00795自考综合英语二语法知识点

00795点

自考综合英语二语法知识系动词系动词，亦称连系动词Verb）。作为系动词，它本身有词义，但不能单独（形容词be之外，还有一些动词也可以做系动词，如表示状态或情况的：keep,look,feel,appear,lie,remain,seem,stay,smell,sound,taste等；以及表示变化的：get,grow,turn,fall,run,become,go,等。1.tobe可以加在seem,prove,remain,appear等系动词和其后的名词或形容词之间，但也可以省略。E.g.Thetaskproved(tobe)impossible.E.g.Theyseem(tobe)suchfriendlypeople,buttheyneverrepliedtoourinvitation.注意：在seem,appear等词后，可加其他非tobe不定式，但这时他们不是系动词，而是不及物动词。Courtesy,politeness,goodmanner?Callitwhatyouwill,thesupplyneverseemstoequalthedemand.非人称代词it做句子的形式主语代表不定式E.g.Itisabsurdtobeafraidundersuchcircumstances.代表动名词E.g.ItisterribletryingtokeepupwiththeJones.that引导的从句E.g.Itisplaintoeveryonethatshewasoffended.wh-引导的从句E.g.Aslongashefinisheshiswork,itdoesn’tmatterwhenhecomestotheoffice.做句子的形式宾语代表不定式E.g.Theyfounditdifficulttogetalongwithhim.代表从句E.g.Ithinkitbestthatyou(should)staywithme.E.g.Hesoonmadeitclearwhyhehadaskedaconference.用来改变句子结构，使句子某一成分得到强调强调主语E.g.Itwasshewhoputforwardthesuggestion.强调宾语E.g.itisthatpaintingthathehassoldatagoodprofit.强调状语E.g.itwasthroughmethathehasgotthepresentjob.强调用so表示强调用so强调听者同意说者所言，这种用法只将so提到句首，其他成分位置不变。E.g.–youhavespilledcoffeeonyourdress.-SoIhave.情态动词+完成式could+have+过去分词有时表示过去的时间，说明某事可能已发生，有时也表示与事实相反，表示本来有能力做某事，但却未做。E.g.Whathappenedintheairportcouldhavebeentrue.might/may+have+过去分词表示对已经发生的情况进行揣测，但语气相当不肯定，表示近乎未实现的行为.E.g.Youmighthavedonetheworkbetter.must+have+过去分词是对发生在过去的一种行为的推测，表示过去必定发生过的事情，语气相当肯定，表示“肯定，一定”。E.g.Itmusthaverainedlastnight.Thegroundiswet.should/oughtto+have+过去分词表示该做而未做到的事，表示“本应”。E.g.Theyshouldhavemadeagoodjobofit.shouldnot/oughtn’tto+have+过去分词表示做了不该做的事，表示“本不应该”。E.g.Youshouldnothavedonesuchthings.can’t（couldn’t）+have+过去分词表示对过去的动作进行否定性推测。意为“肯定没有，肯定不是”。E.g.Thepoemcan’thavebeenwrittenbythelittlegirl;sheisonlyfour.would+have+过去分词经常用于虚拟条件句中，表示与过去事实相反的猜测。E.g. Ifshehadknownaboutit,shewouldhavetalkedaboutit.needn’t+have+过去分词表示不必做的事情却做了，可译为“原本不必”“其实不必”。E.g.Youneedn’thavedoneallthesecalculations.Wehaveacomputertodealwiththatsortofthing.主谓一致知识点一manya,morethanone+单数名词，谓语仍然用单数。E.g.Manyasoldierhassacrificedhislifefortherevolution.知识点二eitherof+复数名词，谓语动词用单数．E.g.Haseitherofyourparentsvisitedyou?知识点三and;bothand同一物或同一概念时，谓语用单数．E.g.Aboyandagirlwanttogo.知识点四eachandeach;everyandevery等结构后，谓语用单数．E.g.Eachmanand(each)womanisaskedtohelp.知识点五主语后面有aswellas;togetherwith;alongwith;ratherthan等词组，谓语的单复数有主语来决定．E.g.I,togetherwithmymother,wasreadingattenyesterday.oneof＋复数名词＋关系分句结构如先行词为复数名词，谓语则为复数．当前面有theonly/very等限定词修饰，谓语用单数．E.g.Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.靠近原则：由notonly...butalso,either...or,neither...nor或or连接的并列主语。通常根据就近一致原则，谓语动词的单复数形式由最接近它的名词词组的单复数形式决定。E.g.Heoryou由“anumberof,ahavetotaltakenmypen.of+复数名词”作主语谓语动词用复数形式；由“thenumberof,thetotalof+复数名词”，谓语动词用单数形式。E.g.Anumberofstudentsarewaitingforthebus.倒装句带有neither,nor,nomore的句子倒装neither,nor,nomore被用作句首的分句前面必须是肯定句。