collins雷达培训材料第一次-课堂课件operational overview通过控制板鉴别飞机安装系统

WXR-700/2100Operational

Overview767

andClassic

737WXR-700(FLW

or

non-FLW)737ngMultiscanWXR-2100通过控制板鉴别飞机安装的Boeing系统通过控制板鉴别飞机安装的Boeing系统通过控制板鉴别飞机安装的Airbus系统AGENDAMultiScanTM

OverviewAviation

WeatherHow

Radar

WorksAutomatic

OperationManual

OperationMultiScanTM

Overview传统的使用及俯仰调节的作用As

the

radar

beam

moves

higher

in

the

thunderstormreflectivity

decreases结论:观察雷雨一定要观察雷雨的下部(根部),扫描雷雨的中上部位会造成回波弱的现象;但为了避免扫到过多的地面杂波影响对雷雨的观察,需要上调到一个折衷的俯仰角:既要观察雷雨的下部,又要避免产生过多的地面杂波,多波束

提供了解决方案能探测到的雷雨顶部实际雷雨高度

FREEZING

LEVEL纯雨量探测(绿黄红体现雨量的递增),增益需人工按需(例如气象环境)补偿需要俯仰调节,寻找雷雨反射体,同时要避免地面杂波Optimum

Tilt

for

Clutter

Rejection

OverScans

Significant

Weather

Except

inthe

50

-

80

nm

RangeOptimumTilt

for

Weather

DetectionProduces

Significant

Ground

Clutter3Down3Up2Up`1

Up0Degrees1Down2DownBest

WxDetectionBest

ClutterRejection传统的探测及使用特点多扫描自动模式的工作原理及特点1.充分利用波束逐渐变宽的特性,通过自动高低两个扫描即捕获取全程320nm气象信息2.（ 器）融合数字化3.使用波束与波束的反射对比计算雷雨高度,并采用地形数据库进行地面杂波抑制两个波束的俯仰角由系统根据飞机的高度和地形自动设置,从而最佳的扫描雷雨的中下部(强反射率部位),起飞时两个波束向上看(上波束5.7度,下波束之高4.3度,显示为5度),随着飞机高度的增加,两个波束逐渐下俯,显示器上显示的为两个波束俯仰角的平均值.4.通过自动增益补偿,全球气象模型数据库,飞越保护对影响航路的

