2016年下半年英语雪讲义-语言学2

形态形态一、WhatisMorphology一、WhatisMorphologyisthebranchoftstudiesstructureofwords,andtherulesbywhichwordsare二、ClassificationofWords词的分••(一)Variable二、ClassificationofWords词的分••(一)VariableandInvariable•变化词和非变化(二)LexicalWordsandGrammatical••实义词和语法•(三)OpenClassandClosed•开放类词和封闭类(一VariableandInvariable变化词和非变化(一VariableandInvariable变化词和非变化•1.Variablewords:asverb,nounandeinflective•eg.does;did;cats;•2.Invariablewords:theydoveendings,suchasconjunctionsandeg.in;on;after;•(二)LexicalWordsandGrammatical(二)LexicalWordsandGrammatical•实义词和语法•Lexical/notionalwords:carrythemaincontentasuchasnoun,verbandadjectiveGrammaticalwords:servetolinkdifferentcontentparts,suchas••pronounandition(三)OpenClassand(三)OpenClassandClosed开放类词和封闭类1.Openclasswords:contentwordsofalanguagetowhichweregularlyaddnewwords,suchasnouns,adjectives,verbsand2.Closedwords:grammaticalorfunctionalchas三、Morphemeand三、Morphemeand词素和词素变•(一)Morphemes词•teacher,baker,producer,•Amorpheme:thesmallestlinguistic•(一)Morphemes词•teacher,baker,producer,•Amorpheme:thesmallestlinguistics•(含有语义的最小的语)••1-boy,•2-boy+ish,•3-•(二)Allomorph词素变•Amorphemee•(二)Allomorph词素变•Amorphemeealternatesor•词素变体是词素拼写变化式，它和是实现和被实现的关系间的关••四、Typesof四、TypesofMorphemes词素的种（一）Freemorphemeandbound词素（Free能单独出现即能独自成词的E.g.man;baby;不能单独出现，它们必须跟至少一个其他词素共E.g.-sindogs,-alinnational,anddis-in(二Affixes词(1)(二Affixes词(1)Suffixes后后缀是附在词尾的词素E.g.-iblesible;-antin前缀是附在词头的词素E.g.re-inrepay;un-in(3)Infixes中尽管英语中基本没有中缀，或中间词素，其他语言中会现五、Inflectionalaffix五、Inflectionalaffixandderivational屈折词缀和派生词Inflection/inflexionbook–Derivation(派生词work–六、WordFormation构词(一)复六、WordFormation构词(一)复合两新语素或两个独立的词结合在一eg.daybreak,duty-free,babysit,(二)派生通过词缀与词根的结eg.rebuild(re+build),restless(rest+unchangeable(un+change+语义s语义s一、Whatisnsignifiers（记号一、Whatisnsignifiers（记号sfocusesontherelationsuchaswords,phrases,signsandsymbols,andwhattheyfor,their二、ViewsConcerningtheStudyof二、ViewsConcerningtheStudyof•(一)TheTheory命名•GreekscholarPlato:wordsarejustnamesoflabels•house,(二TheConceptualist(二TheConceptualistReferential(三Contextualism(三Contextualism人们可以从语境中推知或归纳出语义•(四)iorism行为主义•“thesituationin•(四)iorism行为主义•“thesituationinwhichthespeakeruttersitandtheitcallshe••• •三、LexicalMeaning词汇意••三、LexicalMeaning词汇意••••(一)SenseandReferenceSenseisconcernedwiththeinherentmeaningofthelinguisticReferencemeanswhatalinguisticformrefershereal,••(二)ionvs.ion外延与内••(二)ionvs.ion外延与内•1.ion-dictionarymeaning,inherentmeaning,•2.ion--non-inherentmeaning,secondary•Theforecastsaystherewillbe•Buthislastwordsbroughtonanother四、SenseRelationship语四、SenseRelationship语义关 同义关 反义关 同音/同形异义关 多义关 上下义关 同义关 同义关(1)Dialectalsynonymse.g.flat/ autumn/(2Stylisticsynonymse.g.