePearlRiverDeltaandtheYangtzeRiverDelta,wherethepeopleenjoyahigherlivingstandard.ExamplesAnalysis从中国来看的话，不能只看中50ExamplesAnalysis中美两国贸易中时常出现摩擦和纠纷，此起彼伏、接连不断，在摩擦中前进。FrictionsanddisputesfrequentlycomeforthinSino-UStrade,butprogressismadeinfrictions.TherearefrequentfrictionsanddisputesinSino-UStrade,butprogressismadeinfrictions.ExamplesAnalysis中美两国贸易中时常出现摩擦51ExamplesAnalysis要和平、不要对抗；要合作，不要强权；要发展，不要贫困；是当今世界发展的主流，是世人的共同呼声。Wewantpeaceinsteadofconfrontation.Wewantcooperationinsteadofpowerpolitics.Wewantdevelopmentinsteadofpoverty.Thisisthemaintrendofthetimeandthecommonaspirationoftheworldpeople.Wethepeopleoftheworldwantpeace,notconfrontation;cooperation,notpowerpolitics;development,notpoverty.Thisrepresentsthemaintrendofthetimesandourcommonaspiration.Peaceratherthanconfrontation,cooperationratherthanpowerpolitics,developmentratherthanpovertyconstitutethemainstreamoftheworlddevelopmentandrepresentthecommonaspirationoftheworldpeople.ExamplesAnalysis要和平、不要对抗；要合作，52ExamplesAnalysis过去，只讲在社会主义条件下发展生产力，没有讲可持续地发展生产力，不完全。Inthepast,weonlystressedthedevelopmentofourproductivityundersocialism,withoutevenmentioningtheneedtoachievesustainabledevelopment.Thatwasnotcomplete.ExamplesAnalysis过去，只讲在社会主义条件下53ExamplesAnalysis随着全球化发展，香港和珠江三角洲的关系将会更加密切，要深入认识珠三角，非要亲身实地考察不可。Withincreasingglobalization,HongKongandthePearlRiverDeltawillbeevencloser.ItwasnecessarytovisitthePearlRiverDeltainordertogainfirsthandunderstandingoftheregion.Withincreasingglobalization,HongKongandthePearlRiverDeltawillbeevencloser.Togainfirsthandunderstandingoftheregion,oneneedstopayapersonalvisittothePearlRiverDelta.ExamplesAnalysis随着全球化发展，香港和珠江54ExamplesAnalysis不改革旧的不合理的经济秩序，发展中国家的发展努力就难以奏效，也就不可能从根本上解决发展中国家的发展问题。Withoutreformingtheoldandunreasonableeconomicorder,thedevelopmenteffortofthedevelopingcountriescanhardlybeeffectiveandtheirdevelopmentproblemsarenotlikelytobesettledfromitsveryroot.Failuretoreformtheoldandunreasonableeconomicorderwillputthedevelopmenteffortofthedevelopingcountriesinvain,andwillpreventthesecountriesfromsolvingtheirdevelopmentproblemsfromitsveryroot.ExamplesAnalysis不改革旧的不合理的经济秩序55ExamplesAnalysis中美两国继续给予对方最惠国地位符合两国的利益，有助于双方经济贸易合作的发展以及双边关系的改善。ThefurthergrantingofMFNstatusbyChinaandtheUStoeachotherisintheinterestofbothsidesandisconducive