高中语法之句型讲解

高中英语知识结构图句子成分定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分：主语和谓语次要成分：表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语㈠主语（subject）：句子说明的人或事物Janeisgoodatplayingthepiano.Shewentoutinahurry.Fourplusfouriseight.Toseeistobelieve.Smokingisbadforhealth.Theyoungshouldrespecttheold.WhathehassaidistrueThesunrisesintheeast.

（名词）

Helikesdancing.

（代词）Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.

（数词）

Seeingisbelieving.

（动名词）

Toseeistobelieve.

（不定式）

Whatheneedsisabook.

（主语从句）Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.（It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语）㈡谓语：说明主语的动作、状态和特征简单谓语:由动词或动词词组组成Isawtheflagonthetopofthehill?Helookedaftertwoorphans.复合谓语由情态动词或助动词+动词;HecanspeakEnglishwell.Hehascaughtabadcold.Shedoesn’tseemtolikedancing(三)宾语：动作的对象或承受者——及物动词或介词的宾语宾语分为直接宾语和间接宾语.直接宾语指物,间接宾语指人.Hegavemesomebooks.Pleasepassmethebook.Heboughtmesomeflowers.Ilikemyjob.Iloveyou.Hewantedtoleavehere.Theyenjoyedplayingcomputergames.（四）定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或从句Heisacleverboy.(形容词)Hisfatherworksinasteelwork.(名词)Thereare54studentsinourclass.(数词)Doyouknownbetty’ssister?(名词的所有格)Heboughtsomesleepingpills.(动名词)Thereisasleepingbabyinbed.(现在分词)Hisspokenlanguageisgood.(过去分词)Imetafriendonmywayhome.(副词)Thegirlinredishissister.Wehavealotofworktodo.Thegirlstandingunderthetreeishisdaughter.Doyouknowthemanwhospokejustnow?Thereisnothinginterestinginthisbook.（五）状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分Iwillbebackinawhile.Theyareplayingontheplayground.Hewaslatebecausehegotuplate.HegotupsolatethatImissedthetrain.Iwaitedtoseeyou.Heoftenwenttoschoolbybus.Hisparentsdied,leavinghimanorphan.Pleasecallmeifitisnecessary.Thisbookisveryinteresting.Hewenttoschoolinspiteofhisillness.Healwayscomeslatetoschool.（六）宾语补足语有些及物动词除了有一个直接宾语以外，还要有一个宾语补足语，说明宾语的身份和状态以补充其意义不足，使句子的意义完整。这类常用的及物动词有make,consider,cause,see,find,call,get,have,let.Ifoundthebookinteresting.Doyousmellsomethingburning?Hemadehimselfknowntothem.Sheaskedmetolendherahand.Pleasemakeyourselfathome.Pleasekeepthedogout.Wemustkeepitasecret.主动语态变成被动语态后,宾语补足语变成主补.Ilastsawhimplayingneartheriver.→Hewaslastseenplayingneartheriver.Theteachercaughtthestudentcheatingintheexam→Thestudentwascaughtcheatingintheexam→WemadehimmonitorHewasmademonitor.Hepushedthedooropen.→Thedoorwaspushedopen.表语：系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征常见的系动词有:be(am,is,are,were,was),appear,look,seem,feel,smell,taste,sound,keep,turn,become,get,grow,come,goetc.系动词不用于被动语态.Theappletastessweet.Thewarwasover.Theyseemtoknowthetruth.Timeisprecious.I’mnotquitemyselftoday.Whowasthefirst?Heisoutofcondition.ThebookiswhatIneed.同位语位于名词或代词后面，说明它们的性质和情况Weyoungpeopleshouldrespecttheold.名词Hehimselfwilldotheexperiment.代词Heistheoldestamongthemfour.数词Hetoldmethenewsthatourteamwonthegame.从句HetoldmethenewsthatIaminterestedin.从句Exercises:分析句子结构Youareastudent.Hefelthappytoday.Whatyousaidmademehappy.CouldyougivemesomeadviceonhowtolearnEnglishwell?Afterhefinishedhishomework,hewentaway.Helikespopmusic.Istayedawakeuntil11:30oneeveninginordertohaveagoodlookatthemoonforoncebymyself.Annenamedherdiarykittybecauseshethoughtitwasherbestfriend.Thesoundsoundsstrange.Thefoodtastesgood.Hegavemeabookyesterday.

