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开头Theconclusionsustainedintheargumentisthat .Toendorsetheconclusion,severalreasonsareprovidedinthearticle.ofall,theauthorassumesthat .Inaddition,theauthorpointsoutthat .Furthermore,theauthorreasonsthat .Atsight,theargumentappeartobesomewhatreasonable;closescrutinyoftheevidence,however,revealsthattheargumentsufferssomecriticalflawsseriouslyunderminingtheconclusionandaccordinglyisnotthoroughlywell-reasoned.Theargumentisnotconvincingforthefollowingrespects.结尾Inconclusion,theargumentlackscredibilitybecausetheevidencecitedintheysisdoesnotlendstrongsupporttowhattheauthorclaims.Tostrengthentheargument,theauthorwouldhavetoprovideevidencethat .Moreover,theaugerissupposedtodemonstratethat Onlywithmoreconvincingevidencewouldthisargumentmorethoroughandacceptable.中间段2、利用“”错3、举例子错第一宗罪:Theauthorcommitsafallacyofcausaloversimplification.TheprocessofreasoningisthatbecauseAhappenedbeforeB,theformereventisresponsibleforthelatter.However,thefactthatAcoincideswithBdoesnotnecessarilyprovethatAexertedanimpactonB.Forexample,otherfactors,suchasX,YandZ,cancauseB.Thus,theargumentisfallaciousunlessthesepossiblecausalexplanationshavebeenconsideredandruledout.TheevidenceprovidedbytheauthorisinsufficienttosupporttheconclusionoftheargumentOneexampleis/Thestatisticsfromonlyafewrecentyearsarelogicallyunsoundedtoestablishageneralconclusion,unlessitcanbejustifiedthatA1isrepresentativeoftheentiregroupofA.HoweveritispossiblethatA的其他情况.Accordingly,infaceofsuchlimitedreasons,theclaimthat结论iscompleyunwarranted.第三宗罪:(basedonafalseogy横向>TheargumentrestsontheassumptionthatAisapplicabletoBinallrespects.However,despiteseveralpointsofcomparisonbetweenAandB,theauthorfailstofocusonthesignificantdissimilaritybetweenthem.Forinstance,AB.Accordingly,becauseofthesedifferences,theauthorcannotreasonablydemonstratethat结论.第四宗罪:情况等同(allthingsareequal)<纵向>Theauthorcommitsthefallacyof“allthingsareequalTheeventthathappenedtwoyearsagoisnotasoundevidencetodrawaconclusionthat结论Theauthorassumeswithoutjustificationthatallbackgroundconditionshaveremainedthesameatdifferenttimesoratdifferentlocations.However,itisnotclarifiedinthisargumentwhetherthecurrentconditionsofAaresimilartotwoyearsago.非此即彼,二者选一(Either-Orchoice)Theauthorunfairlyimposesaneither-orchoiceonAandB.However,theargumentfailstoexplainwhyAandBaremutuallyexclusivealternativeswithoutaintermediate.Infact,consideringbothAandBtogetherperhapsproducebetterresults.Moreover,anidealresultsmightincludeacomplexofotherfactors,suchasCandD,whichprovidetheauthormuorechoicesbesideAandB.Thereby,themutuallyexclusivechoiceisnot第六宗罪:可疑(surveyisdoubtful)Thepollcitedbytheauthorissovagueastobenotinformative.Theclaimdoesnotindicatethedetailsofthesurvey,suchasedpeople,conductedtimeandcoveredlocations.Withnoinformationaboutthesedetails,itisimpossibletoevaluatethevalidityoftheresultsForexample,if5000 sweresurveyedbutonly5responded,theconclusionthat结论wouldbehighly.Becausetheauthoroffersnoevidencetoaccountforotherinterpretations,theresultsofthesurveyareworthlesstosupporttheconclusion.第:无理假设(gratuitousassumption)必要性TheauthorfalselyrestsonthegratuitousassumptionthatBisdeterminedbyA.AlthoughAisacrucialelementindecidingB,itishardlytoclaimthatAistheonlyorevennecessarilyrequiredfactor.Actually,therearesomeotherpotentialelements,suchasCandD,alsocanbetakenintoconsideration.Therefore,withoutaccountingforthesepossibledeterminants,theauthorcannotclaimthat.茶 Whether...(复述题目)...hasbeenaheatedcontroversyincontemporarysociety.Somepeopleinsistthat…,whileotherpeoplemaintainthat…Inmypointofview,…(自己的观点)...Ononehand,支持Ontheotherhand,Tosumontheotherhand,othersmaythinkHowever,inthefinal ysis,Iconcludethat….Inthefollowingdiscussion,Iwouldliketopresentevidencesfavouringtheformeroneandrefutingthelatterone/tosupportmypointofview.Intheplace,themostimportantreasonformyviewisthat。Forexample/Historyhasitthat例子Thereisnobetterexamplethanthistoillustratethestrength/weaknessof某方.---Inaddition,thereisanotherreasonformetochoosethisstatement/considerthisstatementtobewrong.Thereasonisnotfartoseek:原因2。Forinstance,例子2。---Ofcourse,itmaybetruethat自己观点对立方的某些长insomeconditions.However,thisalonedoesnotconstituteasufficientsupportto对立方的观点。,WhentheadvantageanddisadvantageofXandYarecarefullycompared,themoststrikingconclusionisobvious.Giventhereasonsdiscussedabove,whichsometim

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