气象进行全面整体的体现(只显胁飞行高度的

气象)MultiScan

Operational

Capabilities40NM40

NM100

NMGround

Clutter

Free300

NM300

NMAttenuation

Alert40

NM

TurbulenceOverFlight

Protection200

NM200

NMGround

Clutter

Free

DisplayAttenuation

AlertCertified

Turbulence

to

40NMOverFlightTM

ProtectionPredictive

Windshear100

NM所有的气象情况都在 器里面,只显示影响飞行航路的雷雨Accurate

Weather

that

affects

the

aircraft

flight

path

from

thenose

of

the

aircraft

to

320

NM1st

Generation

Hazard ysis

based

onregion

and

timeof

year自动增益(对气象零温度线以上的部分进行的自动温度增益补偿)Temperature

Based

Gain(基于温度的增益补偿相当与增加了雷雨的反射顶,使能够看到雷雨更高的部分)MultiScan

increases

gain

automatically

above

freezing

level

with

A/C

altitude

increase

andoutside

temperature

decrease零温度线以上的自动温度增益补偿相当于增加了雷雨的可视高度HazardRainfallGreatestRainfallAircraft

flies

from

NorthAfrica

to

South

America.Hazard

over

SouthAmerica

is

relatively

mild南美气象 较低Cell

paints

green

overNorth

Africadue

tominimal

rainfall

rates.北非雨量很低Hazard

over

NorthAfrica

issevere北非气象TRRM

Sa lite

Data

–

Rainfall

RatesGreatest

rainfall

rate

isover

South

America.Storm

paints

red.南美雨量很大TRRM

Sa lite

Data

–

Reflectivity

at

30,000ft.全球气象模型数据库

(基于气象领域已建立的成

气象模型)根据飞机所在的位置,季节对照全球气象模型数据库,自动补偿增益,体现雷雨的真实

性根据飞机所在的位置,季节对照全球气象模型数据库,自动补偿增益,体现雷雨的真实

性Thunderstorm

Reflectivity

Characteristics

Vary

Dramatically

Depending

on

Season全球气象模型数据库

(基于气象领域已建立的成

气象模型)雷雨的湿顶到实际顶部的高度是与地域相关的,不同地域的气候条件会造成雷雨的发展高度有很大的不同,全球气象模型数据库根据大量的统计数据,建立了个全球各地域的气象模型,其中包括区域雷雨的发展高度(从湿顶向上的高度),会据此判断雷雨的实际高度,以确定是否对飞机高度具有性,从而显示只对飞行航路的气象气象学科的研究需要采用统计学,进行大量数理统计,建立成区域季节气象模型Multiscan

只是显飞行航路的雷雨胁与波音的Dark,Quiet

Cockpit概念相符全球气象模型数据库

(基于气象领域已建立的成

气象模型)全球气象模型数据库的补偿Gain

automatically

compensate

for

weather

variations

caused

by

varying

geographic

andclimatic

conditions.(雷雨的含水反射率随地域及季节会产生很大的变化,含水反射率不能体现雷雨的

,如对流活动及闪电)The

result

is

the

and

Only

Radar

that

provides

world

wide

hazarddetection.Captain's

Window Officer’s

WindowMultiScanLow

ReflectivityOceanic

WeatherGulf

of

Thailand湾区域的低反射气象图象依此为传统人工模式,人工最大增益模式及自动模式自动模式在低发射率的区域环境下会自动调高机器灵敏度,能看到传统 所无法体现的气象的整体情况Automatic

Gain

inAutoAUTOCAL

Gain

Gain

alsoadjusted

upon

the

geographical

regionMANUALCAL

GainMANUALMAX

GainOutsideForwardRight自动与人工模式3o

i1o

i0o2o

h3o

hMultiScanTM

AutomaticOperation2o

iBestWxDetection1o

hBest

ClutterRejectionMultiScanTM(GCS

Switch)Automatic

Operation.

Ground

Clutter

Suppression

turn

off.

This

is

the

picture

the

radar

is

actually

seeing.Automatic

Operation.

GroundClutter

Suppression

turn

on.Optimal

weather

return

on

all

rangescales.地面杂波的显示是很好的确认 工作性能的方法Aviation

Weather航空气象ReflectivityWet

HailDry

SnowRainDry

Hail提示：AirborneRadar

isDesigned

todetect

rain依靠探测雷雨中含水（降雨）量的多少来工作的，回波与雨量成正比；

无法

探测雪，雾，含水率低的云，干性湍流,闪电,区分冰雹与降雨的差别What

RADAR

Can’t

DoRadar

can’t

see

fog,

cloudwith

less

moisture,

snow,ice

crystalsRadar

can’t

see

lightning,clear

turbulenceRadar

can’t lthedifference

between

wethails

and

heavy

rainfall探测局限性系统是机组绕飞雷雨的辅助工具目前工业界采用的三种颜色级别显示无法定量的提示无法直接探测闪电的活动人工模式或传统 为单纯的雨量探测自动模式通象模型数据库建立雨量与(对流,闪电)在不同地域及季节的对应关系,通过颜色的补偿会提高对气象的提示雷雨的湿顶与目视顶Ice

Only

(Glaciated)7000

m

/25,000

ftMixed

iceand

waterFreezing

LevelLiquid

water

onlyRadar

topWarning!!

Significant

verticalthunderstorm

developmentwith

severe

turbulence

anddry

hail

may

exist

above

theradar

top.由于雷雨不同部分反射率的差异,会造成传统 在高空飞行回波弱的感觉,低空回波强的感觉,Multiscan在自动模式下会根据气象模型数据尤其在雷雨距离飞机较近的情况下(40海里以内),波束较细,未能进行较佳的俯仰调节 库判断雷雨的实际

顶部,体现 气象Single

Cell

Thunderstorm

Development1.

Warm,

humid

airrises

from

theground

in

thermalupdrafts.Towering

CumulusStageMature

Stage4.