Weallthinkitapitythatshedidn’tcomehere.I’llhavemybikerepaired.一．句子是由主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、宾语补足语等组成的，依其组合方式可分为五种基本句型，如下表所示：句子成分的表示法S：Subject（主语）V：Verb（动词）O：Object（宾语）P：Predicative（表语）OC：ObjectComplement（宾语补足语）五种基本句型见如下：第1种S+V主+谓第2种S+V+O主+谓+宾第3种S+V+P主+谓+表

第4种S+V+o(间接宾语)+O(直接宾语)第5种S+V+O+OC主+谓+宾+宾补第1种句型：主语+不及物动词：S+VBirdsfly.鸟飞.Herunsinthepark.他在公园里跑.此句型是主语+不及物动词构成句子的主体部分。不及物动词，后面当然不能直接带宾语了，要补上相应的介词，但是可以有状语来修饰。上例中的inthepark，是地点状语。Classbegins.（begin在句中是不及物动词）开始上课。比较webeginOurclassateight.我们八点钟开始上课。该句属于第2种句型，begin在句中是及物动词，由此可见有些动词既可作及物动词也可以作不及物动词。第2种句型：主语+及物动词+宾语：S+V+OMyfatherreadthebook.

我父亲读过那本书.

注意1有些不及物动词后面加上介词就可把它看成一个及物动词，后面就可以加宾语了。Youmustlistentome.你必须听我的。（Listen是不及物动词。但加上to之后，Listento可以看成一个及物动词）注意2名词和名词的相当语（如代词、不定式、动名词……）等都可充当宾语。ShelikesEnglish.（名词作宾语）Iknowhimverywell.（代词作宾语）注意3同第一种句型一样，本句型可以有状语、定语修饰Theywanttogo.（不定式作宾语）Hestoppedwriting.（动名词作宾语）

第3种句型：主语+系动词+表语：S+V+PHebecameascientist.他成为一个科学家了

谓语(系动词)

be动词和become是英语中常见的系动词，后面必须接表语，才能用来说明主语，表示“……是……”，“……变成……”等意思。表语通常是名词或形容词等。Theyarehonest.他们是诚实的。Hebecameascientist.他成为了一个科学家。Hisfacegoesred.他的脸变红了。Itgrewdark.天变黑了。注意在英语中，除了be动词和become属于系动词外，还有一些实义动词，当表示状态存在或表示状态变化时也可以作系动词。这些词有：keep、look、fell、smell、sound、taste、grow、get、go、turn等等

第4种句型：主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语HegaveTomapresent.他给汤姆一件礼物.

1.及物动词作谓语时，后面要跟宾语，宾语分直接宾语和间接宾语。直接宾语是及物动词的直接对象（参见第2种句型）。但有些动词，除了直接宾语外，还要求一个间接宾语，这个间接宾语通常是及物动词的动作所及的人或物，也可以说是间接宾语表示动作是对谁做的，或是为谁做的，所以只能是名词或宾格代词担当。Wesentthematelegram.

我们给他们打了个电报。常带双宾语（直接宾语和间接宾语）的动词（分为A、B两类）A：动词后加give、show、send、bring、read、pass、lend、tell、return、write、throw、promise、refuseB：动词后加make、buy、get、play、order、sing、pay、2间接宾语通常位于直接宾语之前，但当直接宾语是人称代词，间接宾语是名词时，或两个宾语都是人称代词时，间接宾语位于直接宾语之后，这时在间接宾语前必须加to或for。Ipassittomymother.直接宾语(人称代词)我把它递给我妈妈.Shethrewthemtome.直接宾语、间接宾语(都是人称代词)她把它们扔给我.

注意有时为了强调间接宾语，也采用此句型。Givethebooktome.间接宾语(代词)直接宾语(名词)（间接宾语放在句尾为了强调，强调给我而不要给别人）

3.由to或for引超的短语，在意思上没什么差别。Hewillbuymesomebooks.=Hewillbuysomebooksforme.他将买一些书给我。Shemademeacake.=Shemadeacakeforme.她给我做糕点。Hegavemeapen.=Hegaveapentome.他把钢笔给我。注意辨别正误Isenthimit.（×）Isentittohim.（√）我把它送给他。Hetaughtmehowtoreadtheword.他教我如何读这个单词。Itoldhimwhattodo.我告诉他做什么。Heaskedmewhytosingthissong.他问我为什么唱这支歌。Sheaskedmewhichwaytogo.她问我走哪条路。注意第4种句型变为被动语态，有两种情况：Wesentthematelegram.被动语态：A：Theyweresentatelegram.他们收到了一份电报。B：Atelegramwassenttothem.一份电报发给了他们。第5种句型：主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语=S+V（及物）+O+OCWecallherConnie.我们叫她康妮.

