专升本语法总结

专升本重点语法结构汇总I.典型时态和特殊用法1.一般现在时表示将来动作:(1)表示已经预先计划或安排好的肯定将要发生的动作.主要用于be,come,go,start,begin,1eave,return,end,stop,open,takeplace等瞬间动词句中常有表示将来的时间状语。如:ThematchtakesplacenextMonday(2)在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中.表示将来的动作。Iwillnotgoshopping,ifitrains.2.现在进行时表示将来:(1)表示最近按计划或安排要做的事,往往有表示未来的时间状语.能够这样用的动词有:arrive,come,leave,return,start,work,play,have等。(2)与always,constantly,continually,forever等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在出状态,往往带有说话人的感情色彩。(3)在时间、条件从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。如:WeareleavingonFriday./Heisconstantlyleavinghisthingsabout.他老是乱扔东西./Don’tinterrupthimifheisreading.(4)表示将来时的还有:beaboutto/betodo/beonthepointof等。如:Iwasonthepointofleavingwhenthephonerang./TheroadistoopentothepubliconOctober1,2004.3.现在完成时:①"must+完成式”表示过去必定发生过的事情,是对发生在过去的一种行为的推测。②“should(或oughtto)+完成式”表示一个应该在过去做,而没有做的动作,它往往带有埋怨和后悔的情绪。注:表示瞬间行为动词come,join,finish,marry,return等不能和表示延续的时间状语连用,只能用系动词加表语结构来代替。如:Hehasbeenbackforoveraweek.(不能用hascomeback)/Ihavebeeninthearmyforthreeyears.(不能用havejoined)。4.现在完成进行时:现在完成进行时表示动作从过去某一时间开始,一直延续到现在,可能还要继续下去,通常与表示一段时间的状语连用。如:Allthemorning,forhours,sincethismorning…/Theyhavebeenwatchingtelevisionfortwohours./Hehasbeenwritingletterssincethismorning.5.过去完成时:1)过去完成时,表示在过去某—时刻或动作以前已经完成的动作.即”过去的过去”.常用的信号词有by(到……时候为止),before等介词短语或用unless,when,after,once,assoonas等连词引起的表示到过去某—时间为止的时间状语来表示.2)过去完成时常用在“nosooner…than”和“hardly…when(before)”等句型的主句中,从句中常用一般过去时。如:Bytheendoflastyear,Ihadworkedinthiscollegefortenyears./Nosoonerhadhefinishedhisperformancethantheaudiencebegantocheer.(＝Hehadnosooner…than…)(他刚表演完，观众就喝彩)语态注意事项：6.有些动词以主动形式出现,却有被动含义。如：Theknifecutswell./Nylonunderwearwasheseasily.尼龙内衣容易洗/Thenovelswrittenbytheyoungmansellwell.那个年青人写的小说销路好/Thisball-penwritesinfourcolors.这支圆珠笔可以写出四种颜色/Thenotereadsasfollows”…”.字条上写着:”……”7.短语动词构成的被动语态中,介词或副词不可省略。如：Moreschoolsandhospitalswillbesetupinthenearfuture./Theoldwomanhasbeenoperatedon.(这位老妇人已经动过了手术)/Thepursewaspickedupandhandedtothepolice.此外,固定搭配“动词+名词+介词”习语中,介词也不能省掉。Timemustbemadegooduseof./Lesscleverchildrenshouldnotbemadefunof.8.如果宾补是不带to的不定式,在被动态中,主补的不定式必须带to.如:Hisparentsmakehimstudyhard./Heismadetostudyhard.9.在want,need,desire,require和形容词worthworth+doing后,动名词的主动形式表示被动意义.如:Thehousewantsrepairing(=toberepaired)./Thepointdeservesmentioning(tobementioned)./Thenovelisworthreading.(=Thenovelisworthytoberead.=Thenovelisworthyofbeingreading.=Itisworthwhiletoreadthenovel.)II.虚拟语气虚拟语气三大公式:条件句主句与现在事实相反If+主语+were…If+主语+v-ed…主语+should(would,could,might)+v…与过去事实相反If+主语+haddone主语+should(would,could,might)+havedone与将来事实相反If+主语+v-edIf+主语+shoulddoIf+主语+weretodo主语+should(would,could,might)+doIfJohnwereherenow(=wereJohnherenow,)hewouldexplainit.Ifyouhadaskedmeearlier,Iwouldhavetoldyou.(=Hadyouaskedmeearlier,Iwouldhavetoldyou.)/Ifitrainedtomorrow(=Ifitshouldraintomorrow=Shoulditraintomorrow=Ifitweretoraintomorrow=Wereittoraintomorrow),Iwouldstayathome.2.