涉海英语读写教程课后答案Unit 1

涉海英语读写教程课后答案Unit1涉海英语读写教程课后答案Unit1涉海英语读写教程课后答案Unit1资料仅供参考文件编号：2022年4月涉海英语读写教程课后答案Unit1版本号：A修改号：1页次：1.0审核：批准:发布日期：Unit1AnOverviewofOceanandOceanographyTextAPartIUnderstandingandLearningBackgroundinformationTheWorldTheWorldOcean,orglobalocean,istheinterconnectedsystemoftheEarth'soceanic(ormarine)waters,andcomprisesthebulkofthehydrosphere,coveringalmost71%oftheEarth'ssurface,withatotalvolumeof1.332billioncubickiloTheunityandcontinuityoftheWorldOcean,withrelativelyfreeinterchangeamongitsparts,isoffundamentalimportancetooceanography.Itisdividedintoanumberofprincipaloceanicareasthataredelimitedbythecontinentsandvariousoceanographicfeatures:thesedivisionsaretheAtlanticOcean,ArcticOcean(rarelyconsideredaseaoftheAtlantic),IndianOcean,PacificOcean,andSouthernOcean(typicallyreckonedinsteadasjustthesouthernportionsoftheAtlantic,Indian,andAglobaloceanhasexistedinoneformoranotheronEarthforeons,andthenotiondatesbacktoclassicalantiquity(intheformofOceanus).ThecontemporaryconceptoftheWorldOceanOceanConveyorBeltTheglobaloceanicconveyorbeltisaunifyingconceptthatconnectstheocean'ssurfaceandthermohaline(deepmass)circulationregimes,transportingheatandsaltonaplanetaryscale.TheconveyorbeltsystemcanbethoughtofasbeginningnearGreenlandandIcelandintheNorthAtlanticwheredry,coldwindsblowingfromnorthernCanadachillsurfacewaters.Thecombinedchillingofsurfacewaters,evaporation,andsea-iceformationproducescold,saltyNorthAtlanticDeepWater(NADW).ThenewlyformedNADWsinksandflowssouthwardalongthecontinentalslopeofNorthandSouthAmericatowardAntarcticawherethewatermassthenflowseastwardaroundtheAntarcticcontinent(intheAntarcticCircumpolarCurrent).TheretheNADWmixeswithAntarcticwaters.TheresultingCommonWater,alsocalledAntarcticCircumpolarwater,flowsnorthwardatdepthintothethreeoceanbasins(primarilythePacificandIndianThesebottomwatersgraduallywarmandmixwithoverlyingwatersastheyflownorthward.Theymovetothesurfaceatarateofonlyafewmetersperyear.AfterrisingtothesurfaceinthePacific,thesurfacewatersflowthroughthemanypassagesbetweentheIndonesianislandsintotheIndianOcean.EventuallytheyflowintotheAgulhasCurrent,theIndianOceanboundarycurrentthatflowsaroundsouthernAfrica.AfterenteringtheAtlanticOcean,thesurfacewatersjointhewind-drivencurrentsintheAtlantic,becomingsaltierbyevaporationundertheintensetropicalsun.TradewindstransportsomeofthiswatervaporoutoftheAtlanticOceanbasin,acrosstheIsthmusofPanama,andintothePacificOceanbasin.AtlanticsurfacewaterseventuallyreturnnorthwardtotheLabradorandGreenlandseasintheNorthAtlantic.ContinuedoperationoftheoceanicconveyorbeltisimportanttonorthernEurope'smoderateclimatebecauseofnorthwardtransportofheatintheGulfStreamandNorthAtlanticCurrent.ThesystemcanweakenorshutdownentirelyiftheNorthAtlanticsurface-watersalinitysomehowdropstoolowtoallowtheformationofdeep-oceanwatermasses.ThisapparentlyhappenedduringtheLittleIceAge(about1400to1850AD).TheconveyersystemshutdownandnorthernEurope'sclimatebecamemarkedlycolder.OldpaintingsfromthiserashowDutchskatersonfrozencanals-somethingthatwouldnotoccurduringtoday'sclimaticregime.Coresextractedfromdeep-seasedimentdepositscontainevidenceofearliercoldperiods.DetailedStudyoftheText…howtheseastouchupontheessenceofbeinghumanandtheconnectivityofthehuman-spheretotheocean-sphere.(Para.1)Meaning:howtheseasapproach