(2Stylisticsynonymse.g.buy/begin/(commonword/formal(3Collocationalsynonyms(3Cvidesth.forsb./supplysth.to(4)Synonymswith(4)Synonymswithdifferentemotiveorevaluatee.g. n/(5)allydifferent(5)allydifferente.g.Disaster/2. 2. (1Gradableantonymye.g.good/badhot/cold(cool,warm,(2)Complementaryantonymy(2)Complementaryantonymy互补反义关系，非此彼；不存在过渡e.g.alive/male/female,present/absent,(3)Converseantonymy(3)Converseantonymy逆向反义关两个实体之间的一种反向关系e.g.buy,sell,lend, 同音/ 同音/同形异义关(1)Homophones同音异义发音相同但拼写不同，意义也不同的词e.g.flower(花)vs.flour(面粉piece(块；件)vs.peace(和平(2)Homographs同形(2)Homographs同形异义指拼写相同但发音、意义不同的词e.g.tear(撕)vs.tear(眼泪bow(鞠躬)vs.bow(弓(3CompleteHomonyms(3CompleteHomonymse.g.scale天平vs.scale衡量ball球vsball舞会4. 多义关同一个词具4. 多义关同一个词具有几个不同的意Eg.Head(牛津高有17种意义1.Partofthebodycontainingtheeyes,nose,nd2.Abilitytoellect;3.ofagroup 上下义 上下义关一个更概括的词与一个相对具e.g.cow/animal,rose/flower,honesty/(1)Superordinate上(1)Superordinate上坐标位于上下义关系上位的词(2) 下义居于下位的成员，叫做下义Eg.animal:cat;dog;duck;五、SenseRelations句五、SenseRelations句间意义关n1.XissynonymouswithYX与Y同义IfXTrue,YTrue;IfXFalseYFalseX:HewasabachelorallhisY:Henevergotmarriedallhis2.Xisinconsistentwith2.XisinconsistentwithYX与Y不一致IfXTrue,YFalse;IfYFalseXTrue（相）X:Thisisvisittoebeentoe蕴含和预e蕴含和预EntailandEntail蕴XentailsY.(YisanentailmentofX.)X为真，Y一定为真Marybrokethewindow||-ThewindowSueandFredwenttotheparty||-Suewenttothee蕴含和预3.Entaile蕴含和预3.Entailande预esY.(Yisaprerequisiteof(2)PresupXpresupThekingofFranceisThekingofFranceisnotThereisakingof4.Xis4.XisacontradictionX自e.g.Myunmarriedsisiterismarriedtoa六、成分分析Themeaning六、成分分析Themeaningofaword:notanyablebutcomplexofdifferentvMan:[+HUMAN,+ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE]Boy:[+HUMAN,-ADULT,+ANIMATE,+MALE]七、ysis述谓分一种分七、ysis述谓分一种分析句子意义的方1.Sentencemeaningisnotsimplythesumtotalof Thecatischasingthemouse.(猫追老鼠 Themouseischasingthecat.(老鼠追猫2.Therearetwoaspectstosentencemeaning:meaningand3.Apredictionconsistsofargument(s)3.Apredictionconsistsofargument(s)andpredicate.（论元+谓词句子中的出现的担任成分意义的名根据述谓结构包含的论元的数量，述谓结构分为单述谓结Tomcries——空述谓结双述谓结Itiscold.——(Monkeylikebananas.