有时条件从句和主句时态可以不一致,这叫混合条件虚拟语气。如:Ifyouwereinbetterhealth,wewouldhaveallowedyoutojointheminthework.(如果你身体好一些,我们就会让你参加他们一道干这工作了).Ifyouhadtakenthemedicine(表示与过去相反,即:”要是你当时吃了的话”),youwouldbewellnow(表示与现在相反,即:”你现在已好了”).含意是:Youdidn’ttakethemedicine,soyouarenotwellnow.Ifthecriminalwerehonest,hewouldhaveconfessedlongago.Iftheweatherhadbeenmorefavorable,thecropswouldbegrowingstillbetter.如果过去天气好一些,现在庄稼还会长得更好.3.在动词Ifonly,wish,wouldrather,wouldsooner,asif(though)后的句子中谓语动词要用虚拟结构。Ifonly…Wish/wouldrather/…asif(though)与现在事实相反与过去事实相反V-ed(be用were)hadbeen如:Ifonly(=Iwish)Ihadnotcheatedintheexamination./IwishIwereasstrongasyou./IwishIrememberedtheaddress./Hewisheswewouldtryagain./Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow.Heoftentalksasifheweremyfather./Helooksasifhehadbeenill.(Buthehasnotbeenill)注意：asif(though)不一定非使用虚拟语气。4.主语+V.+that主语+(should)doV主要有:表示建议(propose,suggest,urge,advise,recommend,move),表示要求(ask,require,request,demand,insist,desire,maintain),表示命令(command,order),表示安排(arrange),表示决定(resolve,decide)等.如:Isuggestwe(should)setoffstraightaway./Thechairmanproposedthatwe(should)discussthequestion./Moststudentsinsistthatthey(should)havemoreEnglishlessons.注意：（1）suggest表示“说明”时后面不用虚拟语气。/suggest+doingsth.（2）insist,maintain表示“坚持认为”时后面不用虚拟语气。表示“坚决要求”必须用虚拟语气。5.在Itis(was)+adj.+that主语+(should)doadj.主要有：necessary,essential,important,vital,urgent,natural,desired,suggested,requested,ordered,proposed,desirable,advisable,strange等。如:Itisimportantthattheory(should)becloselycombinedwithpractice./Ithasbeendecidedthatthemeeting(should)bepostponedtillnextSaturday.6.It’s(high,about)timethatwedid(were)的句型中要用过去时如:Itishightime(that)webegantowork.7.句型：Butfor(=Ifitwerenotbeenfor)+n.,主语+should(would,could)+V//Butfor(=Ifithadnotbeenfor)+n.,主语+should(would,could)havedone如：Butforyourguidance(Ifitwerenotbeenforyourguidance),wewould/shouldfail./Butforyourhelp(=Ifithadnotbeenforyourhelp),Iwouldhavefailedinthefinalexams.8.lest(forfearthat/incase)+主语+(should)do如：Wedidn’ttelltheoldwomanthebadnewsforfearthatshe(should)breakdown.9.主语+would（ratherthat）+从句主语+V.的过去式+其他成分如：Wewouldratherthatyoutoldtheoldwomanthebadnews.Wewouldyoutoldtheoldwomanthebadnews.III.情态动词1.needn’t+不定式完成式:表示本来不必做而实际已经做的行为.如：Youneedn’thavecomeoveryourself.你不必亲自来.2.情态动词+havedone及其它1)could+havedone表示与事实相反2)might+havedone表示未实现的行为3)needn’t+havedone表示做了不该做的事情4)must+havedone表示对过去行为的肯定推测5)should+havedone表示该做而未做到的事6)shouldnot+havedone表示做了不该做的事如：Hecouldhavehelpedme,buthedidn’t.他能帮助我,但他没有./Youmighthavedonetheworkbetter.你本来可以把工作做得更好./Youneedn’thavecomeoveryourself.你本来不必亲自过。/Itmusthaverainedlastnight,forthegroundiswet./Theyshouldhavemadeagoodjobofit.他们本来可把工作做好。/Youshouldnothavedonesuchthings.你不该干出这种事情来.注意：表示对过去行为的否定推测为can’thavedone,而非mustn’thavedone。3.shall/should(oughtto);will/would1)shall在疑问句中用于第一、三人称单复数表示征求意见、表示询问和请示。如:WhatshallIdonow?/Shallwegoforawalk?我们去散步好吗？/Shallhecometomorrow?你要他明天来吗?2)shal1用于二、三人称可表示说话人给对方”命令”、”警告”、”允诺”、”威胁”等概念.作:”必须”、”可”、”该”解。