托福写作课上内部课件

Youarewhatyouwrite！托福写作很重要，语法词汇不可少，多练多看多比较，表达句式用得巧，有理有利还有节，满分一定能拿到。课程设置托福写作介绍独立写作：语言修饰：综合写作：题目串讲：揭开托福写作的神秘面纱写作是表达，而不是翻译美中不足：AmericanChinanofoot;Aflyintheointment心花怒放：Heartflowerangryopen;bewildwithjoy红颜知己：Redfaceknowme;Female/MaleIntimate人山人海peoplemountainpeopleseahugecrowdsofpeople马马虎虎HorsehorsetigertigerFairtomiddling不三不四Nothreenofourneitherfishnorfowl我们为什么考托福？试试看出国留学可以学习知识，增强阅历，为未来打下基础！Bystudyingabroad,weaccumulateknowledge,gainnewexperienceandprepareourselvesforthefuture.Studyingabroadhelpsusaccumulateknowledge,gainnewexperiencesandprepareourselvesforthefuture.Ourknowledgeandexperiencesforfuturedevelopmentscanbeaccumulatedbystudyingabroad.Studyingabroad,wecangainknowledge,experiences,andskillsforfuturedevelopments.Bringingnewknowledgeandmoreexperiences,studyingabroadisbeneficialforourfuturedevelopments.

句子三种训练方法多种方法表达同一句意；扩充丰富已有句型；对句式进行各种变换。再试试我认为，我同意这个观点：勤奋才能成功。Iagreewiththeidea:IwillsucceedifIworkhard.用高级词汇替换低级词汇Isupporttheannouncement:IwillsucceedifIsparenoeffortforworking.

添加副词和形容词Istronglysupporttheclassicalannouncement:IwilldefinitelysucceedifIsparenoeffortforworking.

找出潜在的逻辑关系Accordingtomypersonalexperienceandeducation,Istronglysupporttheclassicalannouncement:finalsuccessresultsfromhard-work.Basedonmypersonalexperienceandeducationalbackground,Istronglysupporttheclassicalsaying:finalsuccesscomesfromcontinualhard-work.Iagreewiththeidea:IwillsucceedifIworkhard.Basedonmypersonalexperienceandeducationalbackground,Istronglysupporttheclassicalsaying:finalsuccesscomesfromcontinualhard-working.如果既不了解敌人，又不了解自己，你就完蛋了！“Ifyouknowneitheryourselfnoryourenemy,youwillalwaysendangeryourself”

Ifyouknowneithervocabularynorgrammar,youwillalwaysendangeryourself!你了解自己吗？Peopleworkinginbigcompanyaresupposedtousecomputer.Thereisanevidencethatadvertisingprofoundlyaffectshumanbeingtheworldover.Thepersonwithbroadandprofoundknowledgecanhaveabetterlifethanthepersonwhodoesnot.Themanbittenbythehomelessdoghasdied.ThemajorityofChinesearefondofwatchingtelevision.Alargeamountofpeoplegoabroadtolearnknowledge.

Judgmentsmadeinmostofthebookarebelievable.Dinosaurshaveextincted.

拼写重要吗？pattimepronouncationchangeablewrittingtruelysuceedninteenthmaintenance

一、托福写作介绍

分值换算表RawScoreScaledScore5.00304.75294.50284.25274.00253.75243.5223.25213.0020PercentileRankiBTScaledScorePercentileRank3097.92995.92893.42790.52587.22482.92277.42172.4

IntegratedwritingReading:3mins,200-300wordsListening:2mins,200-300wordsWriting:20mins,150-225wordsIndependentWritingWriting:30mins，300-400wordsETS会做的是：数字数数每段句子数、每个句子的平均字数单词的字母数逻辑衔接词的使用数量是人数的！写作须知不要写标题禁止使用启示语气写作格式：缩行式（首句空4到6个字母）空行式（段与段之间空一行）标点符号后面要空格句子首字母要大写，专有名词首字母大写I，China，Japanese（日语）,ShanyuanStreet,ThePulitzerPrize。英式英语还是美式英语？colo(u)r,program(me),labo(u)r书面语还是口语？当然是书面语BTW，Udunno，&，@∵∴♀♂4u2Bornot2B,that’sa?推荐书目TPOOG,Delta’sKey,Kaplan,Barron,Princeton词汇：俞敏洪《TOEFL词汇：词根+联想记忆法》张洪伟、戴云《托福10000词》语法：戴云《托福语法满分精要》张道真《实用英语语法》

