高考英语二轮复习语法精讲精练专题九：定语从句（含解析）

高考必考语法精讲精练语法专题九：定语从句定语从句是比较重要的语法项目。《2017年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试大纲》附录语法项目表中将定语从句列为必考项。全国卷新课标Ⅰ对定语从句的考查一般在语法填空和短文改错中，主要考查定语从句引导词的用法。2015年高考全国卷Ⅰ第64题（语法填空）考查了定语从句引导词that/which。2016年高考全国卷Ⅰ第65题（语法填空）考查了定语从句的引导词when。2017年高考全国卷Ⅰ第70题（语法填空）考查了定语从句的引导词which。基本概念：定语从句:在复合句中修饰名词或代词、充当定语的句子叫定语从句。因其功能相当于形容词，所以又称为形容词性从句。先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。关系词:引导定语从句的词，也叫引导词。分为关系代词（who，whom，that，which，whose,as）和关系副词(where，when，why)。关系词要在定语从句中作某个成分，如主语、宾语、状语等。限制性定语从句：对先行词起修饰限定作用的定语从句。非限制性定语从句：对先行词或主句起补充说明作用的定语从句，通常引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开。关系词及其意义：关系词先行词从句成分例句备注关系代词who人主语Doyouknowthemanwhoistalkingwithyourmother?whom,which和that在从句中做宾语时，常可以省略，但介词提前时后面关系代词不能省略，也不可以用thatwhom人宾语Mr.SmithisthepersonwithwhomIamworkingTheboy(whom)sheloveddiedinthewar..whose人或物定语Ilikethosebookswhosetopicsareabouthistory.Theboywhosefatherworksabroadismydeskmate.that人或物主语、宾语Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.Sheisthepopstar(that)Iwanttoseeverymuch.which物主语、宾语Thebook(which)Igaveyouwasworth$10.Thepicturewhichwasabouttheaccidentwasterrible.as人或物主语、宾语Heissuchapersonasisrespectedbyallofus.ThisisthesamepenasIlostyesterday.as做宾语一般不省略关系副词when时间时间状语Iwillneverforgetthedaywhenwemetthere.可用onwhich替换where地点地点状语ThisisthehousewhereIwasborn.可用inwhich替换why原因原因状语Ican’timaginethereasonwhyheturneddownmyoffer.可用forwhich替换关系代词和关系副词功能有三个：①用来引导定语从句，在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用，使二者联系起来。②关系代词和关系副词可作定语从句的一个成分。关系代词可作主语、宾语、定语；关系副词可作状语。③关系代词和关系副词在从句中代替在他前面的先行词。一、关系代词引导的定语从句1．who

指人，在定语从句中作主语。

=1\*GB3①The

boys

who

are

playing

football

are

from

Class

One.

=2\*GB3②Yesterday

I

helped

an

old

man

who

had

lost

his

way.

=3\*GB3③

That

is

the

teacher

who

teaches

us

physics.

2．whom

指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。=1\*GB3①Mr

Liu

is

the

person

(

whom

)

you

talked

about

on

the

bus.

=2\*GB3②Li

Ming

is

just

the

boy

(

whom

)

I

want

to

see.

=3\*GB3③The

professor

(

whom

)

you

are

waiting

for

has

come.

=4\*GB3④The

girl

(

whom

)

the

teacher

often

praises

is

our

monitor.

注意：关系代词whom

在口语或非正式文体中常可用who

来代替，也可省略。

The

man

(

whom

/

who

)you

met

just

now

is

my

old

friend.3．which

指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语可省略。

=1\*GB3①Football

is

a

game

which

is

liked

by

most

boys.

=2\*GB3②The

factory

which

makes

computers

is

far

away

from

here.

=3\*GB3③He

likes

to

read

books

which

are

written

by

foreign

writers.=4\*GB3④The

house

which

is

by

the

lake

looks

nice.

=5\*GB3⑤This

is

the

pen

(

which

)

he

bought

yesterday.