如:YoushallhavethebookassoonIfinishit.(允诺)/Heshalldoit,whetherhewantstoornot.不管他愿意不愿意,他必须做这项工作.(命令)/Youshallnotleavetotheothers.你不可以将它留给其他人.(警告)3)should除了表示”应当”,”该”解之外,还表示推测:作”可能”、”该”解。还表示出乎意外,"居然""竟然"。如：Thebookshouldbeinthereading-room./Ineverthoughtsheshouldhavedonethis.4)will/would(1)可用于各种人称表示”意愿”,”意志”和”决心”等。如:Iwilldomybest.(决意)/Letherdothat,ifshewill.(意愿)(2)表示习惯性动作”总是”,”惯于”。如：Assoonashegetshome,hewill(would)turnontheradio.注:①would在表示意志或向对方请求时,语气比will婉转,指的是现在时。如:Wouldyoupleasepassmethebook?②在日常生活中,Iwouldlike和Ishouldlike都可以说。如:Ishould(would)liketohavealookatyourcoat.4.可以看作情态动词的短语：1)usedto+V表示"过去经常";而beusedtodoing表示"习惯于2)hadbetter+V表示”最好是”、”不如…之意3)hadrather+V…than和wouldrather+V…than表示”宁肯…不愿”之意。如:Wewould/hadratherdiethanyield.IV.非谓语动词一、不定式和动名词的区别：动名词表示：笼统、泛指的意思/抽象或经常性的动作/已成为过去或经验之谈不定式表示：一时性的具体的或特定的动作/现在或将来的动作如：Smokingisprohibitedhere.(抽象)Itisnotverygoodforyoutosmokesomuch.(具体)Drivingacarduringtherushhouristiring.(经验)Tostudyabroadhaslongbeenmydream.(一件尚未完成的事情)二、非谓语的句型(1)Ittakessb.+sometime+todo=sb.spendsometime(in)doing(2)Itis+adj.+forsb.+todo(3)Itis+adj.+ofsb.+todo(常用的形容词有：kind,nice,considerate,thoughtful,stupid,wise等.(4)Itis+nouse,nogood,nopoint,agreatfun,arealpleasure,awasteoftime,abore等名词+(in)doingsth.如:Itisagreatfunplayingfootball./Itisawasteoftimetryingtoexplain./Itisnogoodhelpinghim./Thereisnopointintalkingwithyou.注意：What’sthepointoftalkingwithyou?(5)Thereisno+doing...(Thereisno表示”不可能”)如：Thereisnotellingwhatheisgoingtodo.说出他要干什么是不可能的./Thereisnosayingwhatmayhappen.说出要发生什么是不可能的.(6)havedifficulty(trouble,fun,ahardtime,agoodtime)+(in)+doingsth.(7)go+doing,表示短暂而又愉快的户外活动如:go+jogging(慢跑)/fishing/dancing/skating/bowling(打保龄球)/shopping/sightseeing/camping/surfing(冲浪)(8)bebusy+doing=bebusywithsth.忙着做…sb.spend…time(money,energy)indoingsth.三、V1+V2的模式1.V1+V2(todo)afford负担得起hope希望 pretend假装 appear似乎intend企图promise答应 arrange安排 like喜欢refuse拒绝attempt试图learn学会 try试图decide决定long渴望want想要 desire欲得到manage设法wish希望expect期望 mean打算fail未能 offer表示要 happen碰巧 plan计划2.V1+V2(doing)admit承认 imagine想象 appreciate赞赏,感激mind介意 avoid避免,避开 miss错过complete完成 postpone推迟,延期 consider考虑practice实践 delay耽搁,延误 resist忍住endure忍受 risk冒风险 enjoy享……之乐,喜爱suggest建议 escape逃跑 insiston坚持excuse原谅 giveup放弃 objectto反对can’thelp禁不住 putoff延期如：Headmittedhavingmademistake./Wouldyouconsidergoingnorththissummer?/Theyhavefinishedtheirstudying.3.V1+V2(介词+doing)succeedin成功地4.V1+V2(todo或doing),但语义不同(1)forgettodo忘记要去做某事(此事未做)/forgetdoing忘记做过某事(此事已做过或已发生)(2)stoptodo停止、中断(某件事),目的是去做另一件事/stopdoing停止正在或经常做的事(3)remembertodo记住去做某事(未做)/rememberdoing记得做过某事(已做)(4)regrettodo对要做的事遗憾/regretdoing对做过的事遗憾、后悔(5)trytodo努力、企图做某事/trydoing试验、试一试某种办法(6)meantodo打算/meandoing意味着(7)like,love,hate,prefer+todo表示具体行为/like,love,hate,preferdoing表示抽象、习惯、倾向行为(8)need,require,want,deserve+tobeV-ed或V-ing,表示要(修、清理)等意思.试比较：Don’tforgettocometomorrow.(tocome动作未做)/IshallneverforgetseeingtheQueen.//Idon’tregrettellingherwhatIthought.(已讲过)/Iregrettohavetodothis,butIhavenochoice.