2020年12月英语四级真题及答案完整版

2023年12月英语四级真题及参考答案(完整版)PartI writingDirections:Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteacompositiononthetopic“ChangesinthewayofTransportation”.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.参考范文：Withthesocialandeconomicdevelopment,ourmeansoftransportationhavechangedalotoverthelastfewdecades,whichhasbroughtmuchconveniencetoourlife.Inthe1970sand1980s,bicyclesweretheprimarymeansofpublictransportation.Familiesthatownedabicyclewerethoughttobeinrelativelygoodeconomicconditions.Becauseoftheimplementationofthereformandopeningpolicy,theeconomyandpeople’slivingstandardswereimprovedalotandtravellingbyprivatecarsbecamemoreandmorecommonin1990sand2000s.Andthankstotheinformationtechnology,wecannowenjoybike-sharingserviceandonlineride-hailingservicewhichhelptomakeourjourneymoreeconomicalandflexible.Wehaveenoughreasontobelievethatourwayoftransportationcouldbemoreandmoreeconomicallyfriendlyandintelligent.PartII ListeningComprehensionPartⅡListeningComprehension(25minutes)1PAGEPAGE4 SectionADirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreenewsreports.Attheendofeachnewsreport,youwillheartwoorthreequestions.Boththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion.youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B).C)andD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughshecentre.Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.1.A)AdeadlyfishhasbeenspottedintheMediterraneanwaters.Invasivespeciesaredrivingawaycertainnativespecies.TheMediterraneanisanaturalhabitatofDevilFirefish.ManypeoplehavebeenattackedbyDevilFirefish.2.A)Itcouldaddtogreenhouseemissions.Itcoulddisruptthefoodchainsthere.Itcouldposeathreattoothermarinespecies.Itcouldbadlypollutethesurroundingwaters.Spendafewnightsonasmallisland.Sellthepearlhehadkeptforyears.Questions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.3.A)carswillnotbeallowedtoenterthecity.Abouthalfofitscitycenterwillbeclosedtocars.Buseswillbetheonlyvehiclesallowedonitsstreets.Pedestrianswillhavefreeaccesstothecity.4.A)TherisingairpollutioninParis.B)Theworseningglobalwarming.CTheever-growingcostofpetrol.D)Theunbearabletrafficnoise.Questions5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard.5.A)Manyofhispossessionswerestolen.Hishousewasburntdowninafire.Hisfishingboatgotwreckedonarock.Hisgoodluckcharmsankintothesea.6.A)Changehisfishinglocations.B)Findajobinatravelagency.C))SpendafewnightsonasmallislandD)Sellthepearlhehadkeptforyears7.A)ANewYearmuseumThelargestpearlintheworldweighsHismonstrouspearlwasextremelyvaluable.Hispearlcouldbedisplayedinamuseum.SectionBDirections:Inthissection,youwillheartwolongconversations.Attheendofeachconversation,youwillhearfourquestions.Boththeconversationandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),CandD).ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Itboastsafairlylonghistory.Itproducesconstructionmaterials.Ithas75officesaroundtheworld.Ithasover50businesspartners.A)Ithasabout50employees.Itwasstartedbyhisfather.Ithasafamilybusiness.Itisover100yearsold.A)Shortageofrawmaterialsupply.Legaldisputesinmanycountries.Outdatedproductdesign.Lossofcompetitiveedge.A)Conductingafinancialanalysisforit.Providingtrainingforitsstaffmembers.Seekingnewwaystoincreaseisexports.Introducinginnovativemarketingstrategies.Questions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard.A)Sheisarealexpertathousedecorations.Sheiswellinformedaboutthedesignbusiness.Sheisattractedbythecolorofthesittingroom.Sheisreallyimpressedbytheman’shouse.A)FromhisyoungerbrotherGreg.Fromhomedesignmagazines.Fromaconstructionbusinessman.Fromaprofessionalinteriordesigner.A)Theeffortwasworthwhile.Thestylewasfashionable.Thecostwasaffordable.Theeftwasunexpected.15.A)She’dlikehimtotalkwithJonathanaboutanewproject.ShewantshimtosharehisrenovationexperiencewithherShewantstodiscussthehousedecorationbudgetwithhim.She’dliketoshowhimaroundhernewly-renovatedhouse.SectionCDirections:Inthissection,youwillhearthreepassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearthreeorfourquestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromtheyourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).ThenmarkhecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)Providingroutinecareforsmallchildren.Payinghospitalbillsforemergencycases.Doingresearchonear,noseandthroatdiseases.Removingobjectsfrompatients’nosesandears.A)Manychildrenliketosmellthingstheyfindorplaywith.Manychildrenliketoputforeignobjectsintheirmouths.PAGE6PAGE6Five-tonine-year-oldsarethemoslikelytoputthingsintheirears.Childrenagedonetofouraoftenmorecuriousthanolderchildren.A)Theytendtoactoutofimpulse.Theywanttoattractattentions.Theyareunawareofthepotentialrisks.Theyarecuriousaboutthesebodyparts.Questions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.A)ItpaidforherEnglishlessons.Itgaveherausedbicycle.Itdeliveredherdailynecessities.Itprovidedherwithphysicaltherapy.A)Expandingbike-ridinglessons.Askinglocalpeoplefordonations.Providingfreepublictransport.Offeringwalkingtourstovisitors.21.A)Itisalanguageschool.Itisacharityorganization.Itisacounselingcenter.Itisasportsclub.Questions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.22.A)Howmiceimitatehumanbehavioraspace.Howlowgravityaffectsthehumanbody.Howmiceinteractinanewenvironment.Howanimalsdealwithlackofgravity.23.A)Theywerenotusetothelow-gravitycnvironment.Theyfounditdifficulttofigureoutwheretheywere.Theyfoundthespaceinthecagetoosmalltostayin.Theywerenotsensitivetothechangedenvironment.24.A)Theytriedeverythingpossibletoescapefromthecage.Theycontinuedtobehaveastheydidinthebeginning.Theyalreadyfeltathomeinthenewenvironment.Theyhadfoundalotmoreactivitiestoengagein.25.A)Theyrepeatedtheiractivitieseveryday.TheybehavedasiftheywereonEarth.Theybegintoeatlessaftersometime.Theychangedtheirroutinesinspace.听力原文：ListeningComprehensionSectionANewsreport1ApoisonousfishwhichhasastingstrongenoughtokillahumanisinvadingtheMediterranean,warnedscientists.TheInternationalUnionfortheConservationofNature(UICN)hasraisedconcernsafterthepoisonousfishwasspottedinthewatersaroundTurkey,CyprusandtheeasternMediterranean.NativetotheSouthPacificandIndianOcean,thepotentiallydeadlyfishhaspoisonoushooksandapainfulstingcapableofkillingpeople.Althoughfatalitiesarerare,thestingscancauseextremepainandstoppeoplebreathing.Thefish,oftenknownasDevilFirefish,isahighlyinvasivespecies.Andenvironmentalistsfearitsarrivalcouldendangerothertypesofmarinelife.AfterbeingspottedintheMediterranean,amarinescientistsays,"Thefishisspreading,andthat'sacauseforconcern."Q1:Whatisreportedinthenews?Q2:Whatistheenvironmentalists'concernofthespreadofDevilFirefishintheMediterranean?Newsreport2[Q3]AlmosthalfthecentreofPariswillbeaccessibleonlybyfootorbicyclethisSundaytomarkWorldCar-FreeDay.