thenatureofbeinghumanandlinkbetweenthehuman-sphereandtheocean-sphere.touchupon:mentionasubjectquickly;concern;approachWe’lltouchuponShakespeare'sHamletthissemester.这个学期我们将讲到莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》。Ifoundhiswordssostrangethattheytoucheduponquarrel.我发现他的言语特别奇怪，简直像是在争吵。…itencompassesallthephenomenathatencompasstheworld.(Para.7)Meaning:itincludesallthephenomenathattheglobalearthincludes.encompass:v.formacircleorringaround;surround;includeTheatmosphereencompassestheearth.大气包围着地球。Thegeneralartscourseattheuniversityencompassesawiderangeofsubjects.大学文科包括的科目非常广泛。TheeminentoceanographerDr.WallyBroeckerdubbedthisphenomenonthe“OceanConveyorBelt”.(Para.9)Meaning:ThefamousoceanographerDr.WallyBroeckercalledthisphenomenonthe“OceanConveyorBelt”.eminent:a.famous,respectedorimportantChurchillwasoneoftheworld'smosteminentstatesmen.邱吉尔是世界上最卓越的政治家之一。dub:v.givesomethingorsomeoneaparticularnameYou'vegottothinkaboutwhatwemightdub"theinteractioneffects."你不得不去考虑我们所谓的“相互影响”。v.insertanewsoundtrack,oftenasynchronizedtranslationoftheoriginaldialogue,into(afilm)Iintendtousesimultaneousrecordingtodubthisfilm.我打算采用同期录音的方法为这部影片配音。…Dr.SusanLozierofDukeUniversityweighedseveraldistinctpiecesofevidencethatoverturnourconceptsofoceanoverturning.(Meaning:Dr.SusanLozierofDukeUniversityconsiderseveralcarefullythatturnoverourideasofoceanoverturning.weigh:v.considersomethingcarefully,especiallyinordertomakeadecisionHeneedstoweighuptheprosandconsofgoingtocollege.他需要权衡上大学的利弊。overturn:v.causetoturnoverorcapsizeWesawthecanoeoverturn,throwingitspassengersintothewater.我们看到那个独木舟翻了，把几个乘客都抛到了水里。“Thoughappealinginitssimplicity,”writesLozier,“theoceanconveyor-beltparadigmhaslostlusterovertheyears,preciselybecauseithasoverdistilledthecomplexityoftheocean’soverturning.”(Para.12)Meaning:“Thoughtheoceanconveyor-beltmodelisattractiveinitssimplicity,ithaslostattractionovertheyears,preciselybecauseithasover-abstractedthecomplexityoftheocean’soverturning”,writesLozier.Theebbandflowofnewlycollatedevidenceswaysthetheoreticaltidesinanotherdirection.(Para.14)Meaning:Theebbandflowfromthenewlycollectedevidencefluctuatesthetheoreticaltidesfromadifferentperspective.collate:v.assembleinpropernumericalorlogicalsequenceWeareheretocollatetheviewsofthegeneralpublicandfeedbacktothekeydecisionmakers.我们会整理普遍大众的观点，反馈给主要决策者。n.collationTheoceanisthegluethatholdsourplanettogether.