=6\*GB3⑥The

film

(

which

)they

saw

last

night

was

not

interesting

at

all.

4．that

指人时，相当于who

或whom；指物时，相当于which。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可以省略。=1\*GB3①The

number

of

people

that

/

who

come

to

visit

this

city

every

year

reaches

one

million.

=2\*GB3②Where

is

the

man

that

/

whom

I

saw

this

morning?

=3\*GB3③The

person

that

/whom

you

introduced

to

me

is

very

kind.

=4\*GB3④The

season

that

/

which

comes

after

spring

is

summer.

=5\*GB3⑤Yesterday

I

received

a

letter

that

/

which

came

from

Australia.

5．whose

通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。

=1\*GB3①I

visited

a

scientist

whose

name

is

known

all

over

the

country.

=2\*GB3②He

has

a

friend

whose

father

is

a

doctor.

=3\*GB3③I

once

lived

in

the

house

whose

roof

has

fallen.

注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：

=1\*GB3①The

classroom

whose

door

is

broken

will

soon

be

repaired.

=2\*GB3②The

classroom

the

door

of

which

is

broken

will

soon

be

repaired.

=3\*GB3③Do

you

like

the

book

whose

cover

is

yellow?

=4\*GB3④Do

you

like

the

book

the

cover

of

which

is

yellow?

关系代词that与which的区别（一）只用that不用which的情况：1、先行词是everything,nothing,anything,much,little,none等不定代词或由不定代词any,some,no,much,few,little,every,all等修饰时,引导定语从句用that不用which。例如：=1\*GB3①Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolen.=2\*GB3②There

seems

to

be

nothing

that

is

impossible

to

him

in

the

world.=3\*GB3③There

is

little

that

I

can

do

for

you.2、先行词被形容词最高级或序数词修饰且指物时,引导定语从句用that。例如：=1\*GB3①ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveeverread.=2\*GB3②The

first

place

that

they

visited

in

London

was

the

Big

Ben.3、先行词中既有人又有事物时，引导定语从句用that。如：=1\*GB3①Wetalkedaboutthethingsandpersonsthatwesawthen.=2\*GB3②Look

at

the

man

and

his

dog

that

are

walking

up

the

street.4、先行词被theonly，thevery,justthe等修饰且指物时,引导定语从句用that。例如：This

is

the

very

dictionary

that

I

want

to

buy.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。例如：

HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttoseenow.5、当先行词前面有who/which等疑问代词时，只用that。例如：=1\*GB3①Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?=2\*GB3②Which

is

the

T-shirt

that

fits

me

most?

6、定语从句内容为解释名词的性质、概念时，需用that。例如：Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.（二）只用which不用that的情况1、指物，介词后。例如：IstillrememberthedayonwhichIfirstgottoParis.2、用于非限制定语从句中。例如：Sheheardaterriblenoise，whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.3、先行词是that,those时。例如：ThatisthebookwhichIborrowedfromthelibrary.4、一个句子有两个定语从句，为避免重复，一个用that，另一个用which。例如：Isthereanythingthatisnotexpensivewhichwecanbuyforherasagift?二、theway作先行词的定语从句比较下列句子，理解关系词，并分析原因：=1\*GB3①The

way

(that/in

which/×)

he

answered

the

question

wassurprising.

=2\*GB3②I

don’t

like

the

way

(that

/in

which)

you

laugh

at

her.

归纳：当关系词在定语从句中作状语时，关系词用inwhich，that或者省略；当关系词在定语从句中作主语时，关系词用that或which；当关系词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系词用that，which或省略。三、介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。

=1\*GB3①The

school

(which

/

that)

he

once

studied

in

is

very

famous.

=The

school

in

which

he

once

studied

is

very

famous.

=2\*GB3②

I’ll

bring

here

the

magazine

(which/that)

you

asked

for.