[Q4]ThisisinresponsetorisingairpollutionthatmadeParisthemostpollutedcityintheworldforabrieftime.MayorAnneHidalgopromotedthefirstWorldCarFreeDaylastyear.HidalgoalsohassupportedaParisBreathesDay.OnthefirstSundayofeverymonth,Parisclearstrafficfromeightlanesofthemainroad.About400milesofstreetswillbeclosedtocars.Itisexpectedtobringsignificantreductioninpollutionlevels."Lastyear'scar-freedayshoweda40%dropinpollutionlevelsinsomepartsofthecity,accordingtoanindependentairpollutionmonitor",reportstheGuardian,"andsomelevelsdroppedby50%inthecitycentre.'Q3:WhatwillhappenonWorldCarFreeDayinParis?Q4:WhatmotivatedthemayorofParistopromotethefirstWorldCarFreeDayinhercity?Newsreport3APhilippinefishermanwasfeelingdownonhisluckwhenahousefireforcedhimtoclearouthispossessionsandchangelocations.Then,agoodluckcharmthathehadkeptunderhisbedchangedhislife.TheunidentifiedmanhadfishedoutagiantpearlfromtheoceanwhenhisanchorgotstuckontherockwhilesailingoffacoastalislandinthePhilippinestenyearsago.Whenhewasforcedtosellit,theshockedtouristagentatPuertoPrincescatoldhimthatthe77-poundgiantpearlthathehadkepthiddeninhisrundownwoodenhousewasthebiggestpearlintheworld,whichwasvaluedatf76million.ThepearlofAllah,whichiscurrentlyondisplayinaNewYorkmuseum,onlyweighs14pounds.Thatisfivetimessmallerthanthepearlthatthefishermanjusthandedin.Themonstrouspearl,measuredat1footwideand2.2feetlong,isgoingtobeverifiedbylocalexpertsandinternationalauthoritiesbeforehopefullygoingondisplaytoattractmoretouristsinthelittletown.O5:WhathappenedtothePhilippinefishermanoneday?Q6:Whatwasthefishermanforcedtodo?Q7:Whatdidthefishermanlearnfromthetouristagent?SectionBLongconversation1WOMAN:Mr.Smith,It’sapleasuremeetingyou!Man:Nicetomeetyou,too.WhatcanIdoforyou?7:,Imhereowyoutourfirmndoforyou.oshasbranchesinoverfiftycountriesofferingdifferentbusinessservicesaglobalcompanywith75yearsofhistory.Andourclientsincludesomeoftheworld’slargestcompanies【8】.MAN:Thankyou,Mrs.Houston.IknowAstroConsultantsisafamouscompany.Butyousaidyouwouldshowmewhatyoucoulddoforme.Well.Whatexactlycanyourfirmdoformycompany?WOMAN:Weadvisebusinessesonallmatters,frommarketanalysistolegalissues.Anythingabusinesslikeyourscouldmeet.Ourfirmoffersexpertadvice.CouldIaskyou,Mr.Smith,totellmealittleaboutyourcompanyandthechallengesyouface?Thatway,Icouldbetterrespondastohowwecanhelpyou.Man:OK,sure.Thisisafamilybusinessstartedbymygrandfatherin1950.Weemployjustover100people.Wemanufactureanexportstoneforbuildingsandotherconstructions.Ourclientsusuallytalkindofetnaldesign.dtstedonourfactor【9.Ourmainchallengeisthatournationalcurrencyisrising,andwe’relosingcompetitiveadvantagestostoneproducesinIndia【10】.WOMAN:Isee.That’sveryinteresting.IwillsuggestthatyouletusfirstconductafinancialanalysisofyourcompanytogetherwiththeanalysisofyourcompetitorsinIndia11Thatwaywecouldofferthebestadviceondifferentwaysforwardforyou.Q8:Whatdowelearnaboutthewoman’scompany?Q9:Whatdoesthemansayabouthisowncompany?Q10:Whatisthemainproblemwiththeman’scompany?Q11:Whatdoesthewomansuggestdoingtohelptheman’scompany?Longconversation2Woman:Wow,congratulations,Simon!Theplacelooksabsolutelyamazing!Man:Really?Youthinkso?8W:Ofcourse.Iloveit.Itlookslikeyouhadaprofessionalinteriordesigner.Butyoudidn’t,didyou?M:No.Ididitallbymyselfwithalittlehelpfrommybrother,Greg.He’sactuallyintheconstructionbusiness,whichwasreallyhelpful.:,Im!IknowInprobablyrepaintesnyhouseoveradorsomething,butnotafullrenovation.Wheredidyougetyourideas?Iwouldn’tknowwheretostart.