我很遗憾必须这样去做,我实在没办法.(未做但要做)5.V1+sb./sth.+V2(do/doing/done)(V1为感官动词)V1主要有：find,feel,notice,hear,observe,listento,perceive(察觉),see,lookat,overhear,watch,notice如：Wefeltthehouseshake./Iheardtheclockstriketwelvelastnight./Isawhimgooutoftheclassroomaminuteago./HesawhissonwatchingTVwhenheleft./Ifindthewindowbroken.四、非谓语作定语1.不定式作定语1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系Hewasthelastonetoleaveschoolyesterday.2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系Shehasalotofworktodointhemorning.3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词,和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去.Ineedapentowritewith./Thereisnothingtoworryabout.4)不定式修饰一些抽象名词,如:①ability,decision,need,plan,promise,failure,wish等.②thefirst,second,last,only,best等.如:Hiswishtobuyacarcametrue./Heisalwaysthefirsttocomeandthelasttoleave.2.分词作定语(1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意.(2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态,或做完(完成)的事.如：Theroomfacing(=whichfaces)southisourclassroom./Isthereanythingplanned(=thathasbeenplanned)fortomorrow?3.不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生；过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前.如:1)DoyouwanttoseethedoctortobesentforfromBeijing?2)Doyouwanttoseethedoctorworkingonthecasereportintheoffice?五、非谓语作状语1.不定式作结果状语(1)In1935helefthomenevertoreturn.(2)so+形容词(或副词)+asto…Thehouseissohighandnarrowastoresemble(象)atower.(3)such+名词短语+asto…Hisindifferenceissuchastomakeonedespaired.(4)onlyto…竟然…(表示与预料相反的结果)Hestudiedhardonlytofailintheexam.(5)形容词(或副词)+enough(副词)to…够,足以Theroomisbigenoughtoholdahundredpeople.2.分词作状语分词和分词短语作状语时,可以表示时间、原因、条件,让步、方式和伴随情况.在表示时间、原因、条件、让步和方式时,通常可转换为相应的状语从句,表示方式和伴随情况时可以转换为一个并列的谓语成份。Seeingtheteacherenteringtheroom(＝Whenthestudentssawtheteacherenteringtheroom),thestudentsstoodup./Heated.(Whenitisheated),icewillbechangedintowater./Beingexcited(=AsIwasexcited,Icouldn’tgotosleep.),Icouldn’tgotosleep./Istoodthere,listeningtothebroadcast.(=Istoodthereandlistenedtothebroadcast.)(伴随)./Thechildrenwentawaylaughing.(＝Thechildrenwentaway.Theylaughedastheywent.)(行为方式)/Knowingallthis((＝Althoughtheyknowallthis),theymademepayforthedamage.(让步)3.分词作状语与主语的关系(1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作.它们之间的关系是主动关系。如：Notknowingwhattodo(Becausehedidn’tknowwhattodo),hewenttohisparentsforhelp.(2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作。它们之间的关系是被动关系。如：Givenmoreattention(Ifthetreeshadbeengivenmoreattention),thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.4.分词作状语时前面可用连词When,while,once,if,unless,though等引导的状语从句,若其主语与主句主语相同时,可保留该副词连接词,其余部分则化简为分词短语。如：When(being)free,I’llfetchyou./Whilewalkingalongthestreetearlyinthemorning,hesawher./Iffallingill,I’llseemydoctor./Oncecompleted,thispowerstationsuppliesthenearbytownsandvillageswithelectricity./Eventhoughgiveneveryopportunity,theywouldnottry./Thoughknowingthetruth,sheremainedsilent./Unless(being)rich,Iamnotgoingabroad.5.