E.g.Sheneverlaughed,nordidsheeverlosehertemper.知识点二虚拟结构中的条件从句省去if时，were,had和should要移至主语之前。E.g.HadIknownit,Ishouldhavetoldhim.句首为否定词和带有否定意义的词或短语作状语或宾语时，常用部分倒装。常用于这一结构的词语有：little,nowhere,rarely,scarcely,seldom,few,hardly,never,undernocircumstances,onnoaccount,innoway,atnopoint,atnotime,innosense,atno/othertime,bynomeans,barely/hardly/scarcely…when,notuntilmuch/even/stillless,nolonger, notasingleword,notoften,等。带only的句子的倒装only位于句子开头，如果修饰介词短语或状语从句，那么句子应倒装。E.g.Onlybyshoutingatthetopofhisvoicewasheablemakehimselfheard.Only引导的从句位于句首,主语应倒装.E.g.Onlywhenshecamehomedidhelearnthenews.so/such…that结构中的so放在句首时，需要倒装。E.g.Soabsurddidhelookthateveryonestaredathim..E.g.Suchagoodstudentwasshethatalltheteacherslikedher.在as引导的让步状语从句中形容词、名词或副词常移至从句之首，起强调作用。E.g.Tiredashewas,wedecidednottodisturbhim.E.g.Childasthelittlegirlis,sheknowsseveralforeignlanguages.句首为manyatime,tosuchanextent,tosuchadegree,tosuchapoint等状语时，句子需要部分倒装。E.g.Tosuchadegreewasheexcitedthathecouldn’tgotosleepthatnight.在某些表示祝愿的句子中使用倒装。E.g.Mayyoulivealongandhappylife!介词词组放在句首．E.g.Infrontofthehousestandsatree.强调句型强调句：Itis/was+被强调部分＋who/whom/that被强调的主语是人称代词时，既可用主格，也可用宾格．知识点四强调句it和先行词it的区别如果把itis(was)that去掉，剩下的仍能组成完整的句子，就是强调句．E.g.ItisclearthatnotallthestudentslikeEnglish.E.g.ItwasthisplacethatImetTom.notuntil句型的强调E.g.Itwasnotuntil10o’clockthathewenttobed.E.g.NotuntilhefinishedthehomeworkdidhewatchTV.非谓语动词分词分词的位置：动作性，但一般仅限于过去分词。E.g.theaspectsconcerned,E.g.theauthorityinvolved分词的特殊形式时，分词必须带上自己的主语，称为独立结构，可以表示原因，时间，伴随等。1) n.+分词短语E.g.(time)Thedarkcloudshavingdispersed,thesunshoneagain.E.g.(reason)Themonitorbeingill,we’dbetterwaitforher.With+n.+分词短语/adj./adv/prep…E.g.WithMr.Litakingthelead,thegroupaccuseditscompanyofdelayingtheirsalary.E.g.Withthemostpoptelevisionnetworkinhishand,themanhavehisproductsadvertisedatthegoldentimeforanhour.不定式with/without+分词逻辑主语＋分词,agree,arrange,ask,attempt,beg,care,choose,claim,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,pretend,promise,refuse,learn,tend,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,etc.动词+形式宾语）+形容词(宾语补足语)+不定式（真正宾语），适用于此结构的动词：believe,consider,feel,find,realize,see,suppose,think,understandetc.E.g.Wefounditimpossibletogeteverythingreadyintime.“Wh-word+不定式”结构advise,decide,discuss,findout,know,learn,see,teach,tell,showunderstand,wonder等E.g.Hedoesnotknowwhentostart.不定式作宾语补足语动词ask,advise,allow,beg,cause,command,direct,enable,encourage,expect,feel,force,have, hear,invite,lead,let,make,notice,order,permit,persuade,tell,urge,watch,see,requireetc.to：wouldrather…than…(宁愿…也不)，hadbetter，can’thelpbut…(不得不),may/mightaswell…(不妨)务必注意的是：接不带to的不定式作宾补的动词改成被动形式时必须加to。E.g.Hehasseenninepresidentscomeandgo.E.g.Ninepresidentshavebeenseentocomeandgo(byhim).不定式的时态完成式:不定式的动作在谓语表示的动作之前完成,或想像中过去的动作或事情,但并没有发生。E.g.Thisbookissaidtohavebeentranslatedintodozensoflanguagesinthelastdecade.进行式： E.g.Thechildrenappeartobeenjoyingthemselvesattheparty.