最新新编语言学教程名词解释

linguistics:（语言学）thescientificorsystematicstudyoflanguage:（语言）asystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumanarbitrariness:（任意性）theabsenceofsimilaritybetweentheformofalinguisticsignandwhatitrelatestoinreality,e.g.theworddogdoesnotlooklikeadog.duality:（双重性）thewaymeaninglesselementsof languageatone andletters)combinetoformmeaningfulunits(words)atanotherpetence:（语言能力）knowledgeof thegrammarofa languageasa abstractionanddistinctfromthebehaviorofactuallanguageuse,i.e.performance.performanc:语言运用）Chomsky’stermforactuallanguagebehaviorasdistinctfromknowledgethatunderliesit,orsynchroniclinguistics:（共时语言学thestudyoflanguageandspeechastheyareusedatagivenmomentandnotintermsofhowtheyhaveevolvedovertime.diachroniclinguistics:（历时语言学）thestudyoflinguisticchangeovertimeincontrasttolookingatlanguageasitisusedatagivenmoment.phoneme:（音位）theabstractelementofasound,identifiedasbeingdistinctiveinparticularphonetics（语音学）:the studyof sounds,how produced,howtheyareperceived,andtheirphysicalproperties.phonology:（音位学thestudyoftheabstractsystemsunderlyingthesounds morphology:（形态学）thestudyofthestructureofmorpheme:（词素）thesmallestunitof languagethatcarriesmeaningorservesagrammaticalfunction.freemorpheme:（自由词素）amorphemethatcanstandaloneasaboundmorpheme:（黏着词素）a can ae.g.ment(asinestablishment),and-er(asinmorp:the theofallomorph:aphoneticforminwhichamorphemeisrealized,e.g.-s,-es,andenareallallomorphs(inwriting)ofthepluralmorpheme.(1)syntax:thetermusedtorefertothestructureofsentencesandtothestudyofsentence(5)ICanalysis:（Immediateconstituentanalysis直接成分分析法）theapproachtodividethesentenceupintoitsimmediateconstituentsbyusingbinarycuttinguntilobtainingitsultimateconstituents.ideationalfunction（概念功能）:theuseoflanguageasameansofgivingstructuretoourexperienceoftherealorimaginaryerpersonalfunction（人际功能）:theuseof languageformaintainingsocialrolesandinteractingwithothers.textualfunction（语篇功能）:tocreatewrittenorspokentextswhichcoherethemselvesandwhichfittheparticularsituationinwhichtheyare semantics:thestudyoflinguisticmeaning.语义 relationsof equivalenceofmeaningbetween items,e.g.small/littleanddead/deceased.antonymy:(反义关系)thesenserelationofvariouskindsofopposingmeaningbetweenlexicalitems,e.g.big/small,alive/deadandgood/bad.hyponymy:（上下义关系）the relationbetween ahierarchy, amoreparticularterm(thehyponym)isincludedinthemoregeneralone(thesuperordinate):XisaY,e.g.abeechisatree,atreeisaplant.meronym:（整体部分关系）thesenserelation betweenbodyanditspartswhicharenotonlysectionsofthebodybutdefinedintermsofspecificfunctions.Forexample,theheadisthepartofthebodywhichcarriesthemostimportantsenseorgans,i.e.eyes,ears,noseandpragmatics:（语用学）abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieslanguageindeixis:（指示）themarkingof theorientationorpositionofentitiesand situationswithrespecttocertainpointsofreferencesuchastheplace(here/there)andtime(now/then)of(1)sociolinguistics:thestudyoftherelationship languageandsociety,thatis,socialfactorsinfluencethestructureanduseoflanguage.（社会语言学diglossia:（双语）a situationwhen twodistinct varietiesof areused,sidebyside,fortwodifferentsetsoffunctions.bilingualism:（双语现象）theuseofatleasttwolanguageseitherbyanindividualorbygroupofspeakers,suchastheinhabitantsofaparticularregionorataboo:（禁忌）awordorexpressionthatisprohibitedbythepolitesocietyfromgeneraleuphemism:（委婉语）awordorphrasethatreplacesataboowordorisusedtoreferencetocertainactsorsubjects,e.g.“powderroom”for