=

I’ll

bring

here

the

magazine

for

which

you

asked.=3\*GB3③This

is

the

boy

(whom/who/that)

I

played

tennis

with

yesterday.

=This

is

the

boy

with

whom

I

played

tennis

yesterday.

=4\*GB3④We’ll

go

to

hear

the

famous

singer

(whom

/who

/that)

we

have

often

talked

about.

=We’ll

go

to

hear

the

famous

singer

about

whom

we

have

often

talked.1、单个介词（in/with/on/by）+关系代词(whom,which)=1\*GB3①ThetwothingofwhichtheyfeltveryproudwereJim’sgoldwatchandDella’shair.=2\*GB3②Aharvesterisamanwhoisharvestingoramachinewithwhichweharvestcrops.注意：介词确定的依据A、依从句中的动词,形容词,名词与介词的固定搭配而定；B、依先行词与从句中动词的关系及所表达的含义而定。2、介词短语+关系代词(which,whom,whose)

常用的介词短语有:someof,bothof,asaresultof,atthebackof，becauseof,infrontof,inthemiddleof,atthebottomof,onthetopof,atthefootof等。=1\*GB3①Thereisagreatpaininmyrightfoot,becauseofwhichIcanonlylimpalong.=2\*GB3②Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatanoldman.注意:含有介词的动词短语一般不能拆开,如lookafter,lookfor,take

care

of,takepartin,lookforwardto等。例如：

=1\*GB3①This

is

the

watch

(which

/

that)

I

am

looking

for.

(正)

=2\*GB3②This

is

the

watch

for

which

I

am

looking

.(误)=3\*GB3③The

babies

(whom

/

who

/

that)

the

nurse

is

looking

after

arevery

healthy.(正)

=4\*GB3④The

babies

after

whom

the

nurse

is

looking

are

very

healthy.（误）3、单个介词+关系代词(which,whose)+名词

介词要依介词与关系代词后的名词的搭配习惯而定。例如：=1\*GB3①HelivedinLondonforthreemonths,duringwhichtimehelearnedsomeEnglish.=2\*GB3②OurEnglishteacher,withwhosehelpwehavemadegreatprogressinEnglish,hascompletedthirtyyearsofteaching.4、the+名词+of+关系代词(which,whom)结构中的名词和后面的关系代词有所属关系。例如：ThisisthebookthecoverofwhichisdesignedbyMrJones.=Thisisthebook,whosecoverisdesignedbyMrJones.5、部分词汇/结构+of+关系代词(1)all,both,none,neither,either,many,most,few,several,enough,half,some,any,one,two,three,themajority,anumber,theyoungest等。(2)数词(基数词,序数词,百分数,分数)+名词(3)the+形容词最高级/比较级=1\*GB3①Herearetwopairsofsocks,eitherofwhichyoumaychoose.=2\*GB3②Thefootballteamhas15members,theoldestofwhomis25yearsold.=3\*GB3③He

loves

his

parents

deeply,

both

of

whom

are

very

kind

to

him.

=4\*GB3④There

are

many

apples,

some

of

which

have

gone

bad.

=5\*GB3⑤There

are

forty

students

in

our

class,

most

of

whom

are

from

big

cities.

=6\*GB3⑥Hehaswrittentenstories，threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.四、关系代词as与which的用法as

和which

引导非限制性定语从句时，

其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：

1.

as

和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：

=1\*GB3①He

married

her,

as

/

which

was

natural.

=2\*GB3②He

is

honest,

as

/

which

we

can

see.

2.

as

引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。

which

引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as

常常有“正如、正像”的含义。如：

=1\*GB3①As

is

known

to

all,

China

is

a

developing

country.

=2\*GB3②He

is

from

the

south,

as

we

can

know

from

his

accent.

=3\*GB3③John,

as

you

know,

is

a

famous

writer.

=4\*GB3④Theairqualityinthecity,asisshowninthereport,hasimprovedoverthepasttwomonths.(2012·福建高考)=5\*GB3⑤He

has

been

to

Paris

ten

times,

which

I

don’t

believe.