When

ice

crystals

are

water

droplets

grow

big

enoughto

ethe

updraft

they

begin

to

fall

and

dragdown

the

surrounding

air.The

icecrystals

meltas

theydescend.The

fallingprecipitation

and

airbeing

dragged

downform

down

drafts.Existence

ofbothupdrafts

and

downdrafts

create

severturbulence.3.

Updraftscontinuefeeding

warm,humid

air

intothe

storm.Existence

ofboth

updraftsand

downdrafts

createseverturbulence.2.

As

the

air

cools

to

thedew

point,

the

watervapor

condenses

intoclouds.7.

Downdraftsgrow,

chokingoff

updrafts.8.

With

thesupply

ofhumid

air

cutthe

stormbegins

dyingand

the

raindecreases.DissipatingStageNote:

The

total

life

cycleshown

here

takes

approx-ima y

one

hour.1. Thunderstorm

development

is

rapid.Develo thunderstorms

cangrow

at

6,000’

per

minute.A

course

that

appears

clear

may

contain

cellsa

few

minutes

later.

成长上升过程20-30米/秒雷雨的不同发展阶段具有不同的 特性Newly

develo cells

often

do

not

contain

sufficient

water

to

reflect

an

echo,

yetthey

can

cause

severe

turbulence

or

lightning.3. Studies

haveshown

that

thunderstorms

tend

travel

in

the

direction

of

thewinds

around

10,000

feet.

New

cells

generally

formon

the

side

of

acloud

in

the

direction

towardwhichit

is

moving.雷雨的运动方向受10000英尺中高度风的影响雷雨的动态性Steady-state

ThunderstormsThunderstorm

may

be

5to10

meterStratosphere

40,000-60,000’4.

Overshoot3.

Gust

front2.

Mid

levelwinds1.

Warm,

moist

air5.

Upperlevel

winds6.

Anvil

topNote:

Steady-statethunderstorms

may

lastseven

to

eight

hours工作原理及基本概念系统Key

ElementsReceiver/TransmitterAntennaRadomeControl

PanelDisplayPeripheralsIRS/ADC/LRA/Discretes天线俯仰角The

3.5º

beamscans

+/-90ºaircraft

heading

and

takes

a“Slice”

out

of

theradar.Tilt

Angles

refers

toangles

between

centerline

of

beam

andhorizontal

planeManual

Tilt

Control

+/-15

degree

with

¼

increment

or

¼

incrementbetween

+/-5

degree

and

½

beyond

+/-0.5degreeThis

ti isplay

is

driven

by

the

Arinc

453

dataword

from

the

WRT.The

WRT

gets

this

information

from

controlsource/WCP

providing

the

Tilt

commandThe

WR

d

a

tilt

command

to

theAntenna,The

antenna

tilts,

the

WRT

see's

the

feedbackand

everything

is

OK.

if

not

then

the

WRT

setsthe

ANT

fault

message.If

OK

then

set

display

data

on

the

Arinc453Data

bus,

and

displaysTilt

value

on

ND.The

system

spec

for

this

is

less

then

2

degreesdifference

between

the

Control

Panel

and

thedisplayed

value.天线稳定性(Stabilization)RadarScansparallel

to

theHorizonStabilizationOnRadar

Scansparallel

to

theaircraft’s

wingsStabilization

OffNon

multiscan

radar

control

panelSTAB

need

to

be

ON

all

the

time,STAB

shows

if

selected

OFFCOLOR

SCHEMEBlack:

Less

Than

.76

mm/hr(.03

in/hr)Green:

Weak

(20

dBz).76

-

3.81

mm/hr

(.03-.15in/hr)Yellow:

Moderate

(30

dBz)3.81-12.7

mm/hr

(.15-.5

in/hr)Red:

Strong

to

Very

Strong12.7(40

dBz

and

Greater)mm/hr

(.5

in/hr)

and

GreaterMagenta:

Turbulence(Greaterthan

5

meters/second

wind

velocity)增益及校准增益Calibrated

Gain人工模式CAL=降雨反射率自动模式CAL=降雨反射率+基于温度的自动补偿+全球气象模型数据库的补偿注：人工模式

通过颜色级别来显示雷雨的强弱，但颜色的等级与闪电的活动和气流的强烈并无正比关系，很多情况，绿色（新形成的雷雨）可能会伴随着频繁的闪电活动和气流（颠簸）的运动。CAL增益下雷雨强度与颜色级别的对比关系Gain

Controls(Multiscan

Controls)6CAL

GainPositionGain

Control

Settings(Manual

Operation)AirbusBoeingEffects

of

Gain

SelectionCalibrated

Gain+8+16+4-2-4-6-8-12-14亮带(负增益的使用)Bright

Band(Bright

Band/RedOut)全红现象全红产生的两个原因大面积强降雨包含大尺寸的雨滴大面积层云零温度线下产生亮带层次(雪包着水),亮带以下可能只为轻雨或小雨(飞机下降至亮带以下, 波束如离开亮带,全红的现象可能

)Bright

Band

occurs

at

and

below

thefreezing

level

in

strata

form

cloudformations.Cockpit

DisplayBright

Band波束特性Beam

CharacteristicThe

3.5

degree

beamtakes

a

“Slice”

out

of

theradar

.Beam

Characteristics(Beam

Diameter)Approximate

Beam

Width

Formula:Beam

Width

(in

feet)

=

(Distance

in

Nm

+

“00”)

x3.5Beam

Width

(50

Nm)

=

17,500

ft300

Nm105,000

ft200

Nm70,000

ft100

Nm35,000

ft50

Nm17,500

ft10

Nm3,500

ft距飞机越近，波束越窄，扫到雷雨的切面越薄， 的信息点越多,显示雷雨的分辨率越好距飞机越远,波束越宽,更容易扫到雷雨,但雷雨的分辨率差发出的波束为3.5发散角的圆锥体Beam

Characteristics(Range

and

Azimuth

Resolution)AzimuthResolution(due

to

beam

width)RangeResolution(dueto

pulse

width)Beam

CharacteristicsSummaryThe

best

weather

definition

occurswithin

80

NMof

the

aircraft.

Beyond80

NM,

the

radar

should

be

used

forflight

path

planning

purposes,

not

forweather

ysis.结论距离越远,波束越宽,

分辨雷雨细节的能力越差建议80nm以内对目标进行分析80nm以外的显示主要作为确认目标的位置与存在及进行飞行计划Beam

Characteristics

&

Attenuation随着飞机与雷雨的相对靠近,由于波束变细和波束能量距离传递损耗的减少,雷雨的细节更清楚,尺寸有所增长,绿色增加是正常现象STC的有限调节能力(40海里以内)TimeReceiver

Sensitivity随着飞机接近云间通道,波束能量衰减减少,绿色可能逐渐充溢通道(自动模式)Beam

Characteristics

&

AttenuationPath

Attenuation(Radar

Shadow)Note

steep

gradient

andconcave

shape

on

back

ofstormAim

radar

beam

towardsthe

groundIf

ground

clutter

appearsat

the

sides

of

the

stormbut

not

behind

it,

this

is

aradar

shadow.

The

areabehind

the

stormisattenuated.Note:

Mountains

alsoproduce

radar

shadows.Never,

Never,

Ever

Fly

Into

aRadar

ShadowArea

of

possiblesevere

attenuationPATHATTENUATIONCompensation

and

AlertPAC

AlertCompensates

ForAttenuation

Due

ToInterveningPrecipitation

(UpTo

Approxima

y80nmi)WhenCompensationLimitReached,Alert

AnnunciatesAreas

whereSevere

Attenuationis

Occurring

(PACAlert

Bar)PAC

Alert

Unique

toCollins

RadarPAC

Alert

Bar

Warns

Crew

ofSevere

AttenuationNoteCalibrated(CAL)Gain

must

beselected

for

thePAC

Alert

tofunctionPath

Attenuation(Southern

Airways

Flight

242,DC-9)Pilot’s

Radar

PresentationActualWeatherSince

1975

at

LeastTen

Fatal

Accidents

Have

Occurred

in

the

United

StatesWhere

Radar

Attenuation

was

a

Major

Contributing

FactorAircraft

Penetrates

ExtremeThunderstormReaching

to

55,000Feet

that

is

Producing

Tornadoesand

Three

Inch

HailAttenuation

SequenceForward

LookingWindshearMicrobursts

&

WindshearMETERSApproachFlight

Path40

KnotHeadwind40KnotTailwindAIRSPEEDPOWER0200

0ALTITUDEApproach

andGo

AroundTakeOff3

nm0.25nm0.25nm3030Windshear(Detection

Zones

–

Airbus

and

retrofitaircraft)0.25nm0.25nmWarningCautionAdvisoryWeather

Detection

Region5

nm3

nm30305

nmWindshear(Detection

Zones

–

Boeing

aircraft)Approach

andGo

AroundTake

Off3

nm0.25

nm0.25nm30300.25nm0.25nmWarningCautionWeather

Detection

Region5

nm3

nm30305

nm2,300’1,200’

-

50’2,300’0Kts

-1,200’Windshear(Vertical

Alert

Zone)TakeoffLanding100

Kts

-

50

FT50

-

0

FTPWS

Fail

only

occurbelow

2300’PWS

Auto

Turn

On

Throttle

SW53

Degree

Advance(Boeing737ng)No2/No3

Engine

above

idle(takeoff

thrust/B747)Discrete

from

EIUOil

Pressure

and

GroundSpeed/30K(Airbus)Boeing

Failure

MessagesNOTE:

Write

Down

Failure

Messages

For

MaintenanceWXR

ATT:

Attitude

input

failsWXR

STAB:

Stabilization

is

off.No

AUTOTILT（自动模式失效，可选择人工模式使用）WXR

FAIL(lossof

Image)R/TWXR

control

panelWXRantennaPWS

failure:Loss

ofanyRA

*

Lossof

ADR

dataLoss

of

IR

data

*

antenna

faultsInternal

WXRsystem

faultsLoss

of

CAS

and

TAS.注: 有严格的 电路,如反射功率等的降低到一定门限,会触发WXRFAIL,说明 失效,一般情况下,不要轻易认为 回波弱,功率不够Failures(loss

of

the

radar

image)are

displayed

in

redWXR

R/T

:

failureR/TWXR

ANT:

failure

of

antennaWXR

CTL:

failure

of

CTLWXR

RNG:

comparison

errorbetween

therange

from

the

EFIS

section

and

thecopydata

received

on

the

DMC

via

theradardata

busFailures

(image

not

loss/amber)PRED

W/S

:

windshear

function

failureWXR

ATT:

ADIRU

attitude

failureNO

AUTOTILT:（自动模式失效，可选择人工模式使用）WXR

STAB:loss

of

the

radar

antenna

stabilization(deselect

STAB

from

CP)WXR

TEST

:

TEST

modeAirbus

Failure

MessagesNOTE:

Write

Down

Failure

Messages

For

MaintenancePWS

Fail

on

AirbusNOTE:

Write

Down

Failure

Messages

For

MaintenanceExternal

Triggers

of

PWS

FailExternal

FaultTime

To

SetTime

To

ResetNote:Radio

Altimeter4s2

valid

words/sin

4sAirspeed12s0Heading12s1

valid

word/SIn

12sAttitude

Input,Pitch/Roll(Left

ADIRUusednormally)12s4sAlso

trigger

ATTmessageAir/Gnd

vs.

Rad

AltAir

RA

<

20

ft.

for

>

30

secON

Gnd

and

RA

≥

20ftfor

10sec0Pitch/Roll

vs.