(Para.16)Meaning:Theoceanislikethegluethatconnectsourplanettightly.PartIIKeytoExercisesPre-readingQuestionsOceanmeanstheentirebodyofsaltwaterthatcoversmorethan70percentoftheearth'ssurface.Itreferstoanyoftheprincipaldivisionsoftheocean,includingtheAtlantic,Pacific,Indian,Arctic,andAntarcticoceans.Theoceanhasasignificanteffectonthebiosphere.Oceanicevaporation,asaphaseofthewatercycle,isthesourceofmostrainfall,andoceantemperaturesdetermineclimateandwindpatternsthataffectlifeonland.LifewithHumanbeingsaredirectlyorindirectlyinfluencedbytheocean.Oceanwatersserveasasourceoffoodandvaluableminerals,asavasthighwayforcommerce,andprovideaplaceforbothrecreationandwastedisposal.ReadingComprehensionThepassagemainlydiscussesthatthereisadeepconnectionbetweenhumanbeingsandtheocean.Peopleshouldactrightnowtodeepenunderstandingofthisconnectionandawarenessofoceanprotection.Therearethreereasons.Firstly,therereallyexistsdistancebetweenpeopleandocean.Secondly,welackbasicunderstandingofhowtheoceanaffectseveryhumanbeingontheplanet.Thirdly,wejustdon’tknowhowtoputintowordsanddescribetheemotionsofhowtheoceanaffectsus.Itisdesignedfora"deeperunderstandingoftheconnectionbetweenthebrainandtheocean".No.Therearenotsevenseasorfouroceansanymorethanthereareseparate,boundedfieldsofstudyinscience.(Or,theyareallconnected.)No,theyhavedifferentopinions.Dr.WallyBroeckerdubbedoceancirculationthe"OceanConveyorBelt"whichisasimplisticexplanationofthenetflowofheatintheocean.Dr.SusanLozierchallengedtheconveyorbeltmodel.Weshouldbeawarethatweareincludedascomponentsintheworldocean,justasvitaltotheoceanastheoceanistous.Inordertoprotecttheocean,weshouldunderstandhowtomakeconservationmessagessticktopeopleandasknewquestionsabouttheneurologicalbasisforconservation.StructureAnalysisPart1:Puttingforwardtheissue:Recently,aresearchexploredtherelationshipbetweentheneuroscienceandtheocean.(Paras1-4)Events:Someeventsnotonlyrecognizetheimportanceofoceans,butalsotheconnectivityofthehuman-spheretotheocean-sphere.(Para.1)Reasonsforthedisconnectionbetweenpeopleandtheocean(Paras2-3):Reason1:Wemostlytakeitforgranted.Reason2:Wearelackinginbasicunderstandingofhowtheoceanaffectseveryhumanbeingontheplanetandtheirentirelives.Reason3:Wejustdon’tknowhowtoputintowordsanddescribetheemotionsofhowtheoceanaffectsus.Problemabouttheoceanresearch(Para.4):Reason3explainsthattherearealotofliteratureworkstodescribetheocean,butthereislittleinhistoricalandmodernresearchesthathavetestedthewatersoftheneurologicalbasisofourconnectiontotheocean.Part2:DetailsabouttheresearchoftheBLUEMINDinitiative(Paras.5-14)Purpose:Itisdesignedforadeeperunderstandingoftheconnectionbetweenthebrainandtheocean.(Para.5)Method:Nicholsistryingtoseethevalueininterdisciplinaryapproachestotacklingtoughresearchproblems.(Paras.6-7)Model:Aworldoceanisaconnectedocean.(Paras.8-14)FormerModel:“OceanConveyorBelt”byDr.WallyBroecker.Dr.Lozier’sModel:Sherefutedtheaboveoneasitistoosimplifiedthroughweighingseveraldistinctpiecesofevidencethatoverturnourconceptsofoceanoverturning.Shefoundthateddies,whicharecirculatingbodiesofwaterupto100kmindiameter,havebeenrecentlyobservedtodistributewatermassesofftheconveyorbelt.Significanceofthenewmodel:itfinetunestheconnection.Limitationoftherevolutionarymodel:itisabittoosimplisticandoverstated.Part3:Thefutureofourworldocean(Paras.15-18)Anewfrontier,anewrevolutioninmarinesciencewillbetounderstandhowweallshareapsychologicalconnectionwiththesea.Weneedtoasknewquestionsabouttheneurologicalbasisforconservation.VocabularyStudyA. 