推荐网站托福机经网小马过河太傻、寄托天下新东方批改网

二、独立写作5分标准EffectivelyaddressesthetopicandtaskWellorganizedandwelldevelopedAppropriateexplanations,exemplificationsanddetailsUnity,progressionandcoherenceDisplaysconsistentfacilityintheuseoflanguage,demonstratingsyntacticvariety,appropriatewordchoiceandidiomaticity.Minorlexicalorgrammaticalerrors

4分标准butmaycontainoccasionalredundancy,orlackofclarity,digression,orunclearconnectionsandcontainssentencevarietyandarangeofvocabulary,butmayhaveoccasionalnoticeable

minorlanguageerrorsthatdonotinterferewithmeaning.3分标准butconnectionsamongideasmaybeoccasionallyobscured,unclear;orinconsistentinusinglanguageeffectively,witherrorsingrammarandvocabularythatoccasionallyobscuremeaningbutlimitedrangeofsyntacticstructuresandvocabulary

《官方指南》的话

考生是否赞同某一观点并不重要，评分人员经过培训可以接受所有不同类型的观点重要的是考生在议论中具备的能力：⑴直接切入问题的能力，⑵明确提出主张的能力，以及写出⑶结构严谨⑷例证恰当⑸句子多样化且⑹结构正确文章的能力。独立写作圣经1第一要义，观点要表达清楚不基于考生的真实身份，可以造假只考语言水平，不侧重思想水平不测试考生的真实想法写作基于表达，不基于翻译独立写作圣经2不同于平时的写作内容、语言同等重要，不要过分追求语言观点的层次比观点的数量更重要逻辑错误比语言错误重要跑题你就完蛋了

关于字数通常，一篇作文大约需要300词。少于300词的作文也能获得高分，但是经验表明，较短的作文无法对一些论点展开讨论，而要获得5分的成绩，对论点的讨论是必须的。

比字数更重要的作文数字没有上限，但是不要为写而写，应针对话题有的放矢。观点的数目固然重要，但评分人员更看重观点的质量和陈述观点的有效性。1、独立写作分类

题型分类-11、观点选择：Whichwouldyouprefer…2、比较对比：ratherthan;as…as;compare3、自主定义：在一定范围内自主选择

观点选择类

Someprefertoworkforalargecompany.Othersprefertoworkforasmallcompany.Whichwouldyouprefer?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyourchoice.

Somepeopleprefertoliveinasmalltown,Othersprefertoliveinabigcity,whichplacewouldyouprefertolivein?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.

比较对比类

Ithasbeensaid,“Noteverythingthatislearnediscontainedinbooks.”CompareandContrastknowledgegainedfromexperiencewithknowledgegainedfrombooks.Inyouropinion,Whichsourceismoreimportant?Why?Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Beingcreative，ratherthanplanningcarefully,helpspeoplecomeupwiththebestsolutiontoproblems.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peoplethinkitismoreenjoyabletoworkthreedaysaweekforlongtimethantoworkfivedaysaweekforshortertime.

Acompanyhasannouncedthatitwishestobuildalargefactorynearyourcommunity.Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthisnewinfluenceonyourcommunity.Doyousupportoropposethefactory?Explainyourposition.

自主定义

Youhaveaopportunitytovisitaforeigncountryfortwoweeks.Whichcountrywouldyouliketovisit?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstoexplainyourchoice.判断题型类别

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peopleshouldnotbepermittedtousemobilephonesonpublictransportationvehicles,suchasbuses,trains,oraeroplanes.