动词不定式和分词作状语的区别(1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的。Theystoodbytheroadsidetalkingabouttheplan.(伴随)/Theystoodbytheroadsidetotalkabouttheplan.(目的)(2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件;动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因.1)Readingattentively,heforgotthetimeforlunch./Readingcarefully,hefoundsomethinghehadnotknownbefore.(时间)/Readingcarefully,you’lllearnsomethingnew.(条件)/Herfamilywastoopoortosupporthim.(结果)/Theboyisnottallenoughtoreachthebookshelf.6.独立结构 1)结构：(with)+n./pron.+doing(done,adj.,prep.phrase)例句：Withyoustandingthere,wecan’twork./Hefellasleepwiththelampburning./Theboysreturnedwiththeirfacecoveredwithsweat./Hesleptwellwiththedooropen./Hestoodtherewithhishatinhand./Theteacherenteredtheclassroomwithabookinhishand./2)结构：S1,S2.(S1和S2的主语不一致)Weatherpermitting(Ifweatherpermits),we’llplaybasketballtomorrow./Thisdone(Whenthishadbeendone),theypackedtheirtoolsandwenthome.(事情办完了,他们装起工具回家了)./Therainhavingstopped(Aftertherainhadstopped),thesoldierscontinuedtheirmatch.六.非谓语的时态和语态1．非谓语的完成式：V1+V2(V2的动作发生在V1的动作之前)Thehouseissaidtohavebeenburntinafire.Thewholecompanywaspraisedforhavingprovidedagoodservice.注意：在be,wish,intend,mean,plan,hope,expect,should(或)wouldlike等动词之后,则表示没有实现的行为.如:Heplannedtohavegoneabroad.他原计划出国(但他没有去)./Ihopedtohaveseenher.我原希望会见到她的(可是我没见到她)./Iwouldliketohavehadyourhelp.我本想得到你的帮助(实际上我却没有得到)./Theenemyexpectedtohavefoundhim.敌人本来指望找到他(实际上却没有找到).2.不定式的进行式Whenmothercamein,thechildpretendedtobesleeping.Heissaidtobewritingapaperonthisproject.(Itissaidthatheiswritingapaperonthisproject.)试比较：Heissaidtowriteapaperonthisproject.(Itissaidthathewillwriteapaperonthisproject.)3．非谓语的语态Dickpreferstobeassignedheavierworktodo.试比较：Dickpreferstodoalightjob.IdislikebeinginterruptedwhenIamspeaking.试比较：Idislikehavingtowork.七、非谓语动词常考的其它结构1.疑问词+不定式结构疑问词who,what,which,when,where和how后加不定式可构成一种特殊的不定式短语.如:Whentostarthasnotbeendecided./Idon’tknowwhattodo./Thedifficultywashowtocrosstheriver./Icantellyouwheretogetthisbook.注意：1)有时疑问词前可用介词,如:Ihavenoideaof(asto)howtodoit.2)why后面不能加不定式。2.不带to的不定式(1)在表示生理感觉的动词后的不定式不带to.(2)使役动词make,1et,have.如:Lethimdoit./IwouldhaveyouknowthatIamill.注:①上述感觉动词与使役动词转换为被动结构时,其后的不定式一般须带”to”,如:Hewasseentocome./Theboywasmadetogotobedearly.②在动词find与help之后,不定式可带to亦可不带to,如:Hewassurprisedtofindthesheep(to)breakfenceatthisseason.3.but(except)后带不带”to”?决定but(except)是否带”to”，关键在于看句子的谓语动词是否是动词”do”1)donothing／anything／everythingbut(except)结构中不带to如:LastnightIdidnothingbutwatchT.V./Johnwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干。2)but(except)后必须带”to”如果谓语动词不是”donothing,anything,everything”,那么but(except)所跟的不定式则须带”to”。如:Thedoctortoldhimnothingbuttostopsmoking./Therewasnothingforthemtodobuttoremainsilent./Ihavenoalternativebuttogowithhim.注意：不得不…cannotbut+do/cannothelpbut+todo情不自禁…cannothelp+doing如:Marycannotbutsing.(=Shecouldn’thelpbuttosing.)