生物化学-英文题

BriefExercisesofBiochemistryChapter1ThestructureandfunctionofproteinExplainthefollowingterms1.peptidebond2.Aminoacidresidues3.Primarystructureofprotein4.isoelectricpoint5.Secondarystructureofprotein6.Tertiarystructureofprotein7.Domain8.Proteindenaturation9.QuaternarystructureofproteinAnswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly1.WhatisphysiologicalsignificanceofhemoglobinoxygendissociationcurveasS-shaped?2.Pleasedescribephysiologicalfunctionsofproteins.Discussthefollowingquestions(Essayquestions)1.Explaintherelationshipbetweentheprimaryandspatialstructureandthefunctionofprotein.Chapter2ThestructureandfunctionofnucleicacidsExplainthefollowingterms1.primarystructureofnucleicacids2.DNAdenaturation3.Tm4.DNArenaturation5.nucleicacidhybridizationAnswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly1.WhatisthestructuralcharacteristicsofaneukaryocytematuremRNA?2.WhatisthebiologicalsignificanceofTm?Discussthefollowingquestions(Essayquestions)1.Pleasecomparethetwotypesofnucleicacids(DNAandRNA)inthechemicalcomposition,molecularstructure,celldistributionandbiologicalfunctions.2.PleasedescribethestructuralcharacteristicsoftheB-DNA.3.Describethemolecularcomposition,structuralfeaturesandfunctionsoftRNA.Chapter3EnzymeExplainthefollowingterms1.enzyme2.enzymeactivecenter3.enzymecompetitiveinhibition4.Km5.isoenzyme6.zymogenactivationAnswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly1.Explainswithexamplesthecompetitiveinhibitioncharacteristicandthepracticalsignificance.2.Whatistherelationshipbetweentheenzymecofactorandvitamine?3.Whatisthephysiologicalsignificanceofzymogen?4.Whatisisoenzyme?Whatisclinicalsignificanceofisoenzyme?5.Howmanykindsofessentialgroupofenzymearethere?Whatistheroleofeach?Chapter4MetabolismofcarbohydrateExplainthefollowingterms1.glycolysis2.glycolyticpathway3.tricarboxylicacidcycle4.gluconeogenesis5.bloodsugarAnswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly1.Describebrieflysourceandfateofbloodsugar2.Describebrieflythephysiologicalsignificanceofgluconeogenesis3.Describebrieflythephysiologicalsignificanceofglycolysis4.DescribebrieflytheoutlineofTCAcycle5.DescribebrieflythephysiologicalsignificanceofTCAcycle6.Describebrieflythephysiologicalsignificanceofpentosephosphatepathway7.Outlinethereasonsfortheformationoflacticacidcycleandthephysiologicalsignificance.8.OverviewtheimportantroleofBvitaminsinglucosemetabolism.9.Why6-phosphateglucosedehydrogenaseactivitywillincreaseafteruptakehigh-carbohydratediet?Discussthefollowingquestions(Essayquestions)1.Explainhowislactateconvertedintoglucose?(Writedownthemainreactionsandkeyenzymes)2.ExplainhowislactateconvertedintoCO2,H2OandreleasesATP?(Writedownthemainreactionsandkeyenzymes)3.Overviewtheregulationmolecularmechanismofadrenalineonthebloodsugarlevel.4.Pleaseexplainwhyaslimmerhastoreducetheintakeofcarbohydratesfromthepointofviewofnutrientsmetabolism.(Writedowntherelatedpathways,cellularlocalization,mainreactionsandkeyenzyme)Chapter5MetabolismoflipidsExplainthefollowingterms1.fatmobilization2.ketonebody3.plasmalipoprotein4.apolipoprotein5.essentialfattyacid6.bloodlipidsAnswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly1.Whatisthefunctionofbileacidatlipidsdigestion?2.Whatisthephysiologicalsignificanceofketonebodygeneration?3.Whatarematerialsoffattyacidsynthesis?4.Whatisthephysiologicalsignificanceofcholesterol?5.Whatarethefunctionsofapolipoprotein?Discussthefollowingquestions(Essayquestions)1.Describethesources,chemicalcompositioncharacteristicsandmainphysiologicalfunctionsofplasmalipoprotein.2.ExplainhowisthestearicacidconvertedintoCO2,H2OandreleasesATP?3.Pleasedescribetheoxidationcatabolismprocessofglycerolgeneratedfromfatmobilization4.Explainhowistheglycerolconvertedintoglycogen?5.Describethesourceandfateofacetyl-CoA?Chapter6BiologicaloxidationExplainthefollowingterms1.biologicaloxidation2.respiratorychain3.oxidativephosphorylation4.substratelevelphosphorylationDiscussthefollowingquestions(Essayquestions)1.WritedownthesequenceoftworespiratorychainChapter7Metabolismofamino-acidExplainthefollowingterms1.essentialaminoacid2.deaminationofaminoacid3.transaminationofaminoacid4.onecarbonunit5.hyperammonemiaAnswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly1.Whatisthephysiologicalsignificanceofonecarbonunits?2.WhatismeaningofPAPS,GABA,SAMandFH4each?3.Writedownthedeaminationofaminoacidsinvivo.4.Outlinethesourceandfateofbloodammonia.Discussthefollowingquestions(Essayquestions)1.Howdoesaglutamatebeoxidizedtosupplyenergy?Whatisthefinalproduct?2.WhatarefunctionsofvitaminsBinthemetabolismofaminoacids?3.Usethealanineasanexample,trytoexplainthegluconeogenesisprocessofglucogenicaminoacids.Chapter8MetabolismofnucleotideExplainthefollowingterms1.denovosynthesispathwayofpurinenucleotide2.nucleotideantimetaboliteAnswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly1.Outlinethebiologicalfunctionofnucleotide.2.Outlinethephysiologicalsignificanceofsalvagesynthesisofpurinenucleotide.Discussthefollowingquestions(Essayquestions)1.Usethe6-mercaptopurineasanexample,pleaseexplainthemechanismofantimetabolite.Chapter10BiosynthesisofDNAExplainthefollowingterms1.semi-conservativereplication2.reversetranscription3.replication4.excisionrepairing5.frame-shiftmutationAnswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly1.OutlinetheclassificationandfunctionofprokaryoteDNApolymerase.2.OutlinetheclassificationandfunctionofeukaryoteDNApolymerase.3.OutlinethefactorscausingDNAdamage.4.OutlinetherepairingofDNAdamage.5.Outlinethecentraldogma.Discussthefollowingquestions(Essayquestions)1.DescribethematerialsinvolvedinprokaryoteDNAreplicationandtheirfunctionsinthatprocess.2.Describethebiologicalsignificanceofmutation.Chapter11BiosynthesisofRNAExplainthefollowingterms1.transcription2.posttranscriptionalprocess3.hnRNA4.promoter5.ribozyme6.structuregeneAnswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly1.Outlinetheeukaryoteposttranscriptionalprocess.2.OutlinetheproductsofthreekindsofeukaryoteRNApolymerases.Discussthefollowingquestions(Essayquestions)1.Describethesimilarityanddissimilarityofreplicationandtranscription.Chapter12BiosynthesisofproteinExplainthefollowingterms1.translate2.polyribosomes3.geneticcode4.degeneracyofcodonAnswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly1.DescribebrieflytheRNAsinvolvedintheproteinsynthesisandtheirfunctionsinthatprocess.2.Outlinethemainfeaturesofthegeneticcode.3.Describebrieflythedissimilarityoftranslationinitiationcomplexformationofprokaryotesandeukaryotes.Discussthefollowingquestions(Essayquestions)1.Describethematerialsinvolvedinproteinbiosynthesisandtheirfunctionsinthatprocess.3.Pleasecomparingtheprocessoftranslationofprokaryotesandeukaryotes.Chapter13TheregulationofgeneexpressionExplainthefollowingterms1.geneexpression2.cis-actingelement3.trans-actingfactor4.operon5.generaltranscriptionfactor6.enhancerAnswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly1.Whatisbiologicalsignificanceofregulationofgeneexpression?2.Outlinethefunctionofeachcomponentofoperon.3.Whatcharacteristicsdoeseukaryoticgenomestructurehave?Discussthefollowingquestions(Essayquestions)1.Explaintheregulationmechanismoflactoseoperon.Chapter14GenerecombinationandgeneengineeringExplainthefollowingterms1.restrictionendonuclease2.genomicDNA3.vector4.cDNA.library5.geneticengineering6.DNAcloning7.homologousrecombinationAnswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly1.Whatarethemainselectioncriteriaofgenevector?2.Whatisthesignificanceofrestrictionendonucleaseofbacteriathemselves?3.Atpresent,Howmanywaystogettargetgenes?4.OutlinethebasicprocessofDNAcloning.Discussthefollowingquestions(Essayquestions)1.Whyplasmidcanbeusedasthevectorofgeneticengineering?2.Explainhowtoconnecttheforeigngeneandthevector.3.Whatisα-complementary?Explainhowtoscreeningrecombinantbyitusinganexample.Chapter15CellularsignaltransductionEteinkinase6.secondmessenger7.GproteinAnswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly1.Describebrieflywhichproteinkinasesareregulatedbyintracellularsecondmessenger.2.Outlinetheclassificationofreceptoranditschemicalsignals.3.DescribebrieflythebasicmodeofGprotein-coupledreceptor(seventransmembranereceptor)-mediatedsignaltransduction.4.Describebrieflythesignaltransductionpathwayofintracellularreceptorofsteroidhormone.Discussthefollowingquestions(Essayquestions)1.Howdoesintracellularreceptorplayitsfunction?2.Explaintheprocessoftheglycogenmetabolismregulatedbyglucagon.3.Usefatmobilizationasanexample,explaintheprocessofcAMP-proteinkinasepathway.Chapter16BloodbiochemistryExplainthefollowingterms1.2,3-BPGshuntAnswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly1.Outlinethefunctionofplasmaprotein.Chapter17LiverbiochemistrExplainthefollowingterms1biotransformation2.primarybileacid3.secondarybileacid4.bilepigment5.jaundiceAnswerthefollowingquestionsbriefly1.Describebrieflythephysiologicalsignificanceofbiotransformation.2.Outlinethemainphysiologicalfunctionsofbileacids.3.Describebrieflyproductionandbloodtransportationofbilirubin.Discussthefollowingquestions(Essayquestions)1.Describetheinfluencefactorofbiotransformat