[12]M:Well,forawhilenow,I’vebeenregularlybuyinghomedesignmagazines.Everynowandthen,savedthepicturesIliked.Believeitornot,Ihaveafullnotebookofmagazinepages.[13]Sincebyoverallstylewasquiteminimal,Ithoughtandhopedawholerenovationbetoodifficult.Andsureenough,withGreg’shelp,itwasveryachievable.:n’tt?Ihavedaprojectesdbe.M:Actually,itwassurprisinglyaffordable.Imanagedtosellalotofmyoldfurnitureandputthatextramoneytowardsthenewmaterial.[14]Gregwasalsoabletogetsomediscountmaterialsfromarecentprojecthewasworkingonaswell.W:Great!Ifyoumind,liketopickyourbrainabitmore.JohanssonandIarethinkingofrenovatingoursittingroom,notthewholehouse,notyetanyway.Andwe’dlovetogetsomeinspirationfromyourexperience.[15]Areyoufreetocomeoverforacoffeeearlynextweek?Q12:Whatdowelearnaboutthewomanfromtheconversation?Q13:Wheredidthemangethisideasfortheproject?）Q14:Whatdidthemansayabouttheprojectherecentlycompleted?Q15:Whydoesthewomaninvitethemantoherhousenextweek?SectionCPassage19RemovingforeignobjectsfromearsandnosescostsEnglandalmostE3myear,astudysuggests.[Q16]Childrenwereresponsibleforthevastmajorityofcases-95%ofobjectsremovedfromnosesand85%fromears.Everyyear,anaverageof1,218noseand2,479earremovalstookplacebetween2010and2016.AccordingtoEngland'sHospitalEpisodeStatistics,childrenagedonetofourwerethemostlikelytoneedhelpfromdoctorsforaforeignobjectintheirnose.Fivetonineyearoldcometothehospitalwithsomethingintheirearthemost.Jewelryitemsaccountedforupto40%ofcasesinboththeearsandnosesofchildren.Paperandplastictoysweretheitemsremovednextmostfromnoses.Cottonbudsandpencilswerealsofoundinears.[Q17]Accordingtothestudy,theoccurrenceofforeignobjectsinchildrenisgenerallyattributedtocuriosityChildrenhaveanimpulsetoexploretheirnosesandears.Thisresultsintheaccidentalentryofforeignobjects.[Q18]Anyear,noseandthroatsurgeonhasmanyweirdstoriesaboutwonderfulobjectsfoundinthenosesandearsofchildrenandadults.Batteriescanposeaparticulardanger.Inallcases,preventionisbetterthancure.Thisiswhymanytoyscontainwarningsaboutsmallparts.Recognizingproblemsearlyandseekingmedicalattentionisimportant.Q16:WhatdoesEnglandspendanannualE3mon?Q17:WhatdowelearnfromEngland'sHospitalEpisodeStatistics?Q18:Whatisgenerallybelievedtoaccountforchildrenputtingthingsintheirearsornoses?Passage2Goodmorning,I’dliketotalktoyouaboutmycharityReBicycle.Butbeforethat,letmeintroducesomeone.ThisisLeilaRahimi.ShewassoscaredwhenshefirstmovedtoNewZeal-andthatshestruggledtoleavethehouseandwouldspenddaysworkingupthecouragetowalktothesupermarketforbasicsupplies.Afterafewmonthsofbeingquitedownandunhappy,shewasinvitedtojoinalocalbikeclub.Atthistime,ReBicyclegotinvolvedandgaveLeilaasecond-handbicycle.[Q19]Inweeks,herdepressionhadbeguntoeaseasshecycled.Thebicycletotallychangedherlife,givingherhopeandatruefeelingoffreedom.10Todate,ReBicyclehasdonatedmorethan200bikestothoseinneed,andisnowexpandingbike-ridinglessonsasdemandsoars.[Q20]Withabike,youcantravelfartherbutforalmostnocost.ThethreehoursadaythatusedtospendonwalkingtoandfromEnglishlanguagelessonshasbeenreducedtojustonehour.Ourbike-ridinglessonsaresosuccessfulthatweareurgentlylookingformorevolunteers.