Somepeopleprefertofinishaprojectcompletelybeforestartinganother.Othersprefertodotwoorseveralprojectsatthesametime.Whichwaywouldyouprefer?

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peoplecanbenefitmorefromtravelingintheirowncountrythantravelinginforeigncountries.

Doagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Mostadvertisementsmaketheproductseemmuchbetterthanitreallyis.

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peoplecansolveimportantproblemsbythemselvesorwiththehelpfromtheirfamilymemberssothere'snoneedforthegovernmenttohelpthem.

Doagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Mostadvertisementsmaketheproductseemmuchbetterthanitreallyis.

Itisbettertouseourpersonalknowledgeandexperiencetosolveproblems,ratherthanaskingotherpeopleforadvice.

Ifyoucouldinventsomethingnew,whatproductwouldyoudevelop?

Ifyoucouldchangeoneimportantthingaboutyourhometown,Whatwouldyouchange?Usereasonsandspecificexamplestosupportyouranswer.独立写作分类-2单一事物利弊Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peopleshouldnotbepermittedtousemobilephonesonpublictransportationvehicles,suchasbuses,trains,oraeroplanes.多事物利弊Somepeopleprefertofinishaprojectcompletelybeforestartinganother.Othersprefertodotwoorseveralprojectsatthesametime.Whichwaywouldyouprefer?事实类Doagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Mostadvertisementsmaketheproductseemmuchbetterthanitreallyis.因果类Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peoplecansolveimportantproblemsbythemselvesorwiththehelpfromtheirfamilymemberssothere'snoneedforthegovernmenttohelpthem.独立写作分类—题材(词汇积累）1、学校和教育（schoolandeducation）2、科学技术（Technology）

3、媒体（Media）4、工作和成功（Workandsuccess）5、政府（Government）

6、交通运输（Transportation）

7、环境(Environment)8、生活（life）：友谊、休闲9、金钱和工资（Money/Salary）

托福作文容易跑题

更容易写得不严谨2、审题Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Parentsarethebestteachersfortheirchildren.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Apersonshouldnevermakeanimportantdecisionalone.

Youhaveaopportunitytovisitaforeigncountryfortwoweeks.Whichcountrywouldyouliketovisit?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstoexplainyourchoice

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Totrulyunderstandanyeventshappenedintheworld,weshoulddrawournewsfromnewspapers;televisioncannotprovideenoughinformation.

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Scientistsshouldberesponsibleforthenegativeimpactoftheirscientificresearch.

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Parentsfindithardtocontroltheirchildrenforthechildrenarenowinfluencedbymanythingsoutsidehomeliketelevisionormovies.

Peopleattendtouniversityorcollegeformanydifferentreasons(forexample,newexperiences,careerpreparation,increasedknowledge).Whydoyouthinkpeopleattendtouniversityorcollege?Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouridea.

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Peoplewhodonotworkbecausetheyhaveenoughmoneyarerarelyhappy.

Somepeoplesaythatphysicalexerciseshouldbearequiredpartofeveryschoolday.Otherpeoplebelievethatstudentsshouldspendthewholeschooldayonacademicstudies.Whichopiniondoyouagreewith?Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Childrenshouldbeginlearningaforeignlanguageassoonastheystartschool.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyourposition.

Youneedtotravelfromyourhometoaplace40miles(64Kilometers)away.Comparethedifferentkindsoftransportationyoucoulduse.TellWhichmethodoftravelyouwouldchoose.Givespecificreasonsforyourchoice.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Intwentyyears,studentswillnotuseprintedbooksanymore.Manyteachersassignhomeworktostudentseveryday.Doyouthinkthatdailyhomeworkisnecessaryforstudents?