1.hypothesis 2.contingent 3.initiative 4.overturned 5.reflection6.landlocked 7.circulation 8.ecosystem 9.wasshrouded 10.encompassesB. 1.B 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.C 8.C 9.B 10.CC.1.eco- 2.em- 3.inter- 4.Over- 5.multi- 6.Neuro-Cloze1.divisions 2.interchangeably 3.encompasses 4.integral5.volume 6.habitat 7.estimated 8.ignored9.exploration 10.multidisciplinary 11.initiative 12.connected13.Whatever 14.to 15.marine 16.collation17.indicates 18.on 19.doubt 20.consciousTranslation1. 海洋是当今世界无处不在的一个部分，我们大多对此习以为常，不予重视。人与海洋之间产生这种脱节，部分原因是人类与海岸之间存在一定距离。如果我们从没努力去遥望那片蓝色地平线，咫尺之距也会让我们感觉相隔半个世界。另一部分原因在于，对于海洋如何影响人类，我们缺乏基本的了解。海洋给我们的天气带来了缓冲作用，为我们提供了充足的食物。很多现代药物也是经由几十年对海洋不懈的研究而研制成功的。这种脱节的另一原因还可能是，我们不知道用什么言语来描述海洋对我们的情感产生的影响。这后一个原因是个非常难概括的概念。虽然诗人，词曲家及艺术家已经用不同的方式来描述大海，从愤怒到恐惧，从平静到沉思，但不论在历史上乃至现代，很少有研究来分析人与海洋之间这种联系的神经基础。直到近来才开始在此领域有所探索。无论现在我们采取什么方式保护海洋，来获取它的信息，都没有太凑效--至少效果不会那么快。许多人并不真正了解海洋。尽管一生中可能有很多时间被大海吸引，他们并不知道为什么。科学家也没法解释。要让保护海洋的信息在人们心里根深蒂固，我们必须就海洋保护的神经学基础提出新的问题。我们是海洋世界的重要构成部分，海洋也是人类世界的重要组成部分。2.Theocean,asanindispensablepartofourworld,buffersourweather,andprovidesuswithfoodandmanyofmodernmedicines.However,wejustignored(didn’tgiveenoughattentionto)theconnectivitybetweentheoceanandhumansphere.Onlyuntilrecently,havetheteamledbymarineconservationbiologistDr.WallaceJ.Nicholsstartedtoexploretheconnectionbetweenhumanmindsandtheoceanfrommultidisciplinaryperspectives.Theyputforwardanewresearchfield—neuroconservation,whichledtoarevolutioninmarinescience.Dr.WallyBroecker,afamousoceanographer,calledthephenomenonofdeepwatercirculation“OceanConveyorBelt”.Thisstatementisanoversimplificationofacomplexprocess.Dr.SusanLozierfromDukeUniversityoverwhelmedtheideaaboutoceanoverturningafterconsidering/weighingdifferentpiecesofevidence.Whatevertheoutcomewouldbe,thereisnodoubtthattheoceanholdsourplanettightlIdiomStudiespushtheboatout2missedtheboat3inrocktheboat5justofftheboat6doesn'treallyfloatmyboat7burnedmyboat8whateverfloatsyourboatProverbsorQuotations充满希望的旅行比到达目的地更美妙。如果每走一步都要数着，你的旅程就长了。我曾相信，所有值得知道之事，我在剑桥都知道了。在我旅行的过程之中，这一想法逐渐消失了。这与我本意相反，但是却对我非常有益。如果你想走到高处，就要用自己的两条腿！不要让别人把你抬到高处；不要坐在别人的背上和头上。永不走回头路，这是智者的一条座右铭。卓越的天才不屑走旁人走过的路，他寻找迄今未开拓的地区。人可以爬到最高峰，但他不能在那儿久住。有了好的旅伴，路途就变得无比短暂。PartIII参考译文世界海洋每年6月8日，海洋爱好者庆祝世界海洋日。去年，在45个国家举行了300多场官方活动。这些活动让大家意识到，作为地球上最大且最复杂的生态系统，海洋是如何影响地球其余的生态系统及其居民的，海洋又是如何触及人类的本质和人类与海洋领域的联系的。海洋是当今世界无处不在的一个部分，我们大多对此习以为常，不予重视。人与海洋之间产生这种脱节，部分原因是人类与海岸之间存在一定距离。如果我们从没努力去遥望那片蓝色地平线，咫尺之距也会让我们感觉相隔半个世界。另一部分原因在于，对于海洋如何影响人类，我们缺乏基本的了解。海洋给我们的天气带来了缓冲作用，为我们提供了充足的食物。很多现代药物也是经由几十年对海洋不懈的研究而研制成功的。这种脱节的另一原因还可能是，我们不知道用什么言语来描述海洋对我们的情感产生的影响。这后一个原因是个非常难概括的概念。虽然诗人，词曲家及艺术家已经用不同的方式来描述大海，从愤怒到恐惧，从平静到沉思，但不论在历史上乃至现代，很少有研究来分析人与海洋之间这种联系的神经基础。