/Icannothelpsinging.4.V+to”to”是介词的词组下列词组中的to都是介词,后面须跟动名词：beaccustomedto=beusedto习惯于/adaptto适应/adjustto适应于/agreeto同意/amountto合计；等于/confessto承认/attendto出席;照料/devoteto献身于/taketo养成习惯;喜欢/turnto着手工作/lookforwardto盼望/objectto(=beopposedto=oppose)反对/payattentionto关注/contributeto贡献/deny(to)否认/cometo提到等.如：Iamlookingforwardtoseeingyouagain./Ipreferreadingbookstodoinghousework./Mostpeopleobjecttosmoking.注意：比较Whenitcomestodoingsth.（说到…）…Wetodosth.…（逐渐地…）如：Whenitcomestorepairingthecomputer,heisataloss./Afterseveralfailures,hecametoknowitwasnoteasytopickupalanguage.5．动名词的所有格如:Tominsistedonmygoingwiththem./Hedislikeshiswife’sworkinglate./Iamgladoftheexaminationbeingover./Ineverhearapersonofcharacterdoingsuchathing./Iobjecttoanyonesmokinginmyroom.V.从句的重点一、定语从句1．概念：who,whom,whose,which,that,when,where,why如：Wewenttotheparkwhich/thatweoftenvisited./Thesmiths,whosehousehadbeendestroyedinanearthquake,weregiventents./IneverforgetthedaywhenIbeganmystudiesinBeijingUniversity./ThereasonwhyIdidn’tmakesuchamistakewasthatIpaidmoreattention./ThisistheplacewhereIMichaellives.2、who(m),which和that的主要用法1)用逗号与主句隔开的非限定性定语从句不用that,而用which.如：Sheheardaterriblenoise,whichfrightenedher.2)all,none,little,much,everything,anything,onething,nothing,something等词后面宜用that,不用which.如：Allthatisneeded(=Whatisneeded)isasupplyofoil.3)在everybody,everyone,anybody,somebody,someone等词后面宜用who/whom.如：IsthereanyoneherewhocanspeakRussian?/WhenIentered,theyweretalkingaboutsomebodywhomIdidn’tknow.4)先行词前有最高级形容词,only,any,no时要用that,不用which.如：Lindaistheonlypersonthatunderstandsme.5)先行词是集体名词时which和who的选用Thefootballteam,whichisplayingverywell,willmostprobablyplacefirstintheleaguematched(联赛).(team指整体时，用that)Thefootballteam,whoarehavingbaths,willbebackherefortea.(team指各个成员时，用who)6).who/that可以用来指代人Larryspokehighlyoftheactorthat/whosavedthechildfromtheriver.7).抽象名词(belief,doubt,fact,idea,knowledge,news,thought等)后一般用that不用which.(同位语从句)如：Thenewsspreadquicklythatthepresidentwaskilledinatrafficaccident.3、特殊结构1)．介词+which如：Couldyoulendmethenovelaboutwhichyouaretalkingwiththeotherday?/Hangzhouistheplaceinwhich(=where)Iwasborn.试比较：HangzhouistheplacewhichIhavelongwantedtovisit./TheladderonwhichIwasstandingbegantoslip.2)．代词/数词+of+whom/which如：Ihavemanyforeignfriends,someofwhomareMexicans./Shehasfivesons,threeofthemareengineers.3)．介词+whom/which+不定式如：Henryisapleasantyoungmanwithwhomtowork./Ihavenomoneywithwhichtobuy.4).as在定语从句中的用法:as引导限定性定语从句:主要用在”such…as”和”thesame…as”的结构中.如:Thisisthesamewatchas(that)Ihavelost./Suchpeopleasdescribedintheplayarerarenowadays.二.状语从句1.时间状语:when,as,while,before,after,till,until,since=eversince(自从),nowthat,once(一旦),assoonas=themoment(theminute)=instantly=hardly(scarcely)…when=nosooner…than(一…就)如：Iwaswritingapaperoncomputerwhenaseriousearthquaketookplace./Astimewentby,Ifeltmoreandmoreimpatient./IwaswatchingTVwhileIwaseating./Nosoonerhadthemeetingbeganthantheycame.2.原因状语:because,as,since=nowthat(仅用于肯定句),seeing(that),considering(that),inthat,,forS2如：Thedayarelong,foritisnowJuly.