审题方法★判断题型★找绝对词（only/never/best/anything/always/no/forever/entire)★找限定词twoweeks/city,town/oneofthefollowings/40miles)★找争论的焦点便健经交幸，成环品科国3、写作原则写作原则——KISS有理：符合社会规范、合乎常理不涉及宗教、政治等敏感议题有利：分论点有利于总论点，细节、例子有利于分论点有节：只写会写的，只写好写的，节制感情，节制时间。有话可说、有例可举Keepitsimple,systematic!4、文章结构开头（1段）主体（3段）结尾（1段）

段落划分

文章结构★一边倒★让步

★折中一边倒中间倒3段：支持方的3个优点详写，比重相当；支持方的2个优点详写，反对方的1个缺点稍略写；中间倒2段：支持方的2个优点详细论证，比重相当。住校内好还是校外好让步中间3段：支持方2个优点详细写，反对方1-2个优点简略写。打工还是创业？让步段三大“杯具”对让步内容没有展开；对让步内容没有进行削弱和反驳；对让步内容态度坚定，内容过长，且感情强烈。让步段写法主题句（topicsentence）支持句（supportingsentence）举例（example）段内小结（sum）让步段与支持段结构一致，只是主题句和段内小结的写法不同。让步段要对让步内容不断削弱。让步段主题句写法四种方法可以削弱让步内容：从语气上削弱：admittedly/Iconcede/Icompromise/Iconfess从可能性上削弱：may/might/possibly/probably从数量上削弱：one/oneortwo/acoupleof/minor/several从程度上削弱：tosomeextent/tosomedegree让步段主题句说话方式两种说话方法：我坦诚的说/我坦白的说/我妥协的说另一个方面也可能/或许有一个/两个好处；Admittedly,Bmayhaveoneadvantage.我坦诚的说/我坦白的说/我妥协的说某物/某事在一定程度上也可能有点……Admittedly,Bmaybehelpfultosomeextent.“杯具”与“洗具”AlthoughBmayhaveoneadvantage,theadvantageswegainfromAfaroutweighthem.Admittedly,Bmayhaveoneadvantage.开头结尾与中间段落配合我选A；A的好处1；A的好处2；A的好处3；我真的选A哈！尽管B有一个好处，但是A的好处比B多；A的好处1；A的好处2；B也有一个好处，但是A的好处比B多；尽管B有一个好处，但是A的好处真的比B多哈！对让步内容削弱和反驳的方法辩证法次要法少数法提解决方案辩证法好处从某种角度来看也是坏处，坏处从某种角度来看也是好处；However,theonlyadvantageofBmayshifttoanightmare/drawbackifwelookatitfromadifferentangle……住大城市还是住小镇？在家看电影还是在电影院看电影？次要法让步方的好处比支持方的好处次要，或支持方的坏处比起好处来次要；严禁“霸王硬上弓”，强说别人次要；However,theadvantagesofAaremoreimportantthanthoseofB.住大城市还是住小镇？在家看电影还是去电影院看电影？少数法让步方优点与支持方优点比起来较少，或支持方缺点与优点比起来较少；严禁“霸王硬上弓”，人多欺人少；However,theadvantagesofAarefarmorethanthoseofB.However,theadvantagesofAoutnumberthoseofB.住大城市还是住小镇？在家看电影还是去电影院看电影？提解决方案对方的好处我方也可以有办法得到，我方的坏处可以有办法消除；However,theproblemcanbesolvedby……However,thenegativeinfluencecanbeeliminatedby……住大城市还是住小镇？在家看电影还是去电影院看电影？让步的精髓是让一小步

让步段要避免“杯具”让步段同样要对让步内容进行展开；让步段内容展开要适度，每个让步观点展开比重不宜超过支持段；让步段结尾要对让步内容进行削弱和反驳。让步段主题句Admittedly,watchingtelevisionmayalsohaveoneadvantageforchildren.让步段支持句Theyarepossiblyabletoincreasesomeknowledgefromwatchingsomeprograms,suchasDiscoveries.让步段例子及细节Forinstance,theymightknowtheevolutionaryprocessofhumansociety.对让步内容进行削弱和反驳However,thedisadvantagesfaroutweightheonlybenefit.Moreover,theknowledgefromtelevisioncanbealsoaccumulatedbyreadingbooks.让步结构的好处避免了写支持面第三个观点，转而写不利于支持方的一个理由（容易凑字数）；显得考虑问题比较周全；对方比较容易接受。让步的方法用不利于己方的观点进行让步；单一事物让步多事物让步程度让步（去绝对化）自己玩好还是跟团玩好？哪种类型的题目？结构设计1+1+1comparison2+1（反对方缺点）2-1（反对方优点）2-1（支持方缺点）折中高薪工作时间长还是低薪工作时间短？住大城市还是住小镇？住校内还是住校外？跟导游玩还是自己玩？买房子还是买企业？推荐方案让步一边倒3段一边倒2段折中一边倒1段5、论证