直到近来才开始在此领域有所探索。海洋保护生物学家华莱士·J·尼科尔斯博士与来自艺术、市场营销和工程领域的同事共同创立BLUEMIND倡议项目，旨在桥接神经科学和保护生物学，开发一个新领域，即神经保护学，目的在于深层次了解大脑与海洋之间的联系。这种努力是令人印象深刻的，体现了真正的多学科研究。这种努力也有极大的潜力，可以帮助我们了解人们关心环境问题并采取相应行动的动机。“长期以来，营销人员就知道，人类大脑对于简单的信息反应最快，这些信息要以通俗易懂的故事方式经常重复。但是科学家并不喜欢‘营销’一词。”经常看《哈佛商业评论》的尼科尔斯解释道。尼科尔斯是众多的海洋科学家其中一员，他们都看到运用跨学科方法来攻坚研究问题的价值所在。这跟世界海洋日要传递的信息类似，也正是我要强调的。正如同科学研究各领域相互联系，没有界限，世界上也没有七海四大洋的界限划分。只有一个世界海洋，它包含了世界上所有的现象。传统上历来认为，海洋科学本质上是跨学科的冒险事业。水世界是一个三维环境，遵循着物理学以及生态学和进化论的规律，创造了巨大的生命多样性。经过200多年缜密的探索，对这个世界，我们也仅有微弱的认知。世界海洋是相互连接的。图像地图清楚地标注了大洋盆地之间的不同洋流循环模式，但却掩盖了一些事实：海底深处水流速度减慢，水流移动，月圆月亏的强度和方向以及深水团缓慢的千年移动。这些水团是在北大西洋和南极洲外围形成的。这里，温暖的热带水被寒冷的极地水覆盖，在北极风的吹拂下变冷。表面的水结冰，盐分沉到下层水中。寒冷、高密度的水下沉，开始了环游世界的千年之旅。著名海洋学家沃利·布勒克博士称这一现象为“海洋循环带”。但是对于解释海洋热量净流量这一复杂过程，布勒克博士的说法实在过于简单化。这种模式主导海洋学近半个世纪，但这种模式可能过于简单化。特别是在过去的十年中，技术发展让海洋科学家探索海洋的决心越来越大。曾经一度被忽视的过程，如海风模式和涡流场，似乎对海洋倾覆起到了更大的作用。《科学》杂志去年发表的一篇回顾评论中，杜克大学的苏珊·洛兹博士对海洋循环带模式提出质疑。她摆出了各种证据，足以推翻我们的海洋倾覆观念。毫无疑问，虽然科学家心中明白，海洋倾覆确实存在--这是一个可直接衡量的特性--以前提出的模式是有点太简单化了。最重要的是，近来探测发现：漩涡，即直径达100公里的涡旋水体，可以重新分配循环带的水团。这一发现是否会改变整个海洋是如何连接的？一点也不会，相反，它更好地协调了这种连接。深层水并非沿着海洋盆地西部边界移动，实际上受到从两极流向赤道的漩涡驱动，它是在内部移动。洛兹博士写到，“深层循环带理论因其简单而引人注目，但由于过度概括海洋倾覆的复杂性，多年过去已变得黯然失色。不论在空间上还是时间上，以及在先前样品采集很稀少的地方，对海洋的观测规模都越来越大，因此，这一复杂性已经慢慢显露出来。”更好的技术和样本采集方法使得海洋科学领域的这场革命顺利展开。19世纪，福布斯赞同的无生命假设认为，水深500米以下区域是不可能有生命存在的。由于打捞技术、水深测量和水收集工具的发展以及“挑战者号”大量的探测工作，这一假设只能一直封存在戴维·琼斯的储物柜中。（意为不成立，无法拿出来示人）这场革命模式本身就有点过于简单和夸大了。很少有论文一经发表就可以马上改变一个研究领域。所谓的模式会逐渐改变。艾萨克•牛顿温和而严肃地提到，只有“站在巨人的肩膀上”，方可验证假设，收集证据，得出结论而后进行辩论。新近收集整理的潮汐涨落证据从另一个方向动摇了潮汐理论。我们甚至只能提出瞬息间形成的问题，因为历史留下的大量文献提供了一条永存的“传送带”，它会不断产生新的问题。世界海洋的未来满是兴奋点，一则是以后存在的可能性，二则是我们已经很大程度影响了这一重要的系统，对此我们心存恐惧。我们跟海洋如何联系在一起，已不是什么秘密。海水和我们体液的构成方式是类似的。距离海岸线最远的人仍然保持自己内心的海洋，想躲避它是不可能的。我们被海景所吸引，花血汗钱去值得待上几星期的沙滩度度假，冲冲浪，并竭尽全力把海鲜带到最内陆的城市。也许海洋科学的一个新领域，一场新革命将是了解我们与海洋是如何在心理上连接在一起的。海洋是我们这个星球的黏合剂。地球上近四分之三都是咸水，海水绵延在大陆周围，围绕着岛屿。水永远不会离开我们。它围绕地球移动，蒸发到空气中又随雨水落回大地，流入河流，但最终总是回归海洋。我们就像水，不管如何流动，总是最终停留在海洋附近。了解如尼科尔斯博士所说的“心与海的连接”实际上可以挽救我们自己的生命。无论现在我们采取什么方式保护海洋，来获取它的信息，都没有太凑效--至少效果不会那么快。许多人并不真正了解海洋。尽管一生中可能有很多时间被大海吸引，他们并不知道为什么。科学家也没法解释。要让保护海洋的信息在人们心里根深蒂固，我们必须就海洋保护的神经学基础提出新的问题。我们是海洋世界的重要构成部分，海洋也是人类世界的重要组成部分。尼科尔斯建议，“是时候来摒弃那些所谓情感和科学应该分离的旧观念。情感就是一门科学[...]还未被揭开谜底的海洋中最大的那些秘密，不是埋藏在蔚蓝色的海底，而是埋藏在人类的心灵深处，这是很可能的，甚至也许是确定无疑的。”TextBPartIUnderstandingandLearningBackgroundinformationUnitedStatesNavalObservatoryTheUnitedStatesNavalObservatory(USNO)isoneoftheoldestscientificagenciesintheUnitedStates,withaprimarymissiontoproducePositioning,Navigation,andTiming(PNT)fortheU.S.NavyandtheU.S.DepartmentofDefense.LocatedinNorthwestWashington,D.C.,itisoneofthepre-1900astronomicalobservatorieslocatedinanurbanarea;atthetimeofitsconstruction,itwasfarfromthelightpollutionthrownoffbythe(then-smaller)citycenter.Today,theobservatory'sprimaryobservationalworkisdoneattheU.S.Navy'shigherelevationUnitedStatesNavalObservatory,FlagstaffStation(NOFS)nearFlagstaff,Arizona.USNOalsohasan"AlternateMasterClock"siteinColoradoSprings,TheRoyalSocietyofLondonTheRoyalSocietyofLondonforImprovingNaturalKnowledge,knownastheRoyalSociety,isalearnedsocietyforscience,andispossiblytheoldestsuchsocietyinexistence.FoundedinNovember1660,itwasgrantedaRoyalCharterbyKingCharlesIIasthe"RoyalSocietyofLondon".TheSocietytodayactsasascientificadvisortotheBritishgovernment,receivingaparliamentarygrant-in-aid.TheSocietyactsastheUK'sAcademyofTheSocietyisgovernedbyitsCouncil,whichischairedbytheSociety'sPresident,accordingtoasetofStatutesandStandingOrders.ThemembersofCouncilandthePresidentareelectedfromandbyitsFellows,thebasicmembersoftheSociety,whoarethemselveselectedbyexistingFellows.Therearecurrently1,314Fellows,allowedtousethepostnominaltitleFRS(FellowoftheRoyalSociety),with44newFellowsappointedeachyear.TherearealsoRoyalFellows,HonoraryFellowsandForeignFellows,thelastofwhichareallowedtousetheirpostnominaltitleForMemRS(ForeignMemberoftheRoyalSociety).ThecurrentRoyalSocietyPresidentisSirPaulNurse,whotookupthepositionon30November2010.Biologicaloceanography,ormarinebiologyMarinebiologyisthescientificstudyoforganismsintheoceanorothermarineorbrackishbodiesofwater.Giventhatinbiologymanyphyla,familiesandgenerahavesomespeciesthatliveintheseaandothersthatliveonland,marinebiologyclassifiesspeciesbasedontheenvironmentratherthanontaxonomy.Marinebiologydiffersfrommarineecologyasmarineecologyisfocusedonhoworganismsinteractwitheachotherandtheenvironment,andbiologyisthestudyoftheorganismsthemselves.Chemicaloceanography,ormarinechemistryOceanchemistry,alsoknownasmarinechemistry,isinfluencedbyturbiditycurrents,sediments,pHlevels,atmosphericconstituents,metamorphicactivity,andecology.Thefieldofchemicaloceanographystudiesthechemistryofmarineenvironmentsincludingtheinfluencesofdifferentvariables.MarinegeologyorgeologicaloceanographyMarinegeologyorgeologicaloceanographyinvolvesgeophysical,geochemical,sedimentologicalandpaleontologicalinvestigationsoftheoceanfloorandcoastalmargins.Marinegeologyhasstrongtiestophysicaloceanography.MarinegeologicalstudieswereofextremeimportanceinprovidingthecriticalevidenceforseafloorspreadingandplatetectonicsintheyearsfollowingWorldWarII.Thedeepoceanflooristhelastessentiallyunexploredfrontieranddetailedmappinginsupportofbothmilitary(submarine)objectivesandeconomic(petroleumandmetalmining)objectivesdrivestheresearch.MarineengineeringorNavalarchitectureNavalarchitectureisanengineeringdisciplinedealingwiththedesign,construction,maintenanceandoperationofmarinevesselsandstructures.Navalarchitectureinvolvesbasicandappliedresearch,design,development,designevaluationandcalculationsduringallstagesofthelifeofamarinevehicle.Preliminarydesignofthevessel,itsdetaileddesign,construction,trials,operationandmaintenance,launchinganddry-dockingarethemainactivitiesinvolved.Shipdesigncalculationsarealsorequiredforshipsbeingmodified(bymeansofconversion,rebuilding,modernization,orrepair).Navalarchitecturealsoinvolvesformulationofsafetyregulationsanddamagecontrolrulesandtheapprovalandcertificationofshipdesignstomeetstatutoryandnon-statutoryrequirements.DetailedStudyoftheTextThefirstsuccessfullayingoftransatlantictelegraphcableinAugust1858confirmedthepresenceofanunderwater"telegraphicplateau"mid-oceanridge.