[Q21]Learningtorideabikeisalmostalwaysmoredifficultasanadult,andthiscantakedaysandweeks,ratherthanhours.So,ifanyofyouhavesomefreetimeduringtheweekend,pleasecomejoinusatReBicycleandmakeadifferenceinsomeone’slife.Q19:WhatdidReBicycledotohelpLeilaRahimi?Q20:WhatisReBicycledoingtohelpthoseinneed?Q21:WhatdowelearnfromthepassageabouttheReBicycle?Passage3ThankstotheInternationalSpaceStationweknowquiteabitabouttheeffectsoflowgravityonthehumanbody,butNASAscientistswanttolearnmore.Tothatend,theyhavebeenstudyinghowotherspeciesdealwithlowgravity,specificallyfocusingonmice（22）.Theresultsarebothinterestingandhumorous.ThescientistsfirstsendsomemiceinaspeciallydesignedcagetotheInternationalSpaceStation.ThecageallowedthemtostudythebehaviorofthemiceremotelyfromEarthviavideo.Asyounoticedinthevideo,themicedefinitelyseemuncomfortableatthebeginningoftheexperiment.Theymovearoundclumsily,driftingwithinthesmallconfinesofthecageanddotheirbesttofigureoutwhichwayisup,butwithoutsuccess.(23)However,notlongbeforethemicebegintocatchon.Theyadaptremarkablywelltotheirnewenvironmentandevenusingthelackofgravitytotheiradvantageastheypushthemselvesaroundthecage.That’swhenthingsreallygetwild.The11thdayoftheexperimentshowsthemicearenotjustdealingwiththegravitychangebutactuallyseemtobeenjoyingit.(24)Severalofthemiceareobservedrunningaroundthecagewalls.11ThescientistswantedtoseewhetherthemicewouldcontinuedoingthesamekindsofactivitiestheywereobserveddoingonEarth.Thestudyshowedthatthemicekeptmuchoftheirroutinesintact,includingcleaningthemselvesandeatingwhenhungry.(25)Q22WhatdoNasascientistswanttolearnabout?Q23Whatdoesthepassagesayaboutthemiceatthebeginningoftheexperiment?Q24Whatwasobservedaboutthemiceonthe11thdayoftheexperiment?Q25Whatdidthescientistsfindaboutthemicefromtheexperiment?PartⅢ ReadingComprehension (40SectionA（1）Directions:Inthissection,thereisapassagewithtonblanks.Youarerequiredtowordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninaword bank

selectfollowing

onethepassageReadthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices.Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter:PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.Youmaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce.Whenmysoncompletesatask,Ican’thelpbutpraisehim.It’sonlynaturaltogivepraisewherepraiseisdue,right?Butistheresuchathingastoomuchpraise?AccordingtopsychologistKatherinePhillip,childrendon’tbenefitfrom26praiseasmuchaswe’dliketothink.“Parentsoftenpraise,believingtheyarebuildingtheirchild’sself-confidence.However,over-praisingcanhavea27effect,”saysPhillip.“Whenweusethesamepraise28,itmaybecomeemptyandnolongervaluedbythechild.Itcanalsobecomeanexpectationthatanythingtheydomustbe withpraise.Thismayleadtothechildavoidingtakingrisksduetofearof 30 theirparents.”Docsthismeanweshoulddoawaywithallthepraise?Phillipsaysno,“Thekeytohealthypraiseis1ofocusontheprocessratherthanthe31itistherecognitionofachild’sattempt,ortheprocessinwhichtheyachievedsomething,thatisessential,”shesays,“Parentsshouldencouragetheirchildtotaketherisksneededtolearnandgrow.”12Sohowdowebreakthe 32 ofpraisewe’reallsoaccustomedto?Phillipsaysit’simportantto33 between“personpraise”and“processraise”.