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement:Themostimportantaspectofajobisthemoneyapersonearns.Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.立论方法法1：如果有了钱≠只有有了钱，才能······法2：如果没有钱，恶劣后果1、2、3法3：比较：最重要的因素有A、B、钱钱比A重要钱比B重要驳论方法法1：尽管钱重要，但最重要的是A，A比钱重要：1、2、3、法2：如果钱是最重要的：恶果1、2所以钱不值最重要的

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Oneshouldneverjudgeapersonbyexternalappearances,Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswer.

立论更简单立论1：尽管外表有用，但是A更重要立论2：如果以貌取人，恶果1、2、3，所以不能以貌取人。驳论驳论1：让步？+某种情况可以通过外表判断（脸红了—Shy）驳论2：让步？+如果永远不用外表判断，恶果1、2、3

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatements:Playingagameisfunonlywhenyouwin.Usespecificreasonsanddetailstosupportyouranswers.

Doyouagreeordisagreewiththefollowingstatement?Television,newspapers,magazines,andothermediapaytoomuchattentiontothepersonallivesoffamouspeoplesuchaspublicfiguresandcelebrities.

Theyoungshoulddecidewhattheywanttodoandwhattheywanttobeassoonastheycan,inordertosavethetimefordevelopinghiscareer.

论证注意事项第三人称复数Some···other···；Therearemanypeople······Itiswellknownthattakingsportsnotonlybuildspeople’sbodies,butalsobuildstheirminds.AndIreallyagreewiththeideathatpeoplecanlearnalotfromthebuildingprogressthatsportsboastonbothsides.

6、论点

论点一定要展开展开论点就是用各种支持内容（事例、细节、理由等）来支持文章的观点。不要为了增加文章的字数而死记硬背一些冗长的句、段。必须是并列关系坚持很重要：1、工作中重要；2、学习中重要；3、Wrightbrother发明飞机不能过于细致：建餐馆导致水污染、空气污染。论点从何而来？利弊类：万金由讲义第4页住校内好，还是校外好？

住大城市好，还是小城市好？万金由—万能应用理由（1）健康和安全（Health/FitnessandSafety）营养(Nutrition)缓解压力(relievethestress/pressure)食品安全(foodsafety)生活习惯(livingstyle)体育锻炼(sports/exercise/games)身体伤害(bodyinjury)财产安全(propertysafety)（2）便利（convenience）

节省时间(Savingtime)时间灵活(flexible)交通(traffic)休闲(recreation)娱乐(entertainment/relaxation)健身(fitnessactivity)购物(shopping)教育(education)医疗(medicalcare)（3）经济economy/economical/economic就业问题(unemployment/employment)职业(occupations)农业(agriculture)工业(industry)heavy/lightindustry;serviceindustries工资(wage/salary)agoodwage收入(income)onahighincome支出(spending/expenditure/expense)利润(profit)税收(tax/tariffs)旅游(tourism/journeys/traveling)（4）交流communication交友(makingfriends)集体活动(collectiveactivity)谈话(conversation)聊天(chatting)人际关系(interpersonalrelationship)社交圈子(socialcircle)（5）幸福与情感Happiness/Love/Affection激情(passion/enthusiasm)兴趣(interests)亲情(familylove)友情(friendship)爱情(Love)乐趣(fun/happiness)好恶(personalchoice/favor/preference/taste)（6）成功（success）成就感(asenseofachievement)荣誉感(asenseofhonor)财富(wealth)自信(self-confidence)竞争(competitions)潜力(potentialities)动机(motivations)压力(pressures/stress)（7）环保environmentalprotection