(Para.6)Meaning:InAugust1858,thetransatlantictelegraphcablewaslaidsuccessfullyforthefirsttime,whichconfirmedthatanunderwater"telegraphicplateau"mid-oceanridgereallyexisted.Thefirstpurpose-builtoceanographicship,the"Albatros"wasbuiltin1882.(Para.8)Meaning:In1882,the"Albatros"wasbuilttoserveaspecificpurpose,thatis,theoceanographicexploration.In1962therewasthefirstdeploymentofFLIP(FloatingInstrumentPlatform),a355footsparbuoy.(Para.13)Meaning:In1962thefirstFLIP(FloatingInstrumentPlatform),a355footsparbuoy,wasputintouse.deploy:v.distributeorposition(personsorforces)systematicallyorstrategicallyLebanonsaysitviolatedtheceasefire,andisthreateningtostopdeployingitsarmytothesouth.黎巴嫩称，以色列违反了停火协议，并威胁黎停止在南部部署军队。…therehasbeenmuchemphasisontheapplicationoflargescalecomputerstooceanographytoallownumericalpredictionsofoceanconditions…(Para.15)Meaning:Theapplicationoflargescalecomputerstooceanographyhasbeengivenmuchsignificancetoallownumericalpredictionsofoceanconditions…numerical:a.relatingtoorexpressedbynumbersTheresultsareexpressedindescendingnumericalorder.结果按数字降序列出。PartIIKeytoExercisesProverbsorQuotationsManyfactorscontributetothedevelopmentofoceanography.Firstly,scientistsmaderelentlesseffortsinthehistory.Secondly,technologyplaysaverycrucialrole.Depthsoundingmethods,thelayingofunderwatercable,satellites,andtheapplicationofcomputersarejustpartsofcountlessexamples.Thirdly,cooperationamongnationsworldwidepromotesthedevelopmentofmarinescience.Moreover,thechangingglobalenvironmentmakesitnecessaryforpeopletobetterunderstandocean.Open.ReadingComprehensionThepassagemainlydiscussesthedefinition,historyandbranchesofoceanography,aswellastheconnectiontotheatmosphere.Earlymodernexplorationoftheoceanswasprimarilyforcartographyandmainlylimitedtoitssurfacesandofthecreaturesthatfishermenbroughtupinnets.Yes,itcan.Thesuccessfullayingoftransatlantictelegraphcableconfirmedthepresenceofanunderwater"telegraphicplateau"mid-oceanridge.Subsequently,afloodofnewterrestrialbotanicalandzoologicalinformationwasprocessed.Purpose-builtmeans“madetoserveaspecificpurpose,thatis,theoceanographicexplorationin1882”.Oceanographycanhelpinthedesignandbuildingofoilplatforms,ships,harbours,andotherstructuresthatallowustousetheoceansafely.Meanwhile,ithelpsobserveatmosphericconditionsandchanges.Thetextisconductedinaveryobjectivewaybyrevealingthedefinition,thehistory,andthebranchesofoceanography.StructureAnalysisPart1:Thedefinitionofoceanography(Para.1)Oceanographyisthestudyoftheocean,whichcoversawidescopeoftopics.Part2:Thehistoryofoceanography(Paras.2-16) Pre-historicperiod:Thefirstacquisitionofknowledgeaboutthewavesandcurrents.(Para.2)The16thcentury:BenjaminFranklinidentifiedandnamedtheGulfStream.