1.在某些及物动词后面，需要用一个宾语再加一个宾语的补语才能表达完整的意思。这样宾语和宾语补足语称为复合宾语。名词、形容词和不定式都可以做宾语补足语。Theymadeherhappy--------宾补(形容词)

2.常跟复合宾语的动词有：Call、name、make、think、find、leaveIwillmakeyoucaptain.我将让你当船长。Ifoundthemovieinteresting.我觉得这部电影很有意思。Heleftthewindowopen.他让这个窗户开着。3.在see、watch、lookat、listento、hear、feel、let、make、have

这些动词后的宾语补足语如果是不定式担当，则省去“to”。但变为被动语态时“to”还原。Helistenedtothepianistplaythepiano.他注意听这位钢琴家弹钢琴。被动：Thepianistwaslisenedtoplaythepiano.注意这种句型变为被动语态时，只有一种句式。Iwillmakeyouking.→Youwillbemadeking.（被动）第4种句型和第5种句型（双宾语和复合宾语）的比较（1）Hegavemeabook.（双宾语）（2）HecallsmeTom.（复合宾语）解析：例（2）中的宾语me（我），和宾语补足语Tom（汤姆），可以成为逻辑上的主谓关系，即“我是汤姆”。但例（1）则不可以，不能想像为“我是一本书”，所以双宾语没有逻辑上的主谓关系。Hemadetheboylaugh.Sheboughtmeapen.用所给的单词组成句子to,the,box,1,want,take,to,room,heavy,the.look,things,the,after,boys,their,must.here,all,are,you.today,who,duty,is,onMiss,them,3yearsago,Wang,taught,Japanese.is,rice,bag,in,there,much,the.him,them,to,a,gift,promised,give,1.8．begins,eight,the,English,at,class,o'clock.定语从句一．定语从句的定义1.定语从句在从句中起定语作用，修饰句中的某一名词或代词，被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。定语从句一般紧跟在先行词后面.(定语从句有时候还可以修饰一个句子,通常指代一件事情)2.引导从句的关联词叫关系词,关系词分为关系代词和关系副词,他们的作用：(1)引导作用(2)替代(先行词)作用(3)在定语从句中担当某个成分的作用关系代词：who,whom,whose,that,which,as等（在句中作主、表、宾、定等成分）关系副词：where,when,why在从句中作状语e.g.TheboywhobrokethewindowiscalledTom.who引导定语从句并代替先行词theboy在定语从句中充当broke的主语ａ.关系代词（who,whom,which,that,whose）的指代关系及其选择定语从句关系词的选择取决于先行词（被修饰词）在定语从句中的位置、成分。

指人指物在定语从句中的作用Who√主语宾语Whom√宾语Which

√主语宾语that√√主语宾语whose√√定语（whose和它所修饰的名词在从句中可以充当主语或宾语）ｂ．关系副词（1）

why先行词是表示原因的名词（reason）,关系词在从句中做原因状语表示原因（2）

where先行词是表示地点的名词,关系词在从句中做地点状语表示地点

（3）

when先行词是表示时间的名词,关系词在从句中做时间状语表示时间

e.g.Thatisthereasonwhyhewaslate.

ThisistheschoolwhereIhavestudiedforthreeyears.

IwillalwaysrememberthedaywhenIsawyou.3.定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确,它对主句起到限制作用。非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它对主句起进行补充说明，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。如果先行词是专有名词或独一无二的事物，我们一般要用非限制定语从句。e.g.Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.（限制性）