(for表示一种新情况)/Imusthaverained,forthegroundwaswet.(for补充说明原因)/Seeingthattheyarebusywiththeirhomework,wedonotneedtoaskthemtoplayfootball.3.条件状语:if,unless(除非),suppose,supposing(仅用于问句),provided,as/solongas,giventhat…,onconditionthat如：YoucangetthejobontheconditionthatyouhaveMaster’sdegree.4.让步状语:although…,(yet),though,even(即使),eventhough,nomatter…,however,whatever,adj.+主语+be,forall如：Patientas(though)shewas(=Althoughshewaspatient),shehadnointentiontolistentoyourcomplainingforthreehours.注意：在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中.表示将来的动作用一般时，不用将来时。三、主语从句WhatIhavetoldyou(AllthatIhavetoldyou)isconvincing./Whoever(Anyonewho)wantstohavethisdictionarycangetitfromme./Whetherwewillgodependsontheweather./Whenhediditisamystery./Thatthematchwillbecancelledisnowcertain.(that引导主语从句时不能省略)Ⅵ.反意问句的重点[陈述句,+附加疑问句]1.Heis1ate,isn’the?2.Theydidn’tagreewithus,didthey?3.Wehavetogo,don’twe?4.HeusedtoliveinChina,didn’t(usedn’t)he?5.You’dliketocome,wouldn’tyou?You’drathernotdo,wouldyou?You’dbettercometomorrow,hadn’tyou?6.Ioughttocomplain,shouldn’tI?或oughtn’tI?7.Iwishtogohomenow,mayI?(特殊规律)Iamverykeenonsports,aren’tI?(特殊规律)8.Let’sgo,shallwe?Gohomenow,willyou?(表命令,请求)Haveacupofcoffee,won’tyou?(表示邀请)9.Everythinggoeswell,doesn’tit?Nothinghappenedtohim,didhe?That’swonderful,isn’tit?10.Everyoneknowshisjob,don’tthey?或doesn’the?Noonewashurt,werethey?或washe?11.复合句:Theydidn’tsayshewouldcome,didthey?Tomsaidhewouldn’tdaretodoit,didn’the?注意:①祈使句加反意问句肯定祈使句的反意问句形式有:won’tyou?(表示恳请);Willyou?,wouldyou?,canyou?,can’tyou?表示要别人做某事,语气比祈使句缓和,接近请!如:Dositdown,won’tyou?(请坐吧!)/Givemeahand,willyou?(帮个忙,行吗?)否定祈使句的反意问句用willyou?如:Don’tsmokeinthemeetingroom,willyou?(别在会议室吸烟,好不好?)②suppose后宾语从句的反意问句当suppose,think,believe,fancy,imagine,reason等动词的主语是第一人称时,不管句子的否定部位在哪儿,suppose后的反意问句的主语都要与suppose的宾语从句的主语对应。如:Isupposeyouareateacher,aren’tyou?/Idon’tthink(that)hecares,doeshe?Ⅷ.主语和谓语一致的重点1.以单数名词或代词、动词不定式短语、动名词短语或从句作主语时,谓语动词一般要用单数动词。2.事件、国家、机构名称、书刊及其他作品的名称(专有名词)用作主语时,谓语动词用单数。3.表示时间、距离、重量、度量、价值等的复数形式主语,习惯上用单数谓语动词。如:Oneandahalfbananasisleftonthetable.4.表示学科和某些疾病名称的名词是复数形式,作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。5.主语是单数时,尽管后面跟aswellas,nolessthan,ratherthan,morethan,but,except,besides,with,alongwith,togetherwith,like,including,inadditionto等,谓语动词仍为单数形式。如:Thechildaswellasparentslikesthegame.6.某些不定代词,如:either,neither,each,one,other,another,anybody,anyone,anything,someone,something,everybody,everyone,everything,nobody,noone,nothing等,当他们作主语时,其谓语动词通常用单数形式。但是口语中当either或neither后+of+复数名词(或代词)作定语时,其谓语动词也可用复数。如:Neitherofthenovelsis(are)interesting.7.用and连接的并列成分前面有each,every,manya,morethanone,no等词修饰时,意义为单数,动词则相应用单数形式。如:EachmanandwomanwhotakestheTOEFLissupposedtogetthescorereportinfiveweeks./Manyastudentandteacherhasseenthefilm.8.用and,both...and,both,(a)few,many,several等。如:Fewpeopleknowit.9.某些形容词前面加定冠词表示一类人谓语动词用复数。如:Theagedsufferfromvariousmiseriesinthiscountry.10.morethan+数词+名词复数作主语时谓语动词用复数。