生态平衡(ecologicalbalance/eco-balance)沙漠化(desertification)砍伐森林(deforestation)沙尘暴(sandstorm)干旱(drought)洪水(flood)濒危动物(endangeredanimals)环境污染(environmentalpollution)（8）品格（virtue）聪明(clever/brilliant)合作(cooperation/collaboration)坚忍不拔(perseverance/persistence)勤奋(industrious/diligence)独立(independence)负责任(beresponsibleto)宽容(tolerant/forgiving)体贴(considerate)谦虚(modest/humble)诚实(honesty/integrity)（9）科技、教育、培训science/education/training科技的发展发明(Scientificdevelopmentandinventions)效率(efficient)实习(intern/internships)教育(education)（10）国家和文明（nationandcivilization）慈善事业(charities)志愿者(volunteers)人与自然的和谐(harmoniousrelationshipbetweenpeopleandnature)社会公平(socialjustice)便健经交幸，成环品科国7、开篇方法开篇——背景法是否同意建工厂？背景-论题-各方观点、理由-我的观点理由背景-论题-反面-过渡-正面（我的观点、理由）背景-论题-我的观点、理由论题+他人的观点、理由-我的观点、理由★一定要有论题，我的观点后一定要有理由背景句型SomepeoplethinkA,otherpeoplethinkB…Accordingtoarecentstatisticontheinternet,thenumberofsingle-childfamilyoccupies75%ofChinesefamilies,andundoubtedlyhasatendencyofincreasing.Itisnotraretoseemanystudentsdozingoffordoingotherthingswhiletheprofessoristryinghisbestexplainingatheory.withthedevelopmentofeconomyandscience/technology，moreandmorecompaniesarefound,buttherearenotenoughpeopletotakethesepositions.是否同意建工厂？

紧扣题目，提出普遍现象现象（人们越来越关注生活环境了）开篇——事例法事例-论题-各方观点理由-我的观点理由时态：例子，一般过去时；论述，一般现在时老人去世-中毒-工厂由头：媒体报道+朋友、邻居、家人的故事举例句式熟练应用

Oneday,mywife,whohasbeenpregnantforsixmonths,caughtacold.Shewantedtotakemedicineforhercoldbutshewonderedwhetherthemedicinewilldoharmtothebaby.Sheturnedonthecomputerandgoogledinformationonthesafetyofthecoldmedicine.Afterthat,shemadearightdecision.Theimpactthatcomputerhasonourlivesisundeniable.开篇——引语法引语-论题-各方观点理由-我的观点理由举例：老年人不能从年轻人那里学到任何东西。Amonganythreepeople,Iwillfindsomethingtolearnforsure.文章开头之定义法给题目中某个概念下定义，围绕你下的定义进行讨论，即定一下一个前提；优点：适当创新，突出个性；缺点：定义偏差大，人们不能接受；很多题目不适合下定义。定义法举例老师的亲和力affinity更重要，还是学术能力更重要？8、主题句★每段都有主题句：第一段最后一句。其他段第一句。主题句要求1必须是陈述句；Isn’titbetterforustochooseaforeignuniversity?主题句要求2必须表明观点任何事实，必加推论，将结论置于段首。主题句要求3态度要坚决Inmyhumbleopinion…I’mnotsureaboutthis,butIstillwanttosay…主题句要求4主题句简短有力ThefirstreasonIwanttoputforwardattheverybeginningshouldbeconsideredas…主题句要求5主题句必须能够统领全段；读完主题句读者应该能够掌握本段内容；段落展开其实是对主题句进行展开。“和平友好”合：观点是否合适写；平：每个观点之间是否平行？有：每个观点是否都有展开的余地？好：每个观点是否好写？是否有能力写？主题句范例Therearemanyqualitiesthatmakeupagoodfriend,butthemostessentialofthesearehelpfulnessandbeingconsiderate.Istronglysupporttheideaofouterspaceexplorationforitbenefitshumansnotonlyinthepresentbutalsointhefuture.Peoplewholiveinsmalltownoftenhaveamuchcomfortablelifestyle.