注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which。如=1\*GB3①Tom

was

late

for

school

again

and

again,

which

made

his

teacher

very

angry.

=2\*GB3②This

table

is

made

of

metal,

which

made

it

very

heavy.

3.

当先行词受such,

the

same

修饰时，关系词常用as。

如：

=1\*GB3①I’ve

never

heard

such

stories

as

he

tells.

=2\*GB3②He

is

not

such

a

fool

as

he

looks.

=3\*GB3③This

is

the

same

dictionary

as

I

lost

last

week.

注意：当先行词受the

same

修饰时，也可能用

that引导定语从句，但与as引导的定语从句意思有区别。如：

She

wore

the

same

dress

that

she

wore

at

Mary’s

wedding.

她穿着她在玛丽婚礼上穿过的同一条连衣裙。

She

wore

the

same

dress

as

her

younger

sister

wore.

她穿着跟她妹妹所穿的一样的连衣裙。五、关系副词引导的定语从句

1.

when

指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。

=1\*GB3①I

still

remember

the

day

when

I

first

came

to

this

school.

=2\*GB3②The

time

when

we

got

together

finally

arrived.

=3\*GB3③October

1,

1949

was

the

day

when

the

People’s

Republic

of

China

was

founded.

2.

where

指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。

=1\*GB3①Shanghai

is

the

city

where

I

was

born.

=2\*GB3②The

house

where

I

lived

ten

years

ago

has

been

pulled

down.=3\*GB3③I

visited

the

farm

where

a

lot

of

cows

were

raised

.=4\*GB3④Is

this

the

place

where

they

fought

the

enemy?

3.why

指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。

=1\*GB3①Please

tell

me

the

reason

why

you

missed

the

plane.

=2\*GB3②The

reason

why

he

was

punished

is

unknown

to

us.

=3\*GB3③I

don’t

know

the

reason

why

he

looks

unhappy

today.

注意：引导定语从句的关系副词可以用“介词+which”来替换。例如：=1\*GB3①Istillrememberthedaywhen(=onwhich)Ifirstcametothisschool.=2\*GB3②Great

changes

havetakenplacewhere(inwhich)welive.=3\*GB3③The

reasonwhy(=forwhich)herefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.六、一些特殊词之后的where如果定语从句用来修饰point,situation,part,condition和case等表示抽象意义的词，并且作状语，要用where引导定语从句，意思是“到了某种地步，在某种境况中”，这种现象叫做地点模糊化。常见的表地点的模糊化名词还有：occasion,circumstance,state,degree,extent,stage,level,period,aspect等。例如：=1\*GB3①IhavecometothepointwhereIcan’tstandhim.=2\*GB3②Thecountryisinthesituationwhereawarwillbreakoutatanytime.=3\*GB3③Wearetryingtoreachapointwherebothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.=4\*GB3④IcanthinkofmanycaseswherestudentsobviouslyknowalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldn’twriteagoodessay.=5\*GB3⑤It’shelpfultoputchildreninasituationwheretheycanseethemselvesdifferently.注意：如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。例如：Rememberthatthereisstillonepointwhichwemustmakeclearattheconferencetomorrow.高考英语短文改错及语法填空分析与训练·定语从句考点规律分析:定语从句短文改错考点主要涉及定语从句引导词的误用、缺失以及多余；语法填空主要考查根据先行词及上下文填合适的引导词。定语从句单句改错之真题训练：1.…inotherplacesyouarelimitedtoacertainnumber,ofthatsomemaybenovels.(全国卷)2.Ialsoenjoyedtheeveningswhenwespenttogether.(全国卷)3.IliveinBeijing,whereisthecapitalofChina.(全国卷)4.Ihaveagoodfriendwho’snameisLiuMei.(福建卷)5.(2016·四川)ThedisheswhatIcookedwereMom’sfavorite.定语从句单句改错之模拟训练：1.Heisthemanhiscarwasstolen.2.That’sthehotelwhichwewerestayinglastsummer.3.That’sthepalacewherewevisitedlastsummer.4.It’sreallyabeautifulplace,whereeveryonehopestovisit.定语从句单句改错之提升训练：1.Thisisthefactorywherewevisitedlastweek.2.ThisisthewatchforwhichTomislooking.3.ThepersontowhoyouspokeisastudentofGradeTwo.4.Thehouseinthatweliveisverysmall.5.Thesungivesofflightandwarmth,thatmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow.6.I’vereadallthebookswhichIborrowedfromthelibrary.7.ThisisthebestfilmwhichIhaveeverseen.8.MyfatherandMr.Smithtalkedaboutthingsandpersonswhotheyrememberedinthecountry.9.Everythingwhichwesawwasofgreatinterest.10.Hisdog,thatwasnowveryold,becameillanddied.11.Thereasonwhichhedidn’tgotoschoolisthathewasill.12.Thosewhowantstogowithmeputupyourhands.13.Theboy,hismotherdiedlastyear,studiesveryhard.14.Ihavetwosisters,bothofthemaredoctors.15.We’regoingtovisittheschoolwhereyourbrotherworksthere.16.HeistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohavebeeninvitedtotheEnglishEvening.17.Thatisthewaywhichtheywork.18.Thosehavequestionscanasktheteachersforadvice.19.Whoisthemanwhohaswhitehairs?20.Iwillneverforgetthedayswhichwehadagoodtimetogetheratthesea.定语从句单句语法填空之真题训练：1.(2016·全国Ⅰ，65)MyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid－1980s,________IwasthefirstWesternTVreporter.2.(2016·全国Ⅱ，阅读A)Simonisacomedianandactor_______has10years’experienceofteachingcomedy.3.(2016·全国Ⅱ，阅读D)FrankHurley,aconfidentandgiftedAustralianphotographerwhoknewtheAntarctic,washiredtomaketheimages,mostof________haveneverbeforebeenpublished.4.(2016·全国Ⅲ，47)SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius，________livedfromroughly551to479B．C,influencedthedevelopmentofchopsticks.5.(2016·全国Ⅲ，完形)WhenIwas13myonlypurposewastobecomethestaronourfootballteam.ThatmeantbeatingoutMillerKing,________wasthebestplayeratourschool.6.(2016·北京，22)Ilivenextdoortoacouple________childrenoftenmakealotofnoise.7.(2016·四川，阅读C)Iprefertoworkinblackandwhite,________allowsmetoshowdifferentspecificworldsmoreclearly.8.(2016·四川，阅读D)Researchershavediscoveredthat“nightmilk”containsmoremelatonin(褪黑激素),________hasbeenproventohelppeoplefeelsleepyandreduceanxiety.9.(2016·江苏，23)Manyyoungpeople,mostof________werewell－educated，headedforremoteregionstochasetheirdreams.10.(2016·浙江，11)Scientistshaveadvancedmanytheoriesaboutwhyhumanbeingscrytears,noneof________hasbeenproved.11.(2015·江苏，21)Thenumberofsmokers,________isreported,hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear.12.(2015·湖南，29)Itisatrulydelightfulplace,________looksthesameasitmusthavedone100yearsagowithitswindingstreetsandprettycottages.13.(2015·浙江，19)Creatinganatmospherein________employeesfeelpartofateamisabigchallenge.14.(2015·重庆，14)Hewrotemanychildren'sbooks,nearlyhalfof________werepublishedinthe1990s.15.(2015·四川，3)Thebooksonthedesk，________coversareshiny，areprizesforus.16.(2015·安徽，28)Someexpertsthinkreadingisthefundamentalskillupon________schooleducationdepends.17.(2015·福建，34)ChinaTodayattractsaworldwidereadership，________showsthatmoreandmorepeopleallovertheworldwanttolearnaboutChina.18.(2014·安徽，22)Theexactyear________AngelaandherfamilyspenttogetherinChinawas2008.19.(2014·北京，26)IborrowedthebookSherlockHolmesfromthelibrarylastweek，________myclassmatesrecommendedtome.20.(2014·山东，10)Acompany________profitsfromhomemarketsaredecliningmayseekopportunitiesabroad.21.(2014·重庆，9)We'llreachthesalestargetsinamonth________wesetatthebeginningoftheyear.22.(2014·四川，4)Untilnow，wehaveraised50,000poundsforthepoorchildren，________isquiteunexpected.23.(2014·陕西，13)Pleasesendusalltheinformation________youhaveaboutthecandidatefortheposition.24.(2015·北京，24)OppositeisSt.Paul'sChurch,________youcanhearsomelovelymusic.25.(2015·陕西，15)Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily，Alexisalwayslongingforthetime________heshouldbeabletobeindependent.26.(2015·天津，15)Thebossofthecompanyistryingtocreateaneasyatmosphere________hisemployeesenjoytheirwork.27.(2014·福建，31)Studentsshouldinvolvethemselvesincommunityactivities________theycangainexperienceforgrowth.28.(2014·浙江，5)Ididn'tbecomeaseriousclimberuntilthefifthgrade，________Iwentuptorescueakitethatwasstuckinthebranchesofatree.学习札记：_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