Air/GndOn

Ground,

Pitch

>

7and/or

Roll

>5

deg.

thenset

in

20sec.NOAUTOTILT自动模式失效，可选择人工模式使用NO

AUTOTILT:

Loss

Data

From

ADIRU(for12s)Only

displayed

when

AUTO

modeselectedAirspeedHeadingBarometric

AltitudeSATDrift,

Track

AngleGround

SpeedLON/LATRadome

CharacteristicsThe

Radome

is

your

radar’swindow

to

the

outside

world.If

the

“window”

is

dirty

ordamaged,

radar

energy

willnot

shine

through

clearly.Radome

ClassesDO-213

references

the

percentage

ofRF

energy

that

can

pass

through

theradome

as

Transmission

Efficiency(Transmissivity):AverageMinimum

at

any

PointClass

A90%85%Class

B87%82%Class

C84%78%Class

D80%75%Class

E70%55%Radome

Characteristics(Cat’s

Eyes)Cat’s

Eyes“Cats’

Eyes”

or

“Ghost s”

mayappear

in

a

narrow

greenor

greenyellow

arcor

as

twosmall s

at

+/-45

Degrees,

between

the

4

and

8ranges

and

the

aircraft

altitude

is

aboveapproxima y

3,000

ft.

This

representsside

lobe

reflections

fromthe

groundand

is

caused

by

either

turning

the

gaintowardsthe

max

position

or

by

aRadome

with

greatly

reducedtransmitivity.SafetyBoeing:

50

FT

(15

M)

FROM

THE

RADAR.Airbus,

more

than

5

meters

(16.4FT)

from

the

antenna.No is

in

the

area

made

by

an

arc

of

135

degree

on

eachside

of

A/Ccenterline.The

greatest

radiated

power

density(1.43mW/cm2,18

inches

fromantenna)

of

theCollins

WXR-2100

WeatherRadar

System

issignificantlylessthan

the

10

mW/cm2

allowable

for

limiting

the

exposure

of

rf

energyto

humans

as

noted

in

FAA

Advisory

Circular,

number

20-688,

datedAugust

1980.AlienRadarMultiScanTMAutomatic

OperationControl

PanelsBoeingAirbusDisplay

Annunciations(Airbus)Display

Annunciations(Boeing)Tilt

Annunciation(What

Does

it

Mean?)Controls(PowerOn/Off)AirbusOnlyNote:

On

Boeing

aircraft,

power

isapplied

to

the

radarsystem

byselecting

“WXR”

on

the

EFIS

control

panel.Controls(Automatic

Operation

(On/Off))Automatic

Operation

InitializationManualSweepSecondSweepThirdSweepFourthSweepFifthSweep1,当选择自动模式时,

需要进行4个扫描起始过程

2,在正常自动模式的工作状态下,如在短时间内选择人工方式(38秒内),再转回自动模式,因为

了先前的自动设置,所以不需再进行起始过程.对安装双套

系统的情况，由原正常工作的系统转化至另套系统也需经过起始显

示地面杂波的过程自动模式的自动调节补偿,抑制地面杂波Auto

Alignment

Process现象:自动模式爬升或巡航阶段观察到地面杂波(一般在80海里左右或以外),原因:在更换

R/T或 驱动器之后,

需在第一次飞行的巡航高度,自动调整以补偿系统安装误差及飞机在空中结构弯曲变化造成对零参考面的影响,以实现高精度的波束俯仰角度,用以计算地面杂波的滤除.调整过程中杂波的出现并不影响中近程雷雨的探测,同时也可按需使用人工方式调整过程的实现需要在飞机进入平飞状态,巡航高度,陆地飞行的情况下进行,一般需要几分钟的时间.调整结束后地面杂波完全滤除,此种情况下

的工作完全正常.Auto

Mode

Ground

Clutter

Suppression

RequiresPrecise

Knowledge

of

Radar

Antenna

Position杂波抑制需知道天线波束的精确俯仰角度Antenna

Drive,

IRS

Installation

Variations天线驱动器和惯导系统的安装差异Aircraft

Flex

in

Flight

(transition

from

groundstatic

calibration)飞机结构在空中的柔性变化对零参考线的影响Auto

Alignment

Process

in

cruise

will

compensatefor

these

variations在巡航平飞开始后会进行自我调整(几分钟),补偿上述误差,杂波的出现并不影响中近程雷雨的探测,同时也可使用人工进行确认Controls(Dual

System

Selection)Controls(PWS

(Predictive

Windshear))Airbus

OnlyGain

Controls(Controls)6CAL

GainPositionGain(Operating

Techniques)CAL

Gain

is

the

mendedoperating

positionStandard

Color

LevelsPAC

AlertFunctionCaution:

Always

return

gain

to

CAL

aftera

below

CAL

gain

setting

has

been

utilized.