——L(m,语用语用一、WhatisPragmatics一、WhatisPragmaticsisthestudyofhowspeakersofausetoeffectsful二、语•Context:theknowledgesharedby二、语•Context:theknowledgesharedbythespeakerand•Thesharedknowledgeisoftwo•1.Theknowledgeofthelanguagethey•2.Theknowledgeabouttheworld,includingabouttheworldandthespecificknowledgeaboutthesituationinlinguisticcommunicationistaking•Whycontextis•A•Whycontextis•Afatheristryingtogethis3-years-olddaughtertostopliftingupdresstodisplayhernewunderweartothe•Father:Wedon't•Daughter:IKNOW,Daddy.Youdon'tWEAR•三、SpeechActTheory言语行•三、SpeechActTheory言语行为理•John•Languageisnotonlyusedtoinformortothings,itisoftenusedto“dothings”,toperformacts.•(一)ivesand•叙事句和施为•1.叙事•(一)ivesand•叙事句和施为•1.叙事•speaking•eg.Ipoursomeothe•2.Performatives施为ngofan•Theutteranceisapartof,•eg.InamethisshiptheQueen(二ATheoryoftheIllocutionaryAct(二ATheoryoftheIllocutionaryAct行事行为理•1.locutionary言内行•2.illocutionary言外行•3.perlocutionary言后行•1.locutionary言内行••1.locutionary言内行•theactofsayingsomething;theutteranceofsentencewithdeterminatesenseand•(说话的行为，说出有确定意义和所指的话•2.illocutionary言外行•the•2.illocutionary言外行•theention;theactperformedinsomething(表达说话者意图的行为;通过说话来成的行为•Illocutionaryforce言外之•3.perlocutionaryact言后行•3.perlocutionaryact言后行•Theactperformedbyorresultingfromsayingsomething;it’stheconsequenceof,orthechangebroughtaboutbythe•(通过说一句话而得到的结果;果或是改变(三)Searle’sClassificationofSpeech•舍尔对言语行为的(三)Searle’sClassificationofSpeech•舍尔对言语行为的分 阐述指令承诺表达宣告•1.Definition:stobetrue.ives阐述•ing•1.Definition:stobetrue.ives阐述•ingordescribing,sayingwhatthespeaker•(言者对自认为真实的事物做出陈述或描写的言语行为•eg.I’mcertaineneverseentheman•Remarks:陈述、相信、发誓等句子都属于阐述•2.指令•Definition:tryingtoget•2.指令•Definition:tryingtogetthehearertodo•(言者使听话人做某事的愿望或意图•eg.Iorderyoutoleaveright•Remarks:建议、威胁、警告、邀请等都属于这一•3.承诺•Definition:Committingthespeaker•3.承诺•Definition:Committingthespeakerhimselftosomecourseof•(言者对未来某一活动做出承诺的言语行为•eg.Ipromiseto•Remarks:保证、允诺、发誓等都是较为典••4.表达Definition:Expressingfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistings •(••4.表达Definition:Expressingfeelingsorattitudetowardsanexistings •(指表达说话者对现存事物的感情或态度的言语行为•eg.I’msorryforbeing•Remarks:道歉、感谢、祝贺等都•5.宣告•Definition:Bringingaboutimmediate•5.宣告•Definition:Bringingaboutimmediatechangesby•(此行为的成功执行会使现实状况立刻发生变化，从而达成所言现实的一致•eg.Inowyouchairmanofthe•Remarks:命名、宣战等都是这一四、TheTheoryofConversational会话含义理(一)Conversational四、TheTheoryofConversational会话含义理(一)Conversationalimplicature会话含•heliteral •：theextrameaningnot•••A.•B.•C.(二)Thecooperativeprinciple合作原(二)Thecooperativeprinciple合作原ty数量的准Quality质量的准Relation关联准方式准1.Violation•数量原使自己1.Violation•数量原使自己所说的话达到当前交谈目的所要求的详尽程度不要使自己所说的话比所要求的更详尽tautology同义反Wariswar.[Waris就。BobisBob.[BobisreallyveryBob真的很爱恶作剧2.Violationof•话质量原2.Violationof•话质量原不说自知不说缺乏足够证据的话l;rhetoricdevice（说假话，修辞手法的运用E.g.Paulismadeofiron.[PaulhassomepropertiessimilartothoseofPaul是个铁人。（