(Para.3)Late18thcenturyand19thcentury:Newexplorationmethodsandgreatscientificworksonstage(Paras.4-10)FirstscientifictextbooksaboutcurrentsintheAtlanticandIndianoceanbyJamesRennellModernexplorationmethods:firstmodernsounding,dredgingintheAegeanSeaMatthewFontaineMaurywrotePhysicalGeographyoftheSea,thefirsttextbookofoceanography.Transatlantictelegraphcableconfirmedthepresenceofanunderwater"telegraphicplateau"mid-oceanridge.InstitutesinmarinescienceinU.S.A.,GreatBritainandAustralia20thcentury:Technologyacceleratesprogressinoceanography(Paras.11-16)Modernexplorationmethods:firstacousticmeasurement,useofechosounder,useofGeosatModernvessels:theLordKelvin,bathyscaphe,nuclearsubmarineNautilusEmphasisontheapplicationoflargescalecomputersfornumericalpredictionsPart3:Theconnectionofoceanographytotheatmosphere(Paras.17-18) Reasonsforthelink:evaporationandprecipitationaswellasthermalfluxPart4:Thebranchesofoceanography(Paras.19-26)Mainbranches:marinebiology,marinechemistry,marinegeology,etc. Practicalapplication:Datafromtheworkofoceanographerscanallowustousetheoceansafely.VocabularyStudyA. 1.atmospheric 2.numerical 3.botanical 4.Superintendent 5.acoustic6.Biosphere 7.terrestrial 8.prevailing 9.attribute 10.deploymentB. 1.C 2.B 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.B 7.C 8.B 9.C 10.AC. 1.thermo 2.micro 3.pre 4.bio 5.trans 6.teleCloze1.to 2.scope 3.employment 4.keen 5.aspects6.undertake 7.visible 8.predict 9.Geological 10.presence11.samples 12.deliver 13.basis 14.fossils 15.out16.typically 17.doctoral 18.professionals 19.interns 20.firsthandTranslation1. 海洋学，也称为海洋科学，主要研究海洋，是地球科学的一个分支。它所覆盖的研究科目很多，包括海洋生物和生态系统动力学；洋流、海浪和地球流体动力学；板块结构和海底地质；海底及其边界区域各种化学物质的通量以及物理特性。这些不同的科目反映出多学科研究的趋势。为了进一步认识海洋世界，了解其内部活动，海洋学家融合多学科知识进行研究，包括生物学，化学，地质学，气象学，物理学和地理学。海洋学研究与了解全球气候变化、潜在的全球变暖和相关的生物圈问题是相关联的。水蒸发、降水和热通量（及太阳辐射）这些因素将大气和海洋联系在一起。风应力是洋流的主要驱动力，而海洋则吸收大气中的二氧化碳。我们这个星球有两个伟大的海洋：一个可见，一个看不见；一个在脚下，一个在上空；一个完全包裹着这个星球，另一个则占据地球三分之二的表面。这些学科分支反映了一个事实，许多海洋学家首先在精密科学或者数学方面接受训练，然后把他们的多学科知识、技能和能力集中应用到海洋学研究中。海洋学家工作所得出的数据，可应用于海洋工程，石油平台，船舶，港口，以及其它结构的设计和建设中。这样可以帮助我们安全地使用海洋。海洋学数据管理是另外一门学科，可以确保研究人员获取过去和现在的海洋学数据。2.Oceanography(ormarinescience)isthestudyaboutnaturaloceanphenomena,itsnatureandlawofvariationaswellastheknowledgerelatedtothedevelopmentandexploitationabouttheocean.Humanbeingsacquiredknowledgeabouttheoceansinpre-historictimes.Throughcenturies’efforts,basedonexperimentsandobservations,scientistsfurtheredknowledgeabouttheoceanswithvariousmethods,suchasechosounding,depthdredging.Theuseofmoderndevicessuchassubmarines,satellitesandlarge-scalecomputersreflectedthatmoderntechnologyplayedasignificantroleinthedevelopmentofmarinescience.Manynations,organizationsandresearchinstitutesweredevotedtothestudyofmarinescience.Marinesciencecoversawiderangeoffundamentalstudiesinmarinephysics,marinechemistry,marinebiology,andmarinegeology.Thesciencealsoappliestotheexploitationofmarineresourcesaswellasmaritimemilitaryactions.Theoceanandtheatmospherearecloselyinterdependentandrelated.Therefore,thestudyoftheoce