BelowCAL

gain

settings

may

cause

thunderstorms

to

appear

less

intense

than

is

actually

the

case.Caution:PAC

Alert

(attenuation/radar

shadow)

is

disabled

for

all

non-CAL

settings.Controls(Tilt

Control)ControlsGround

Clutter

(On/Off)ControlsWX

(Weather

Mode)ControlsWX+T

(Weather

Plus

Turbulence

Mode)On

All

RangeScalesOutto40

nmControlsTURB

(TurbulenceMode)Airbus

OnlyCaution:

Precipitation

will

not

be

displayed

when

operating

in

TURBmode.Inadvertentpenetration

ofareas

of

severe

weather

is

possible.Controls(MAPmode)Interstate

90Interstate

88Interstate

55Interstate

80LakeMichiganControlsTFR

(Transfer)Boeing

OnlyNote:

If

both

pilots

select

TFR

(transfer)the

radar

will

be

unable

to

determinewhich

setting

to

use

and

a

TEST

patternwill

be

displayed

on

the

EFIS.Controls(TEST)BoeingOnlyNote:

On

Airbus

aircraftactivated

throughthe

CFDS.

Step

by

stepinstructions

are

provided.Select

a

non-TEST

modeon

theradar

control

panelSelect

WXR

on

the

EFIScontrolpanelPress

TESTAutomatic

Features(Optimized

Weather)10

nm20

nm40

nm320

nm160

nm80

nm0-320

nmWxOver-ScanningProblem:How

do

you

preventover

scanning

andinadvertent

thunder-storm

top

penetrations?80%

Below

25,000’It

is

difficultto

AvoidOver

Scanning

Top

ofcells

at

or

just

belowthe

aircraft

altitude.Industry

DiscussionsSuggest

that

much

ofwhat

we

call

CAT,

isreally

turbulenceassociated

with

weather

at

or

just

below1st

the

aircraft

altitude:65%

Above

25,000’1st80nm3rd3rd20

nm2nd2nd40

nmThe

contents

ofthisare

proprietaryto,

Inc.84OverFlightTM

Protection10

NM30

NM25

NM20

NM飞跃保护在22000ft启动会

低于飞行高度约6000ft的雷雨(雷雨反射体的顶部与飞机的相对高度),并始终保持在显示器上132213Storms

at

60,

100and

180NM

visible

on

theradar

display

and

verifiedfromthecockpitTurbulence

indicated

out

to

40

NMPAC

Alert

barLong

Range

WeatherDetection(0

-

320

NM

Weather,

Turbulence

and

PAC

Alert

on

a

single

display!!)Automatic

Features(Windshear

Alerts)Approach

and

Go-Around

Alert

RegionAreas

of

Windshear

When

Aircraft

in

AirWARNICAUTIOADVISONG

N

RY0.25nm30305

nm3

nm0.25nmQuiet,

Dark

Cockpit

–

Low

Level

Weather

EliminationFlight

Example

fromMIT-Lincoln

Labs

Flight

Aug

17,

2008Low

Level

Non-ThreatWeather

is

Stored

inComputer

Memory,butnot

Displayed自动模式只显 胁飞行航路的雷雨,避免不必要的干扰建议由巡航转入下降前从自动转化至人工模式调低天线角度,观察低空雷雨的情况随着飞机的逐步下降,再转回自动模式Update

Rates(AUTO)The

antenna

scan

is

nolonger

tied

to

thedisplaysweep.

Sweep

line

issimulated.MultiScan

updates

all

radardisplays

every

four

secondsin

allmodes

exceptwindshear,

in

which

case

thedisplays

update

every5.5secondsAutomatic

Features(Simultaneous

Display

Updates

in

All

Range/ModeCombinations)Captain

and Officer’s

displays

simultaneously

updated

every4

seconds

in

all

modes

except

windshear.Captain

and Officer’s

displays

simultaneously

updated

every5.5

seconds

during

windshear

operation.Only

shows

the

simulated

sweep

line

from

left

to

right.