结尾必须要有结尾！总结全文，重述各方观点理由（让步）、主题观点理由，首尾呼应。提出建议、解决问题、深化意义

结尾举例是否应该建工厂？结尾：建工厂时一定要注意环保。住大城市好、小城市好？结尾：改善大城市环境，解决压力，使大城市更美好。在小区建学校不仅对现在有意义，对未来也有意义。结尾范例Inconclusion,peoplearelivinglongernowowingtothedevelopmentsofmedical,cokingandmatchingfoodinrightwaysandsoon.Inaword,Ibelievethatuniversitiesshouldrequirestudentstotakeclassesinmanysubjects,ratherthanrequirestudentstospecializeinonesubject.Eventhoughstudentsshouldlearntheirmajorsubjectsdeeply,theyarefullypreparedtomangetheworldonlywhentheyhaveaccumulatedabundantknowledgeandsocialskills.9、段落展开

段落展开例证法比较法因果法并列法

例证法论点+举例论证+重述观点每个论点后必须有例子。注意时态和人称的变化。很多例子后+此类例子不胜枚举。名人的名字一定要写对。多例：数量、种类（≥2）科学技术给我们带来了什么？观点：科学技术给人类带来了许多方便。哪些方便？——举例怎么方便了？——细节总结：科学技术给人类带来了许多方便哪些方便？微波炉microwaveoven

、电冰箱fridge、手机、电脑、汽车等细节用微波炉烹饪食物又快又卫生；冰箱节约我们每天去买菜的时间；手机使得人们更高效的通讯和处理事务；电脑使我们联络亲朋好友更方便，可以了解到最新的信息；汽车给我们的旅行带来方便和安全举例takesth(只能是名词、不能是句子)forexampleforinstance;forexample，suchas:后面只能跟名词不能放在句首consider+名词（that引导的从句）forexample名词+isacaseinpoint举例Thepointisbestillustratedwiththeexampleof+名词Thepointcanbeconfirmedbytheexampleof+名词举例Examplesofaltruismabound,bothamonghumansandothermammals.举例History(Oursociety/Mycountry/Ourworld)isfilledwiththeexamplesof…举例It(This)provides(offers/proves/shows)agood(typical/concrete/notable/strikinginstance/example/case)inpointof…举例Thestory(case/instance/situation)isnotrare(isolated/unique);Itisoneofmanyexamples(typicalofdozens)Ihaveheard(read/encountered)…

因果法论点+提出原因+分析条件+讨论结果不同意建工厂+因为导致污染+排废水、废气+小区环境污染因果法Aleadto/resultinB=BresultfromAbecauseof/dueto/thanksto/owingto/byreasonof/onaccountof（介词）+陈述✘+动名词短语因果法for/since/as/because/but（连词）for不能放在句首，是并列连词Inconsequence/intheend/consequentlytherefore/thereby/hence/thus(副词);however······；，andhowever······

比较法整体比较：A的优点1、2、3B的有点1、2、3分项比较：方面1：方面2：方面3：结论，总体而言······住校内好还是住校外好？整体比较：校内的好处1、2、3校外的好处1、2、3分项比较：交流：校内好/方便：校外好经济：校内好/环境：校外好安全：校内好/情感：校外好总之，和校外比较，住校内更好

比较对比句型TheadvantagesofBoutweighanybenefitwegainfrom(carrymoreweightthanthoseof/aremuchgreaterthan)A…Contrarytowidely(commonly/generally)acceptedbelief(ideas/views),Ibelievethat…Thereisabsolutely(infact)noreasonforustobelieve(accept/resist/reject)that…ConsiderablethoughtheadvantagesofAare,theycannotcompetewiththedisadvantagesthatAbrings/theadvantagesthatBbrings.