“Personpraiseis 34 sayinghowgreatsomeoneis.It’saformpersonalapproval.Processpraisesacknowledgementoftheeffortstepersonhasjust35.Childrenwhoreceivepersonpraisearemorelikelytofeelshameafterlosing,”saysPhillip.A)chooseB)constantC)disappointingD)distinguishE)exhaustingF)experiencedG)negativeH)outcomeI)patternJ)pluralK)repeatedlyL)rewardedM)separatelyN)simplyO)undertaken答案：26.B 27.G 28.K 29.L 30.C 31.H 32.I 33.D 34.N 35.OSectionBPovertyisastoryaboutus,notthemToooftenstillwethinkweknowthepovertylookslike.It'sthewaywe'vebeentaught,theimageswe’vebeenforced-feddecades.Thechronicallyhomeless.Theundocumentedimmigrant.Theurbanpoor,usuallypersonifiedasawomanofcolor,the"welfarequeen"politiciansstilltoooftenreference.ButasincomeinequalityrisestorecordlevelsintheUnitedStates,eveninthemidstofarecordeconomicexpansions,.thosefamiliarimagesareoutdated,hurtfulandcounterproductivetofocusingattentiononsolutionsandbuildingladdersofopportunity.IC]Today'sfacesofinequalityandlackofopportunitylooklikeallofus.It'sAnnaLandre,adisabledGeorgetownUniversitystudentfightingtokeephealthbenefitsthatallow-herthefreedomtoliveherlifelt'sTiffanieStandard,acounselorforyoungwomenofcolorinPhiladelphiawhowanttobetechentrepreneurs—butwhomustworkmultiplejobstostayafloat.It'sKenOutlaw,awelderinruralNorthCarolinawhosedreamofgoingbacktoschoolatalocalcommunitycollegewasdashedbyHurricaneFlorence-justoneoftheextremeweathereventsthathavetippedthebalanceforstrugglingAmericansacrossthenation,Ifthesearcthecentralcharactersofourstoryaboutpoverty.whatlayersofperceptions,myths,andrealitiesmustweunearthtofindmeaningfulsolutionsandsupport?Inpursuitofrevealingthis13complicatedreality,MotheringJustice,ledbywomenofcolor,wentlastyeartothestatecapitalinLansing,Michigan,tolobbyonissuesthataffectworkingmothers.OneoftheMotheringJusticeorganizerswenttotheofficeofastaterepresentativetotalkaboutthelackofaffordablechildcare-thevestigesofasystemthatexpectedmotherstostayhomewiththeirchildrenwhiletheirhusbandsworked,Alegislativestafferdismissedtheactivist’sconcerns,tellingher“myhusbandtookcareofthat-lstayedhome.”Thatcomment,saysMotheringJusticedirectorDanielleAtkinson.,"wasmeanttoshame"andreliedonthefamiliartropethatawomanofcolorconcemedaboutincomeinequalityandprogramsthatpromotemobilitymustbydefinitionbeasinglemom,probablywithmultiplekids.,Inthiscase.MotheringJusticeactivisthappenedtobemarried.AndinmostcasesintheAmericaof2023,theimagesthatcometomindwhenwehearthewordspovertyorincomeinequalityfailmiserablyinreflectingacomplicatedreality:povertytouchesvirtuallyallofus.Thefaceofincomeinequality,forallbutaveryfewofus,istheoneweeachseeinthemirror.HowmanyofusarepoorintheU.S.?Itdependsonwhoyouask.AccordingtotheCensusBureau,38millionpeopleintheU.S.arelivingbelowtheofficialpovertythresholds,Takingintoaccounteconomicneedbeyondthatabsolutemeasure,theInstituteforPolicyStudiesfoundthat140millionpeoplcarepoororlow-income.That'salmosthalftheU.Spopulation.Whateverthemeasure,withinthatmassivegroup,povertyisextremelydiverse.Weknowthatsomepeoplearemoreaffectedthanothers,likechildren,theelderly,peoplewithdisabilities,andpeopleofcolor.Butthefactthat4in10Americanscan'tcomeupwith$400inanemergencyisacommonlycitedstatisticforgoodreason:economicinstabilitystretchesacrossrace,gender,andgeography.Itevenreachesintothemiddleclassesasrealwageshavestagnatedforallbuttheverywealthyandtemporaryspellsoffinancialinstabilityarenotuncommon.Negativeimagesremainofwhoislivinginpovertyaswellaswhatisneededtomoveoutofit.ThebigAmericanmythisthatyoucanpullyourselfupbyyourowneffortandchangeabadsituationintoagoodone.Therealityisthatfindingopportunitywithouthelpfromfamilies,friends.schools，,andcommunityisvirtuallyimpossible.Andtheplayingfieldisnothingclosetolevel.TheFrameWorksinstitute,aresearchgroupthatfocusesonpublicframingofissues,hasstudied14whatsustainsstereotypesandnarrativesofpovertyintheUnitedKingdom."Peoplevieweconomicsuccessandwellbeinginlifeasproductofchoice,willpower,drive,grit,andgumption,"saysNatKendall-Taylor,CEOofFrameWorks.“Whenweseepeoplewhoarestruggling.”hesays,thoseassumptions“leadustotheperceptionthatpeopleinpovertyarelazy.theydon’tcare,andtheyhaven'tmadetherightdecisions.”Doesthissoundfamiliar?SimilarideassurroundpovertyintheU.S.Andtheseassumptionswreakhavoconreality."Whenpeopleenterintothatpatternofthinking,"saysKendall-Taylor,"it'scognitivelycomfortabletomakesenseofissuesofpovertyinthatway.Itcreatesakindofcognitiveblindness-allofthefactorsexternaltoaperson'sdriveandchoicesthatthey'vemadebecomeinvisibleandfadefromview.”Thoseexternalfactorsincludethedifficultiesaccompanyinglow-wageworkotstruetualdiscriminationbasedonrace,gender,orability.Assumptionsgetworsewhenpeoplewhoarepoorusegovernmentbenefitstohelpthemsurvive.Thereisagreattensionbetween"thepoor"andthosewhoarereceivingwhathasbecomeadirtyword:"welfare."AccordingtotheGeneralSocialSurvey,7lpercentofrespondentsbelievethecontryisspendingtoolittleona"welfare":37percentbelievewearespendingtoomuch,"Povertyhasbeeninterchangeablewithpeopleofcolor-specificallyblackwomenandblackmothers,"saysAtkinsonofMotheringJustice.It'struethatblackmothersaremoreaffectedbypovertythanmanyothergroups,yettheyaredisproportionatelythefaceofpoverty.Forexample，Americansroutinelyoverestimatetheshareofblackrecipientsofpublicassistanceprograms.Inreality,mostpeoplewillexperiencesomeformoffinancialhardshipatsomepointintheirlives.Indeed,peopletendtodipinandoutofpoverty,perhapsduetounexpectedobstacleslikelosingajob,orwhenhoursofalow-wagejobfluctuate.Somethingeachofuscandoistotreateachotherwiththedignityandsympathythatisdeservedandtounderstanddeeplythattheissueofpovertytouchesallofus.答案：36.[E]Thatcomment,saysMotheringJusticedirectorDanielleAtkinson,"wasmeanttoshame"PAGEPAGE2037.[H]Butthefactthat4in10Americanscan'tcomeupwith$400inanemergencyisacommonlycitedstatisticforgoodreason:economicinstabilitystretchesacrossrace,gender,andgeography.38.[M]AccordingtotheGeneralSocialSurvey,71percentofrespondentsbelievethecountryisspendingtoolittleon"assistancetothepoor."39.[J]TheFrameWorksInstitute,aresearchgroupthatfocusesonpublicframingofissues,hasstudiedwhatsustainsstereotypesandnarrativesofpovertyintheUnitedKingdom40.[D] lf these are the central characters of our story about poverty,what layers perceptions,myths,andrealitiesmustweunearthtofindmeaningfulsolutionsandsupport?41.[F]HowmanyofusarepoorintheU.S.?42.[N]“Povertyhasbeeninterchangeablewithpeopleofcolor-specificallyblackwomenand”blackmothers,"saysAtkinsonofMotheringJustice.43.[1]Negativeimagesremainofwhoislivinginpovertyaswellaswhatisneededtomoveoutofit.44.[E]Thatcomment,saysMotheringJusticedirectorDan-ielleAtkinson,"wasmeanttoshame"45.