Thehouse,whichweboughtlastmonth,isverynice.（非限制性）二．注意事项：1.只能用which不能用that的情况:①引导非限制性定语从句②先行词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置,即当关系词紧跟在介词后面时,e.g.ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunlived.==Thisisthehousewhich/thatLuXunlivedin.2.只能用whom不能用who的情况:①先行词在从句中作介词的宾语且介词前置,如e.g.TomistheboywithwhomIhavetalkedwith.==Tomistheboywho/whomIhavetalkedwith.3.关系代词必须用that的情形：①当先行词被形容词的最高级所修饰e.g.ThisisthebestfilmthatIhaveeverseen.②当先行词被序数词修饰e.g.ThefirstcarthatarrivedatthedestinationwasdrivenbyJohn.③当先行词被theonly,thevery等修饰e.g.ThisistheonlyticketthatIgotyesterday.ThisistheverybookthatI’mlookingfor.④先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little(少量,一些),much等修饰时：e.g.I’vereadallthebooks(that)yougaveme.⑤当先行词为all,much,little(少量,一些),few,none,something,anything,everything,nothing等不定代词时，或者是在therebe句型中.e.g.IsthereanythingthatIcandoforyou?Allthatyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.Thereisnotimethatwecanwaste.⑥当先行词既指人又指物时e.g.Hetalkedabouttheteachersandschoolsthathehadvisited.⑦当关系代词在从句中作表语时：e.g.Maryisnolongerthegirl(that)sheusedtobe.4.定语从句中如果先行词是theway,关系词常用inwhich,that或省略5.关系代词和关系副词及其容易混用的情况1.Thisisthefactory______Ionceworked.2.Thisisthefactory______I’vevisited.3.Theday__________IalwaysrememberisOct.1.4.Theday______NanjingwasliberatedisSep.11.5.Thereason_____hehasn’tcomeisthathehasbeenill.6.Don’tbelievethereason_____hegiveyou.【注意】当表示时间,地点,原因的名词,day,time,place,factory,reason等作先行词，在定语从句中作状语时，用when,where,why；在从句中作主语或宾语时，就用that或which.三.介词+关系代词的情况当我们在用带有介词的定语从句时，我们有两种选择，介词放在关系代词前或者是放在定语从句中。如：1）Thewomanwho/whomSpielbergismarriedtoisanactress.ThewomantowhomSpielbergismarriedisanactress.2）ThepaintingatwhichIlookedwaspaintedbyVincentvanGogh.ThepaintingwhichIlookedatwaspaintedbyVincentvanGogh.那么如何选择介词呢：1).介词与定语从句的先行词是一种习惯性的搭配.e.g.Thefarm_______Ionceworkedhastakenonanewlook.（onwhich）2).介词与从句中的动词是一种习惯性的搭配．e.g.Whoistheman________ourteacherisshakinghands?（withwhom）3).介词与从句中的形容词一起构成一种习惯性的搭配．e.g.Oursisabeautifulcountry,_______wearegreatlyproud.（ofwhich）4).表示“所有格”或“整体中的部分”时，用介词of．e.g.Thereareoveronethousandworkersinthefactory,80percent________arewomen.（ofwhom）：关系副词或者是介词+关系代词填空1）Inthedarkstreet,therewasn’tasingleperson_______shecouldturnforhelp.2）Whenyoureadthebook,you’dbettermakeamark________youhaveanyquestions.3）Barcelonaisthecity_____the25thSummerOlympicwereheld.:用介词+关系代词填空1.

Doyoulikethebookshespent$10?2.

Doyoulikethebook________shepaid$10?3.

Doyoulikethebookshelearnedalot?4.

Doyoulikethebooksheoftentalks?5.

Hebuiltatelescope(望远镜)hecouldstudytheskies.6.Thereisatalltreeoutside,________standsourteacher.7.

Chinahasalotofrivers,thesecondlongest____________istheYellowRiver.8.Thetower__________peoplecanhaveagoodviewisonthehill.9.Theman________Ispokeonthephonelastnightisverygoodatwrestling.10.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,most________hadn’tbeencleanedforatleastayear.四．as引导的非限制性定语从句比较并发现：Theearthisround._____isknowntoall.Theearthisround,_____isknowntoall._____isknowntoall,theearthisround。______isknowntoallthattheearthisround.【注意】as具有正如之意，与之搭配的动词一般是固定的，如：asyouknow/asyousee/asweplanned/asweexpected比较并发现：ThisisthesamepenasIlost.这本书和我丢的那本一模一样。ThisisthesamepenthatIlost.这本书就是我丢的那本。【注意】thesame…as表示相似事物，thesame…that表示同一事物比较并发现：Thisissuchaninterestingbook_______wealllike.Thisissointerestingabook_________wealllike.这是大家都喜欢的如此有趣的一本书。(定语从句)Thisissuchaninterestingbook_______wealllikeit.Thisissointerestingabook_________wealllikeit.这本书如此有趣，大家都喜欢。(结果状语从句)【注意】such(so)…as…引导定语从句，such(so)…that…引导结果状语从句名词性从句1.概念：名词在句子中一般可以充当主语、表语、宾语、同位语。从句在语法功能上相当于名词，也可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语、同位语。因此，主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句统称为名词性从句。2.名词性从句的引导词：连接词:thatwhetherif(一般仅用于宾语从句)asif(用于表语从句)★它们不充当从句的任何成分连接代词:whatwhateverwhowhoeverwhomwhosewhich连接副词：whenwherewhybecausehowhow组成的词组如：howmany,howlong,howfar等主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that，whether，if和连接代词what，who，which，whatever，whoever以及连接副词how，when，where，why等词引导。that在句中无词义，只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。例如：