如:Morethanthreehundredpeopleattendedthemeeting.11.Aseriesof/Agroupof+复数可数名词+复数动词12.用连词either…or,neither…nor,whether…or,notonly…but(also),or与最靠近它的主语一致。如:Oneortwofriendsarecomingthisevening./Eithertheboyorthegirlknowshimwell./Notonlyyoubutalsoheiswrong.13.一些表示数量的短语与名词连用时,谓语动词的数取决于名词的数,名词是复数,谓语动词用复数,反之就用单数。alot(lotsof),plentyof,aheapof(heapsof),halfof,two-thirds,ninetypercentof,partof,restof,someof,noneof等。如:40percentofthestudentscomefromthesouthofChina./Threemillionstonsofcoalwasexportedthatyear.14.集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语表示的意义.。当表示整体时,谓语动词用单数;当主语强调集体中的个体时,谓语动词用复数。如:army,audience,band,board,crowd,cattle,class,club,committee,crew,family,crowd,firm,flock,gang,government,group,majority,party,police,public,staff,team,troop等。如：Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth./Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.15.定语从句中关系代词作主语时,其谓语动词的数必须与其先行词一致。Oneofthestudentswhohavewrittentotheauthorityabouttheproblemofpopulationraiseshishand./HeistheonlyoneofthestudentswhoisfromBeijing.VIII.代词一致1.由either…or,neither…nor,notonly,but(also),or连接先行词,如果两个先行词在数和性上是一致的,就用其相应的一致的人称代词；如果两个先行词在数或性上不一致,人称代词一般与邻近的先行词在数、性上保持一致。如:NeitherMarynorAlicehasherkeywithher./Neitherthepackagenortheletters’havereachedtheirdestination.2.当each,everyone,everybody,noone,none,nobody,anyone,anybody,someone,somebody用作主语或主语的限定词时,其相应的代词一般按照语法一致原则,采取单数形式。如：Everybodytalkedatthetopofhisvoice.3.everything,anything,something,nothing之类的不定代词作主语时,句中相应的代词,一般只按语法一致的原则,用其单数的形式。如:Everythingisready,isn’tit?4.当主语为复数形式,后跟each作同位语时,如果each位于动词之前,其后的代词或相应的限定词用复数形式；如果each位于动词之后,其后的代词或相应的限定词用单数形式。如:Theyeachhavetwocoats./Weareeachresponsibleforhisownfamily.IV.形容词和副词一、形容词1.形容词的排序1)alargesquaretable(大小+形状)/alittleredcan(大小+颜色)/anewgreencoat(新旧+颜色)2)限定词+数量形容词(序数前，基数后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高矮等形状+新旧+颜色+国籍+材料如：thosebeautifulroundmulti-coloredChinesechinavasesduringmyfirsttendaysinEngland2.形容词的比较级1)结构：a.be+as+adj.+as//benot(so)as+adj.+asb.bebetterthanc.隐含比较：Ofthetwooranges,Ilikethelargerone./Thedemandforgrainsslightlydeclinedascomparedwiththatoffiveyearsago.2)比较对象要一致如：Thelifeexpectancyofblacksin1850wasshorterthanthatofwhiteAmericans.3)比较结构要平行如:Itisbettertoprovidemoneyforchildrenthantoteachthemmeanstoearn.4)修饰语的位置①常用的表示程度的形容词有：much,alot,agreatdeal,far等。②Thenewbuildingis20metershigherthantheoldone./Itisone-fourthcheaperthanthemarketprice./Therearenowfivetimesasmanyschoolsinourtownasin1949.(我们城里的学校比1949年增加了四倍)/Wehaveproducedtwiceasmuchcottonthisyearaswedidin1966.(今年我们生产的棉花比66年多了一倍)/Thenewmethodwasovertentimesmoreefficientthanthetraditionalone.(新方法比传统的方法效率提高了十倍以上)3.特殊用法1.Themore…,themore…(越…越…)如：ThemoreIlearn,thelessIseemtoknow.2.形容词(real,glad,fond,common,polite,able,pleased)用more+adj.=比较级//most+adj.=最高级。3.superior,inferior,junior,senior没有比较级。如：Themanisseniortothewoman.(男的比女的年长)4.less…than=notasmuch…as/fewer..than=notasmany…as如:JonathanhasgotfewerbooksthanIhave.(=Jona