注意不定式的逻辑主语ofsb./forsb.E.g.Itisquiteimportantforustolearnaforeignlanguagewell.E.g.Itisverykindofyoutotellmethetruth.动名词知识点一接动名词作宾语的动词admit,avoid,delay,deny,enjoy,escape,finish,appreciate,consider,mind,risk,practise,dislike,resent(怨恨),advise,pardon,require,quit(戒除),suggest知识点二有些动词后既可以跟动名词，也可以跟不定式like,love,start,continue,attempt,propose,forget,recall,endure,permit,deserve,regret,omit(疏忽，省略)etc.知识点三to作为介词的短语beusedto,beaccustomedto,beopposedto反对,beaddictedto沉溺于,bedevotedto专心于,lookforwardto,objectto,seeto负责，留意动词need,require,want,deserve后面跟动名词的主动形式表示被动意义。E.g.Allthecarsintheyardneedrepairing.1. plan,like,love,hate后动名词表示抽象行为和一般动作，不定式表示具体的、特定的动作。E.g.Helikesdancingbuthedoesn’tliketodancewithstrangers.知识点五动名词的逻辑主语句首要用形容词性物主代词。E.g.Their/Mary’scomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.动名词的逻辑主语可以是形容词性物主代词或宾格，在句中两者均可使用，在句首要用形容词性物主代词。E.g.Their/Mary’scomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.知识点一wish引导的宾从

虚拟语气时间时间结构

过去式had+过去分词/couldhavedone将来的情况 would/could+动词原形E.g.Hewishesthathehadstudiedhardinuniversity.知识点二wouldratherthat时间时间现在,将来的情况的情况过去的情况结构过去式had+过去分词E.g.Iwouldratherthatyoudidn’ttellmetheanswernow.E.g.Iwouldratherthatyoudidn’tgotheretomorrow.It’s(about/almost/high)timethat…从句用一般过去式E.g.It’stimethatyouwenttobed. E.g.It’stimethatclassbegan.if条件句可以省略if,助动词were,had,should要前置，形成倒装语序。Eg.Hadherfatheralotofmoney,hewouldsendherabroad.Eg.Wereitrainy,wewouldbuyanumbrella.“Wereitnotfor/Haditnotbeenfor+宾语”表示假设条件。E.g.Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wecouldn’thavegotoverthedifficulties.E.g.Haditnotbeenforyourhelp,wewouldn’thavebeenabletopasstheexam.asif(asthough)引导的比较状语从句中谓语动词一般用were/had+过去分词表虚拟。E.g.HespeaksEnglishsowellasifhewereEnglish.E.g.Shelookedasifshehadsucceeded.常见的引导宾语从句须用虚拟语气的动词advise,desire,maintain,command,demand,direct（命令）,insist,order,prefer,propose,request,require,resolve,suggest,urge，recommend等常见的引导同位语从句或表语从句须用虚拟语气的名词advice,command,desire,order,demand,recommendation,suggestion,insistence,proposal,request,requirement等；用在主语从句中时其结构通常为“Itis/was+形容词或过去分词+主语从句（用虚拟语气）”advisable,necessary,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial，desirable,essential,important,natural,properpreferable,strange,vital,demanded,required,suggested,desired等。独立主格独立主格可以分为四类：不定式独立结构、现在分词独立结构、过去分词独立结构、无动词独立结构不定式独立主格：名词词组+不定式结构E.g.Hismothertocometonight,heisbusypreparingthedinner.他母亲今晚要来,他正在忙着准备饭菜。E.g.Theysaidgood-byetoeachother,onetogohome,theothertogotothebookstore.他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。现在分词独立主格:(介词+）名词词组+现在分词E.g.Withoutanyonenoticing,Islippedthroughthewindow.趁着没人注意，我悄悄的顺着窗户溜出去过去分词独立主格：（介词+）名词词组+过去分词结构E.g.Iwouldn’tdaregohomewithoutthejobfinished.工作没完成，我不敢回家。介词+）介词词组或名词词组）E.g.Thesummerholidaysover,wewentbacktowork.假期结束，我们回去工作。E.g.Twothousandpeoplediedintheearthquake,manyofthemchildren.地震中两千人丧