争夺中东～一战诱因 Struggleforthemiddleeastforjim课件

StrugglefortheMiddleEast

PreludetoWorldWarI(1914-1918)

FranzJosephasaYoungMan

WorldWarICreatedOurModernWorld

MoreKillings

WealthDestroyed

EmpiresDestroyedDemocracyAppearedToHaveWontheWar

KilledOffPotentialFutureLeaders

VacuumofTalent

Austrian-HungarianEmperor,FranzJoseph

HMS

Dreadnought

1906

TheFrench

FerdinanddeLesseps

MuhammadSaid

TheRussians

In1917,Austria’sNewEmperorKarlandHisWifeZetaVisitedTheAgingSultanOfTurkeyOnAPeaceMission

KaiserWilhelm’svisittotheHolyLand

GobienandBreslau

ReplacedTwoShips

ContractedThroughEngland

FlewOttomanFlag

October19ShelledSevastopolAndOdessa

MinedSeaLanes,DestroyedRussianShips

November4RussiaDeclaredWar

EnglandandFranceTheNextDayEnglandAlliedwithMakkah

Vice-AdmiralSirArchibaldBerkeleyMilne.

AdmiralWilhelmSouchon

BritishTalkingToEveryone

OfferingTurkishLands

SultanTriedtoCallHolyWar

BritishWorriedAboutIndia

BritishControlledEgypt

HadEgyptianCabinet

DeclareIndependence

BritishProtectorateOverEgypt

KhediveVacationinginIstanbul

CairoandAlexandriaBecameBaseforBritishArmyandNavy

KeepSuezOpen

OfficersoftheBreslau

OttomanEmpireWouldBeDivided

EveryoneWouldGetaShare

StrategicPosition

CapitolInvestment

OilinMosul

AssyrianChristiansBritish-GermanAgent

GulbenKian5%

OfficesAllOverTheWorld

WinstonChurchill,

LordoftheAdmiralty

ChangingfromCoaltoOil

FrenchWantedandNeededOil

BothAlliedtoRussia

AssyrianChristiansinNorthBridgeoverTigrisatMosul

RussiaWantedtheStraits

AlsowantedKars,Caucasus

WantedIrantothePersianGulf

EveryoneTalkingonHowtoDividetheOttomanEmpireandOtherPossibleLands

IstanbulAgreement,March18,1915

IstanbulAndTheStraits

LandOnBothSides

EasternThrace

IstanbulaFreePort

MuslimHolyPlacesDetachedfromOttomans

DivisionofIranBetween

RussiaandBritainWouldbeContinued

HerbertHenryAsquith(1852-1928)

HopetoGettheArabstoFight

SherifofMecca,Hussein

ArabFamilywithConnectionsinIstanbul

IdeaofAnArabNation

SharifHusseinbinAli,KingoftheArabsandKingoftheHijaz.

HusaynAppointedSharifofMakkah

CapablePolitician

ConsolidateHisAuthorityinMakkah

andSurroundingArea

AdullalhSkilledDiplomat

FeisalSentAbdullahtomeetwithLordKitchener

BritishHighCommissionerofEgypt

ReactiontoAnArabRevoltKitchenerBecameForeignMinister

BritishFearOfAJihad(India)

ArabRevoltNoJihad

Mersin-Adana37degreesNorthto

PersianGulf

AbolitionofCapitulations

DefensiveAlliancewith

GreatBritainforIndependence

AbdullahNegotiationsGot

GuaranteeofArabIndependence

TermsinaSeriesofLetters

Husayn-McMahonCorrespondence

June1916ArabsRevoltedAgainstTurks

BalfourDeclaration

BaronRothchild

Weismann

Samuels

WoodrowWilson

HenryMorgenthau

RussianPublishedtheDocument

“HowdoyouAccountforThis?”

ChampionsofZionisminEnglandWereChaimWeizmann,ArthurBalfour,WhoAsForeignMinisterWrotethe1917BalfourDeclarationonJewishNationalHome

WhenGreeceEnteredtheWar

PromisedOverlappingLand

IstanbulandWesternAnatolia

RecreatetheByzantineEmpire

EleutheriosVenizelos(1864-1936)

KingConstantineI(1868-1923)

Sykes-Picot—DivideOttomanLandsBetweenEnglandandFrance

InMesopotamia,theBritishPostedArmorInTheLushTigrisRiverValleyToWardOffSavageTurkishCounterattacks

Feisal’sArabsandtheBritishArrivedInDamascusInOctober1918.TheStreetsBecameAConfusionofArabTribesmenandMotorizedBritishRegularsinTheirModelT’s.

InJerusalem,ArabFrequentlyRiotedOverJewishImmigration.InThis1933Photograph,BritishPoliceMoveInOnAnArabCrowdArabsMassedontheOldWall,PeltPoliceWithShoes.

ItalyEnteredtheWar

WhatdoweGet?

South-EastCornerofAnatoliaandSomeIslands

AndMuchMore

VittorioOrlando

WarCametoEndSuddenlyinEast

AllenbyOccupiedAnything

HethoughtOfValueToEngland

Problem:

TurkishPart

ArabPartArabSituationDifficult—ArabArmy

UnderFaysalOccupiedDamascus

FrenchBombedDamascus

ShowedThatBritishandFrench

NeverConsidereditasFutureIndependentArea

ItaliansNotintheArea

RussiansOut

SoDivideBetweenBritishandFrench

GeneralAllenbyandFeisal

PeaceConferenceDelegates

ClemenceauandLloydGeorge

Experts—NoPower

Lybar—UniversityofIllinois

WilliamYale—StandardOil

PolicyMakers—1880sStyle

DivideuplikeAfrica

NoIdeaofSelf-Determination

NativesDon’tCount

GeorgeClemenceau

EmirFaisal'spartyatVersailles,duringtheParisPeaceConferenceof1919.Atthecenter,fromlefttoright:RustumHaidar,Nurias-Said,PrinceFaisal,CaptainPisani(behindFaisal)T.E.Lawrence,Faisal'sslave(nameunknown),CaptainTahsinQadri

Mosul

OilConcession

FrenchWanted½ofConcession

PlusRailroadConcessions

RedLineAgreement

Anglo-Iranian—25%

RoyalDutchShell—25%

FrenchConsortium—25%

StandardOil—25%

AlltheRestDividetheSameWay

LefttoRight,PrimeMinisterDavidLloydGeorgeoftheUnitedKingdom,VittorioOrlandoofItaly,PrimeMinisterGeorgesClemenceauofFrance,andPresidentWoodrowWilsonoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica

Palestine

HomelandForTheJews

KingCraneCommission

100,000to200,000TroopsNecessary

85%Arab;JewsDidNotWantaPlebiscite

UnderSykes-PicotShouldgototheFrench

ZionistPreferredtheBritish;BritishHaving

TroubleinEgypt;NotGoodtoHaveHolyLandinHandsofCatholics

Syria

FaysalandArmyInDamascus

FaysalElectedKing

Sykes-Picot—FrenchArea

BritishArmyReadyToGoHome

FrenchProfessionalsWillingtoStay

ChurchillasMinisterofColonialAffairsMetinCairo

FrenchMandate

WinstonChurchill

NationBuilding

NationalismintheMiddleEastEgypt,Syria,Iraq,Palestine,IsraelCreatedbyEngland

IndiaandOil

TurkishArmy