Thesimulated

sweep

line

may

not

synchronize

with

radar

beam

likethe

traditional

radarMultiScanTMManual

OperationControls(Manual

Operation

–

On/Off)如对自动模式有疑问，人工模式可随时选择，人为的控制俯仰，搜索雷雨的反射体Controls(Ground

Clutter–

Inactive

During

Manual

Operation)Inactive

duringmanual

operationControls(Tilt

Control)Tilt

control

is

THE

mostimportant

factor

forsuccessful

operationofthe

radar

duringmanualoperation.Too

HighToo

LowCompromiseTilt

Management(Optimum

Tilt

Angle)

FREEZING

LEVELOptimum

Tilt

for

ClutterRejection

Over

ScansSignificant

Weather

Except

inthe

50

-

80

nm

RangeOptimum

Tilt

for

WeatherDetectionProducesSignificant

Ground

ClutterBest

WxDetectionBest

ClutterRejectionCompromise

Tilt

AngleTilt

Management(LowAltitude

Tilt

Settings

–

10,000’

and

Below)LowAltitudeTiltControlTilt

=

+2.0

to+7.0mended

10,000

feetand

belowTilt

Management(Low

Altitude

Tilt

Settings

-

Take

Off

/

Climb)Five

degrees

up

tilteliminates

clutterand

keeps

theradarbeam

pointedgenerally

along

theaircraft

flight

pathCaution:

If

the

tiltsetting

is

too

highthe

radar

mayscanover

the

opts

ofthreatthunderstorms.If

the

tiltsetting

is

toolow,

the

radar

may

failtodetect

vaultedthunderstorm

energy.3000

fpmrate

of

climb240

kts(24,304

fpm*)Note:

1

degree

of

tilt

gives

you

100

foot

per

nautical7oofbeam

position

change(e.g.

15

degrees

at

20=

30,000

feet)*Conversion

Factor:

6067

ft/NM3o5o15o7oTilt

Management(扫描地波毛边)(Mid

AltitudeTilt

Control

(10,000’-25,000’))Note:

The

clutter

ring

in

mountainous

areas

may

beless

well

defined

than

in

non-mountainousareasMiddle

Altitude

Tilt

Control(10,000’

to

25,000’)Adjust

tilt

sothatgroundclutter

is

displayed

attheedge

of

the

radar

displayto

minimizethepossibility

ofscanningoverthe

top

of

threatweather.80

and40

nmrangescalesCaution:

Below

25,000’

asmuch

as80%

of

clear

air

turbulenceencounters

are

weather

related

and

are

often

due

to

over-scanning.Clutter

RingClutter

Ring

inmountainousarea基于扫描地波毛边的俯仰设置理念，大幅调低天线，再慢慢调起Tilt

Management(扫描地波毛边)(Guidelines)80

nmAt

given

altitiude

and

range

scale,

with

enoughground

clutter

on

display,

slowly

tiltup

antenna

to

reduce

the

ground

return

totheextent

of

small

layer

on

the

outer

edge

ofdisplay.

Sometimes,

a

plus

tilt

setting

might

berequired

to

achieve

this.Tilt

Management探测的死角(雷雨与飞行高度接近)Tilt

Management(扫描地波毛边)(Guidelines)不同距离圈设置的扫毛边图示Tilt

Management(Mid

AltitudeTilt

Control

(10,000’-25,000’))160

nmRange

ScaleCaution:

Below

25,000’

asmuch

as80%

of

clear

air

turbulenceencounters

are

weather

related

and

are

often

due

to

over-scanning.Radio

HorizonTiltManagement(High

Altitude

Tilt

Control

(25,000’

andAbove)High

AltitudeTilt

Control(25,000

feetand

above)Adjust

tilt

so

thatgroundclutter

is

displayed

attheedge

of

the

radardisplayto

minimize

thepossibility

of

scanningoverthe

top

of

threatweather.Warning:

Over-scanning

and

subsequent

inadvertent

thunder-storm

top

penetration

is

a

significant

threat

above25,000’.Over-ScanningProblem:How

do

you

prevent