并列分类法

总论点分论点1：A方面B方面C方面分论点2：A方面B方面C方面分论点3：A方面B方面C方面一个企业是否应该尽一切可能赚取利润？（想一想如何写）对于企业来说，不利于企业诚信的建立、长远的发展对于工人来说，福利得不到保障，安全得不到保证对于政府来说，税收会有困难、商业秩序维护有困难便健经交幸，成环品科国

建成科国幸，便品交环经

成品建环经，科友便幸国10、衔接手段连接词、连接短语、连接句子Differentpeopleholddifferentperspectivesonthisissue.代词语义粘连:十点了，我回家了。

写作流程

审题→谋篇布局→细化→写→检查（≥2分钟)托福满分作文应考步骤1、审题区分是利弊、事实还是因果，找到相应的解题办法；利弊：万金由；事实：找事发原因；因果：另寻他因、另寻他果；注意题目中的绝对词和细节词，分析何为争论焦点。2、简要提纲各分论点如何安排？用何种论证结构？让步论证还是绝对论证？最好先记下来，否则容易遗忘。3、文章开头优先尝试简单描述现象，引出话题；亦可重述原题；摆出双方观点的同时给出个人观点；个人观点要配合论证结构，中间段落一边倒，则开头观点一边倒；中间段落让步，则开头观点用让步句型。4、文章结尾结尾必须重述主题；结尾可以提出建议，也可以畅想未来；个人观点要配合论证结构，中间段落一边倒，则结尾观点一边倒；中间段落让步，则结尾观点用让步句型；可以先写完开头结尾，再写中间段落；开头结尾总计100字左右为宜。5、支持段写法主题句；支持句；举例及细节；段内小结；6、让步段写法主题句四种削弱方法；支持句；举例及细节；对让步内容进行削弱和反驳。11、范文赏析三、语言润色

Varietyisthespiceoflife.

1、重述语义

重述语意技巧（1）同义词：发展：progress/development/advance学习知识：gain/obtain/accumulate/acquireknowledgelarge/big/massive/enormousannounced/claimed/declaredwishes/wants/hopes/expects/anticipatesbuild/establish/constructdisadvantages/drawbacks/weaknesses/defects/shortcomingsinfluence/impact/effectcommunity/neighborhoodsupport/favor/advocate/prefer（2）同根词：development/developable/capable/ability/capability/enableoppose/opposition/objectto/objection

（3）短语替换Build/setupobjectto/beopposedto/argueagainst/voteagainstsupport/backup/arguefor/votefor/infavorof

（4）全新表达法AisimportanttoBAiscritical/vital/essential/significanttoBAisofgreatimportancetoBWithoutA,Bcannotsurvive/develop.AistoBWhatwateristofish.AcompanyhasannouncedthatItwishestobuildalargefactorynearthecommunity.Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthisnewinfluenceonyourcommunity.Doyousupportoropposethefactory?Explainyourposition.Acompanyhasannouncedthatitwilltobuildalargefactorynearthecommunity.Alargefactoryissupposedtobebuildnearthecommunityaccordingtotheannouncementissuedbyacompany.Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofthisnewinfluenceonyourcommunity.Thereisagrowingawarenessofboththepositiveandnegativeinfluencesthatthenewconstructionplanbringstoourcommunity.2、语法注意事项从小学习艺术帮助孩子们展现内心世界、表达感情。Learningartatayoungagehelpsthechildexpresshisemotions,byexposinghisinsidefeelings.Learningart,suchasdrawing,atayoungage,isbeneficialforthechildtoexposeinsidefeelingsandexpressemotions.run-onsentencesRun-onsentenceshappenwhenwejointwosentenceswithoutaconjunctionorthecorrectpunctuation.Mysisterlovetodancesheisverygoodatit.

Mysisterlovestodance,andsheisverygoodatit.Mysisterlovesdancingwhichsheisgoodat.Mysisterlovestodancebecausesheisverygoodatit.Mysisterlovestodance;sheisgoodatit.3、多样表达

我认