Whathewantstotellusisnotclear. 他要跟我们说什么，还不清楚。

Itisknowntoushowhebecameawriter. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。

WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheldhasnotyetbeenannounced.英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首，而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：

（1）It+be+名词+that从句 （2）It+be+形容词+that从句

（3）It+be+动词的过去分词+that从句 （4）It+不及物动词+that从句另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”，常用的句型有：

Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc.)that…

Itisapity(ashame,nowonder,etc.)that…

Itissuggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc.)that…宾语从句名词句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样，在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。

1.由连接词that引导的宾语从句由连接词that引导宾语从句时，that在句中不担任任何成分，在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如：

HehastoldmethathewillgotoShanghaitomorrow.他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。

Wemustneverthink(that)wearegoodineverythingwhileothersaregoodinnothing.我们决不能认为自己什么都好，别人什么都不好。

注意：在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist,desire,demand,request,command等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后，宾语从句常用“（should）+动词原形”。例如：

Iinsistthatshe(should)doherworkalone. 我坚持要她自己工作。Thecommanderorderedthattroops(should)setoffatonce.司令员命令部队马上出发。2.用who，whom,which,whose,what,when,where,why,how,whoever,whatever,whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句，应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如： Iwanttoknowwhathehastoldyou.我想知道他告诉了你什么。

Shealwaysthinksofhowshecanworkwell.她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。

Shewillgivewhoeverneedshelpawarmsupport.凡需要帮助的人，她都会给予热情的支持。

3.用whether或if引导的宾语从句，其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒，仍保持陈述句语序。此外，whether与if在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether，不用if：

a.引导主语从句并在句首时；b.引导表语从句时；c.引导从句作介词宾语时；d.从句后有“ornot”时；e.后接动词不定式时。例如： Whetherthereislifeonthemoonisaninterestingquestion.月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughmoney.一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。

4.注意宾语从句中的时态呼应，当主句动词是现在时，从句根据自身的句子情况，而使用

不同时态。例如： hestudiesEnglisheveryday.（从句用一般现在时）

hestudiedEnglishlastterm.（从句用一般过去时）

Iknow(that)hewillstudyEnglishnextyear.（从句用一般将来时）

hehasstudiedEnglishsince1998.（从句用现在完成时）当主句动词是过去时态（could,would除外），从句则要用相应的过去时态，如一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时等；当从句表示的是客观真理，科学原理，自然现象，则从句仍用现在时态。例如：TheteachertoldusthatTomhadleftusforAmerica．

5.think,believe,imagine,suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中，要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如： Wedon’tthinkyouarehere.我们认为你不在这。

Idon’tbelievehewilldoso.我相信他不会这样做。

表语从句在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用asif引导。其基本结构为：主语+系动词+that从句。例如：

Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。

Thatiswhyhedidn’tcometothemeeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。

Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain. 看上去天要下雨了。

需要注意的，当主语是reason时，表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如：

Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathemissedthetrainbyoneminutethismorning同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导，可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如：

Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。

Ihavenoideawhenhewillcomebackhome.我不知道他什么时候回来。

ThethoughtcametohimthatMaryhadprobablyfallenill.他想到可能玛丽生病了。名词性从句重点与难点一、that从句作主语和宾语时，常用it作形式主语，将从句放在句末e.g.Itdoesn’tmattersomuchwhetheryouwillcomeornot.Shehasseentoitthatallthechildrenarewelltakencareof.二、that引导名词性从句的省略情况1、that引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句时，不能省略。e.g.Thathesuddenlyfellilllastweekmadeussurprised.2、that引导宾语从句时一般可省略，但在以下几种情况中不能省略。1）当that从句和主句谓语动词之间有插入词语或者从句主语之间有插入语时不能省略；2）当that

从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时不能省略；3）当that作介词宾语时不能省略。e.g.He

judged

that,because

he

was

a

child,

he

did

not

understand

wine

Everyone

knew

what

happened

and

that

she

was

worried.