[L]Thoseexternalfactorsincludethedifficultiesaccompanyinglow-wageworkorstructuraldiscriminationbasedonrace,gender,orability.SectionCPassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Boredomhas,paradoxically,becomequiteinterestingtoacademicslately.InearlyMay.London'sBoringConferencecelebratedsevenyearsofdelightingindullness.Atthisevent.peopleflockedtotalksaboutweather,trafficjamsandvending-machinesounds.,amongothersleep-inducingtopicsWhat,exactly,iseverybodystudying?Onewidelyaccepteddefinitionofboredomis"thedistastefulexperienceofwanting,butbeingunable.toengageinsatisfyingactivity."Buthowcanyouquantifyaperson'sboredomlevelandcompareitwithsomeoneelse’s?In1986,psychologistsintroducedtheBoredomPronenessScale,designedtomeasureanindividual’soveralltendencytofeelboredBycontrast,theMulitidimensionalStateBoredomscale,developedin2008,measuresaperson’sfeelingsofboredominagivensituation.Boredomhasbeenlinkedtobehaviorissuesincludinginattentivedriving.mindlesssnacking.excessivedrinking,andandaddictivegambling.Infact,manyofuswouldchoosepainoverboredom.Oneteamofpsychologistsdiscoveredthattwo-thirdsofmenandaquarterofwomenwouldratherself-administerelectricshocksthansitalonewiththeirthoughtsfor15minutes.Researchingthisphenomenon,anotherteamaskedvolunteerstowatchboring.sad,orncutarfilms,duringwhichtheycouldself-administerelccrieshocks,Theboredvolunteersshockedthemselvesmoreandharderthanthesadorneutralonesdid.Butboredomisn'tallbad.Byencouragingself-reflectionanddaydreaming.itcanspuractivity.Anearlystudygaveparticipantsabundanttimetocompleteproblem-solvingandword-associationexercises.Oncealltheobviousanswerswereexhausted,participantsgavemoreandmoreincentiveanswerstocombatboredom:ABritishstudytookthesefindingsonestepfurther,askingsubjectstocompleteacreativechallenge(comingupwithalistofalternativeusesforahouseholditem).Onegroupofsubjectsdidaboringactivityfirst.whiletheotherswentstraighttothecreativetask.Thosewhoseboredompumpshadbeenprimedweremoreproductive.Inouralwaysconnectedworld,boredommaybeahard-to-definestate,butitisafertileone,Watchpaintdryorwaterboil,oratleastputawayoursmartphoneforawhile,andyoumightunlockyournextbigidea.Whenarepeoplelikelytoexperienceboredom,accordingtoanacceptedpsychologicaldefinition?Whentheydon’thavethechancetodowhattheywant.Whentheydon’tenjoythematerialstheyarestudying.Whentheyexperiencesomethingunpleasant.Whentheyengageinsomeroutineactivities.Whatdoestheauthorsayboredomcanleadto?DeterminationMentaldeteriorationConcentrationHarmfulconductWhatisthefindingsofoneteamofpsychologistsintheirexperiment?Volunteerspreferwatchingaboringmovietosittingalonedeliberating.Manyvolunteerschoosetohurtthemselvesratherthanendureboredom.Malevolunteersarcmoreimmunetotheeffectsofboredomthanfemales.Manyvolunteersareunabletoresistboredomlongerthanfifteenminutes.Whydoestheauthorsayboredomisn’tallbad?Itstimulatesmemorization.Itmaypromotecreativethinking.Itallowstimeforrelaxation.Itmayfacilitateindependentlearning.Whatdoestheauthorsuggestsonedowhenfacedwithachallengingproblem?stopidlingandthinkbig.Unlockone’ssmartphone.Lookaroundoneselfforstimulation.Allowoneselfsometimetobebored.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ForestsincountrieslikeBrazilandtheCongogetalotofattentionfromenvironmentalists,anditiseasytoseewhy.SouthAmericaandsub-SaharanAfricaareexperiencingdeforestati