参考答案及解析定语从句单句改错之真题训练：1.that改为which，因介词后要用which来引导定语从句2.去掉when或将when改为that，因这里的定语从句中谓语动词(spent)缺宾语，故只能用关系代词that或将其省略3.where改为which，因此处要填关系代词作主语4.who’s改为whose，因who’s=whois，不仅结构错误，而且意思也不通；whose引导定语从句，表示“……的”定语从句单句改错之模拟训练：1.his改为whose，whose在此引导定语从句。2.which改为where，where引导定语从句且在从句中用作状语；此题还可在staying后加in。3.where改为which/that，也可去掉where，因visit为及物动词，此处应用关系代词作其宾语（也可省略）。4.where改为which，which在此引导非限定性定语从句，且在从句中用作宾语(用作visit的宾语)。5．what→which/that或去掉what考查定语从句，并在从句中作宾语，指物，用关系代词that/which，也可省略。定语从句单句改错之提升训练：1.where→that/which或去掉where。2.把for放在looking之后。英语中,有些短语动词,介词或副词不可与动词相分离。又如:lookafter,runinto等。3.who→whom。尽管在口语中who,whom都能作宾语,但在介词后只能用whom。4.that→which。5.that→which。that不可以引导非限制性定语从句。6.which→that或去掉which。当先行词被all,every,no,some,any,little等修饰时,常用that引导定语从句。7.which→that或去掉which。当先行词被序数词、形容词的最高级或theonly,thevery等所修饰时,常用that引导定语从句。8.who→that。如果先行词既指人又指物时,常用that引导定语从句。9.which→that或去掉which。当先行词为something,anything,everything,nothing,all等时,常由that引导定语从句。10.that→which。11.which→why/which前加for或去掉which。12.wants→want。定语从句中谓语动词的数应与先行词一致。13.his→whose。14.them→whom或both前加and。15.去掉there。16.have→has。当oneof+名词复数作先行词时,从句的谓语用复数;但是当one前有the(only)时,从句谓语要用单数。17.which→that/which前加in或去掉which。18.Those后加who。19.第二个who→that。当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时,定语从句常用that引导,以避免重复。20.which→when或which前加in。定语从句单句语法填空之真题训练：1．when[由句子结构可以判断这是一个定语从句，先行词是表示时间的inthemid－1980s，从句中缺少状语，因此填写关系副词when。]2．who/that[考查定语从句的关系代词，先行词是acomedianandactor，在从句中做主语，所以用who或者that。]3．wh