The

reason

lies

in

that

she

works

harder

than

the

others

do.

三、名词性从句中的语序名词性从句中一律使用陈序语气。e.g.HeaskedhowmuchIpaidfortheviolin.四、名词性从句中的时态呼应在名词性从句中，谓语动词的时态要与主句谓语动词的时态相一致。e.g.Assoonashecomesback,I’lltellhimwhenyouwillcomeandseehim.Hekeptlookingather,wonderingwhetherhehadseenhersomewhere.CanyoumakesurewhereAlicehasputthegoldring?五、名词性从句中虚拟语气的使用情况1、在表示“命令、建议、坚持、要求”的名词性从句中，要用“should+动词原形”形式，should可以省略。e.g.Imadeasuggestionthathe(should)gothereatonce.Isuggestedthathe(should)gothereatonce.Thesuggestionwasthathe(should)gothereatonce.2、wish引导的宾语从句中要用虚拟语气，分与现在、过去、将来相反三种情况。e.g.IwishIweretenyearsyounger.Iwishyouhadpostedtheletteryesterday.IwishIwouldtryagain.3、在句型“It+is/was+adj.+主语从句”中，如果形容词是important,strange,natural,necessary等，从句谓语部分要用“should+动词原形”形式，should可以省略。e.g.It’sstrangethathe(should)thinkso.Itisnecessarythathe(should)gothereatonce.六、引导同位语从句与定语从句的that的区别

同位语从句中的连词that只起连接作用，不充当任何句子成分且不能省略，同位语从句一般放在有具体含义的名词后，用以解释名词的含义或内容；而定语从句中的关系代词that在从句中充当主语或宾语，在充当宾语时常可省略，定语从句是对先行词的限定和修饰。e.g.They

expressed

the

hope

that

they

would

come

to

visit

China

again.The

hope

she

expressed

is

that

they

would

come

to

visit

China

again.七、引导名词性从句的that和what的区别that

引导名词性从句时，在从句中不充当任何句子成分，也没有任何含义，只起连接作用,且在宾语从句中有时可省略；而what引导名词性从句时，在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语或定语。e.g.Thathesaidsomadeusangry.Whathesaidatthemeetingmadeusangry.Chinaisnolongerwhatitusedtobe.八、疑问词

+

ever和no

matter

+

疑问词的区别1、疑问词

+

ever既可引导名词性从句，又可引导让步状语从句。e.g.Whoever

breaks

the

rule

must

be

punished.

Whoever

breaks

the

rule,

he

must

be

punished.2、no

matter

+

疑问词只能引导让步状语从句。e.g.No

matter

who

breaks

the

rule,

he

must

be

punished.

No

matter

what

you

do,

you

must

do

it

well.

