Chapter 3 Culture Difference and Ethics in International Business 国际商务中文化不同和伦理

CHAPTER3CULTUREDIFFERENCEANDETHICSININTERNATIONALBUSINESSWhydoesculturematter?CulturalliteracyManagementpracticesmaydifferamongcountries.Culture&competitivenessCulturalfactorsmayraiseorlowerthecostofdoingbusinessinacountrytheUnitedStates,Japan,Germany文化习俗小测验在日本，喝汤时发出很大吮吸的的声音会被认为是1.粗鲁而讨厌的2.你喜欢这种汤的表现3.在家里不要紧，在公共场合那么不妥4.只有外国人才这么做马来西亚的主要宗教是1.佛教2.犹太教3.基督教4.伊斯兰教文化习俗小测验在印度，进食时恰当的举止是1.用右手取食物，用左手吃2.用左手取食物，用右手吃3.取食物和吃都只用左手4.取食物和吃都只用右手在英国，手背朝向对方，食指和中指做成V字型是1.表示和平的手势2.表示胜利的手势3.表示某样东西你要两份4.粗俗的手势表达个人观点生活方式准时人际关系表达愤怒的方式排队自我星期日街景聚会餐馆里胃痛时的饮品旅游时审美处理问题方式一日三餐交通工具老人的晚年生活洗澡时间心情与天气领导时尚孩子对待新事物DefinitionofCulture(I)Hofstede(1984)ThecollectivementalprogrammingofthepeopleinanenvironmentTextbookAsystemofvaluesandnormsthataresharedamongagroupofpeopleandthatwhentakentogetherconstituteadesignforlivingDefinitionofCulture(II)Valuesabstractideasaboutthegood,theright,thedesirableNormsSocialrulesandguidelines;determineappropriatebehaviorinspecificsituationsFolkways:normsoflittlemoralsignificancedresscodes,socialmanners,andneighborlybehaviorMores:normscentraltofunctioningofsociallifeTheft,adultery,incestandcannibalismDeterminantsofCultureDeterminantsofCulturePoliticalphilosophyEconomicphilosophySocialstructureIndividualsandgroupsSocialstratificationReligiousandethnicalsystemsChristianity,Islam,Hinduism,BuddhismConfucianismLanguageSpokenandunspokenEducationAdvantagesandDisadvantagesofCollectivismandIndividualismIndividualismCreativity,fastdecisionmaking,pioneership,diversityLowcooperation,selfishness,lonelinessManagerialmobilitybetweencompaniesTeamworkdifficult,non-collaborativeEconomicdynamism,innovation(e.g.,U.S.companies)CollectivismHighcooperation,devotiontothegroup,loyaltyLowcreativity,slowdecisionmaking,LowdiversityLoyaltyandcommitmenttocompanyEasytobuildteams,collaborationIn-depthknowledgeofcompany(e.g.,Japanesecompanies)SocialStratificationSocialmobilityCastesystemClosedsystemofstratificationClasssystemLessrigidformofsocialstratificationClassconsciousnessTensionbetweendifferentsocialclassesReligiousandEthicalSystemsChristianity1.7billionadherentsTheProtestantworkethics(Weber,1904)Islam1billionadherentsTheprohibitionofinterestonloansHinduism750millionadherentsAnti-materialistic,sociallystratifiedReligiousandEthicalSystemsBuddhism350millionadherentsAnti-materialistic,socialequalityConfucianism200millionadherentsLoyalty,reciprocalobligations,honestyCultureandCommunicationEducationFormaleducationplaysakeyroleinasocietyFormaleducationsupplementsthefamily’sroleinsocializingtheyoungintothevaluesandnormsofasocietySchoolsteachbasicfactsaboutthesocialandpoliticalnatureofasociety,aswellasfocusingonthefundamentalobligationsofcitizenshipCulturalnormsarealsotaughtindirectlyatschoolExamplesinclude:respectforothers,obediencetoauthority,honesty,neatness,beingontimePartofthe“hiddencurriculum〞TheuseofagradingsystemalsoteacheschildrenthevalueofpersonalachievementandcompetitionTheWesterneducationsystemTheAsianeducationsystemCultureandWorkplaceHofestede’Model(1983)100,000IBMemployees,40countriesFourdimensionsPowerdistanceTheacceptanceoftheunequaldistributionofpowerIndividualism/CollectivismIndividualismversusCollectivismThedegreeofindividualorgrouporientationUncertaintyavoidanceThetoleranceofambiguoussituationsCultureandWorkplaceHofestede’Model(1983)MasculinityversusfemininityMasculinevalues:achievement,theexerciseofpowerFemininevalues:thequalityoflife,goodrelationshipsFifthdimension(1988):ConfuciandynamismAttitudestowardtime,persistence,orderingbystatus,protectionofface,respectfortradition,andreciprocationofgiftsandfavors,etc.CultureandWorkplaceCultureandWorkplaceEvaluatingHofstede’sModelVeryinfluentialandusefulinunderstandingthedifferencesamongculturesLimitationsManycountrieshavemorethanoneculture.Researchersmaybeculturallybounded.WesternStereotypesOneindustry,onecompanystudyIBM’sstrongorganizationalculturemayaltertheresults.Maybe,thestudyisoutdated.CulturechangesWitheconomicprogressSocietiesbecomericher.Peoplecantakecareofthemselves.WithadvancesintransportationandcommunicationtechnologiesCulturalconvergenceCulturechangesImplicationsCross-culturalliteracyGuardagainstethnocentricbehaviorCultureandcompetitiveadvantagesIndividualisticversusCollectivistCultureEntrepreneurshipvs.TeamworkLowercostsofdoingbusinessinJapanBut,lowcreativity,lowadaptationabilityReligionsChristianity,ConfucianismCultureandbusinessethicsWhatiswrongathomemayberightthere(andviceverse)?Forexample,Giftgivingorbribery?EthicalIssuesManyoftheethicalissuesanddilemmasininternationalbusinessarerootedinthefactthatpoliticalsystems,law,economicdevelopment,andculturevarysignificantlyfromnationtonationIntheinternationalbusinesssetting,themostcommonethicalissuesinvolveEmploymentpracticesHumanrightsEnvironmentalregulationsCorruptionMoralobligationofmultinationalcorporationsEthicalDilemmasManagersmustconfrontveryrealethicaldilemmasTheethicalobligationsofamultinationalcorporationtowardemploymentconditions,humanrights,corruption,environmentalpollution,andtheuseofpowerarenotalwaysclearcutEthicaldilemmasaresituationsinwhichnoneoftheavailablealtern