注意：who与whoever的区别who是“谁”的意思，表示具有疑问，who相当于anyonewho“无论谁”Hegavewhoevercametothedoorasmile.=Hegaveanypersonwhocametothedoorasmile.比较：Heaskedmewhobroketheglass.（正确）他问我是谁打的玻璃。Heaskedmewhoeverbroketheglass.（错误）Whoevergoesagainstlawshallbepunished.（正确）违法的人将受罚。Whogoesagainstlawshallbepunished.（错误）九、注意区分it作形式主语的主语从句与强调句强调句句型Itis/was+被强调部分+that,去掉Itis/was,that，句子仍然成立。Itisnaturalthattheyshouldhavedifferentviews.主语从句Itisonlylatelythathehadhadafamilyhimself.强调句Whatwasitthathewanted?Idon’tknowwhatitwasthathewanted.Itwasinthehotelwherehestayedthatwediscussedtheseriousproblem十、比较：whether与if均为"是否"的意思。但在下列情况下，whether不能被if取代：1、whether引导主语从句并在句首Whetherheleft(ornot)isunknown2、引导表语从句Thequestioniswhethertheywillbeabletohelpus.3、whether从句作介词宾语Itdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughtime.4、从句后有"ornot"Whetherhewillcomeornotisnotclear.5、不定式之前Shecan'tdecidewhethertobuythehouseorwait.她不能决定到底是应该买下这个房子还是再等等。6、同位语从句中Thereisdoubtwhetherhewillcome.7、宾语从句前移Whethershewillwinthegame,I’mnotsure.名词性从句专项练习1.Theplace_______interestedmemostwastheChildren'sPalace.A.WhichB.whereC.whatD.inwhich2.Doyouknowtheman_______?A.whomIspokeB.towhospokeC.IspoketoD.thatIspoke3.Thisisthehotel_______lastmonth.A.whichtheystayedB.atthattheystayedC.wheretheystayedatD.wheretheystayed4.Doyouknowtheyear______theChineseCommunistPartywasfounded?A.whichB.thatC.whenD.onwhich5.Thatistheday______I'llneverforget.A.whichB.onwhichC.inwhichD.when6.Thefactory______we'llvisitnextweekisnotfarfromhere.A.whereB.towhichC.whichD.inwhich7.Greatchangeshavetakenplacesincetheninthefactory_______weareworking.A.whereB.thatC.whichD.there8.Thisisoneofthebestfilms_______.A.thathavebeenshownthisyearB.thathaveshownC.thathasbeenshownthisyearD.thatyoutalked9.Canyoulendmethebook______theotherday?A.aboutwhichyoutalkedB.whichyoutalkedC.aboutthatyoutalkedD.thatyoutalked10.Thepen______heiswritingismine.A.withwhichB.inwhichC.onwhichD.bywhich11.Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontof______satasmallboy.A.whomB.whoC.whichD.that12.Theengineer______myfatherworksisabout50yearsold.A.towhomB.onwhomC.withwhichD.withwhom13.Itthereanyoneinyourclass______familyisinthecountry?A.whoB.who'sC.whichD.whose14.I'minterestedin______youhavesaid.A.allthatB.allwhatC.thatD.which15.Iwanttousethesamedictionary______wasusedyesterday.A.whichB.whoC.whatD.as16.Heisn'tsuchaman______heusedtobe.A.whoB.whomC.thatD.as17.HeisgoodatEnglish,______weallknow.A.thatB.asC.whomD.what18.LiMing,______totheconcertenjoyeditverymuch.A.IwentwithB.withwhomIwentC.withwhoIwentD.Iwentwithhim19.Idon'tlike______asyouread.A.thenovelsB.thesuchnovelsC.suchnovelsD.samenovels20.Hetalkedalotaboutthingsandpersons________theyrememberedintheschool.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.what21.Theletterisfrommysister,______isworkinginBeijing.A.whichB.thatC.whomD.who22.Inourfactorythereare2,000workers,twothirdsof____arewomen.A.themB.whichC.whomD.who23.You'retheonlyperson______I'veevermet______coulddoit.A.who;/B./;whomC.whom;/D./;who24.Ilostabook,______Ican'tremembernow.A.whosetitleB.itstitleC.thetitleofitD.thetitleofthat25.LastsummerwevisitedtheWestLake,______Hangzhouisfamousintheworld.A.forwhichB.forthatC.inwhichD.what26.Ihaveboughtsuchawatch_______wasadvertisedonTV.A.thatB.whichC.asD.it27.Icanneverforgettheday_______weworkedtogetherandtheday______wespenttogether.A.when;whichB.which;whenC.what;thatD.onwhich;when28.Theway______helooksatproblemsiswrong.A.whichB.whoseC.whatD./29.Thisisthereason______hedidn'tcometothemeeting.A.inwhichB.withwhichC.thatD.forwhich30.Thismachine,______formanyyears,isstillworkingperfectly.A.afterwhichIhavelookedB.whichIhavelookedafterC.thatIhavelookedafterD.Ihavelookedafter31.Thereason______hedidn'tcomewas______hewasill.A.why;thatB.that;whyC.forthat;thatD.forwhich;what32.Heisworkinghard,______willmakehimpassthefinalexam.A.thatB.whichC.forwhichD.who33.Thatisnottheway______Idoit.A./B.whichC.forwhichD.withwhich34.Ihavetwogrammars,______areofgreatuse.A.allofwhichB.eitherofwhichC.bothofthatD.bothofwhich35.Iwanttousethesametools_______usedinyourfactoryafewdaysago.A.aswasB.whichwasC.aswereD.which36.Myneighboursusedtogivemeahandintimeoftrouble,_______wasverykindofthem.A.whoB.whichC.thatD.it37.Thisisthemagazine_______Icopiedtheparagraph.A.thatB.whichC.fromthatD.fromwhich38.Heisnotsuchaman_______wouldleavehisworkhalfdone.A.thatB.whichC.whoD.as39.Youcandependonwhateverpromise_______hemakes.A./B.whyC.whenD.whose40.Smoking,_______isabadhabit,is,however,popular.A.thatB.whichC.itD.though41.---Didyouasktheguard_______happened?---Yes,hetoldmeall_______heknew.A.what;thatB.what;whatC.which;whichD.that;that42.Ishallneverforgetthoseyears_______Ilivedonthefarmwiththefarmers,_______hasagreateffectonmylife.A.when;whoB.that;whichC.which;thatD.when;which43.Thenumberofthepeoplewho_______cars_______increasing.A.owns;areB.owns;isC.own;isD.own;are44.Duringthedays________,heworkedasaservantattheBrowns.A.followedB.followingC.tofollowD.thatfollowed45.Isoxygentheonlygas_______helpsfireburn?A.thatB./C.whichD.it46.Thecleverboymadeaholeinthewall,_______hecouldsee_____wasgoingoninsidehouse.A.which;whatB.throughwhich;whatC.throughthat;whatD.what;that47.Is_______someGermanfriendsvisitedlastweek?A.thisschoolB.thistheschoolC.thisschooloneD.thisschoolwhere状语从句分类：1.时间状语从句2.地点状语从句3.原因状语从句4.条件状语从句5.让步状语从句6.目的状语从句7.结果状语从句8.方式状语从句9.比较状语从句1.时间状语从句1)请注意when,while,as的区别When---当……时候,通常指某一特定的时间点，主句与从句的动作同时发生WhenIopenedthewindow,Isawhimcomeup.While---在……期间，往往指一段时间WhilewewereinAmerica,wesawhimtwice.Whileweweretalking,hecamein.As---一边……一边,随着Shewasdoingherhomeworkasshewaslisteningtothemusic.Asshegrewolder,shebecamemorebeautiful.2)一些表示时间的名词词组也可引导时间状语从句。如：themoment,theminute,theday,theyear,nexttime,everytime等。Eachtimehecametotown,hewouldvisitourschool.3)a.hardly…whenb.scarcely…when/beforec.nosooner…than都相当于assoonas，用以引导时间状语从句。注意：当hardly,scarcely及nosooner位于句首时,从句中的主谓要倒装。Nosoonerhadshegonethanithappened.1.______thedaywenton,theweathergotworse.WithB.sinceC.AsD.While2.Hardly______intothevillage______itbegantorain.wehadgot;whenB.wegot;thanC.hadwegot;whenD.didweget;than2.地点状语从句地点状语从句用连接副词where或wherever(在任何地方)引导。e.g.a.Juststaywhereyouare.b.Whereveryougo,I’llberightherewaitingforyou.1.Whenhereadsabook,hishabitistomakeamark_______themeaningisuncleartohim.A.thereB.whereverC.theplaceD.inwhich2.Ifyouaretravelling______thecustomsaretotallydifferentfromyourown,youmayfeelaculturalshock.A.intheplaceB.whichC.inwhichD.where3.原因状语从句原因状语从句表示主句中的某一动作或状态所发生的原因。引导这种从句常用的连接词是：because,since,as,for,nowthat及considering等。e.g.Hedidn’tcometoschoolbecausehewasill.（表示“直接”原因。）c.f.Hemightbeill,forhedidn’tcometoschool.（表示“间接的推断”原因.不可出现在句首。）1.JennywasverysadoverthelossofthephotosshehadshotatCanada,______thiswasamemorysheespeciallytreasured.A.asB.ifC.whenD.where2.Somepeoplebelievethat______oilisrunningout,thefateofthemotorindustryisuncertain.A./B.thoughC.forD.since4.条件状语从句条件状语从句中通常用一般现在时表示将来。由从属连词引导：if,unless(除非),as/solongas(只要),oncondition(只要),incase(假使),providing/provided(that)等a.We’llcomeovertoseeyou