英国文学史及选读1课件

英国文学史与选读英国文学史与选读1通过作品找意境，通过中西文学对比，让文学课升华至文化课，让我们的学生成为自己的主人。通过作品找意境，通过中西文学对比，让文学课升华至文化课，让我2

StructureEarlyandMedievalEnglishLiteratureRenaissanceEnglishLiteratureTheEnglishLiteratureofThe17thCenturyTheEnglishliteratureofTheEnlightenmentAgeTheAgeofRomanticismTheVictorianAgeThe20th-CenturyBritishpoetryStructure3EarlyandMedieval

EnglishLiterature

5Century------1485EarlyandMedieval

EnglishLi4“Early”heremeansEnglishliteratureinprimitiveandslaverysociety.

“Medievalperiod”isaquitespecialperiodinEnglishhistory.InChinese“Medieval”or“TheMiddleAge”.TheAngle-Saxons:EnglishliteraturebeganwiththeAnglo-SaxonsettlementAnglo-SaxonLanguage(oldEnglish)BeowulfTheNorman:Feudalism,landlord&peasantbeganwiththeNorman,languagegreatlychangedandenriched.AdventuresofKingArthurandhisKnightsoftheRoundTable

英国文学史及选读1课件5BeowulfisconsideredasanationalepicoftheEnglishpeople.英国文学史及选读1课件6TheepicpoemBeowulfdescribesthemostheroicmanoftheAnglo-Saxontimes.ItisaDenmarkstorywhichusedalliteration,metaphorsandunderstatements.英国文学史及选读1课件7Thehero,Beowulf,isaseeminglyinvinciblepersonwithalltheextraordinarytraitsrequiredofahero.Heisabletousehissuper-humanphysicalstrengthandcouragetoputhispeoplebeforehimself.

Heencountershideousmonstersandthemostferociousofbeastsbutheneverfearsthethreatofdeath.Hisleadershipskillsaresuperbandheisevenabletoboastaboutallhisachievements.Thehero,Beowulf,isasee8GeoffreyChauceristhefounderofEnglishpoetry,writer,alsotheoutstandingEnglishpoetbeforeWilliamShakespeare.ChaucermadeacrucialcontributiontoEnglishliteratureinwritinginEnglishatatimewhenmuchcourtpoetrywasstillcomposedinAnglo-NormanorLatin.Althoughhespentoneoftwobriefperiodsofdisfavor,ChaucerlivedthewholeofhislifeclosethecentersofEnglishpower.

GeoffreyChauceristhefounde9TheCanterburytalesTheCanterburytales10

TheCanterburyTales

isoneofthelandmarksofEnglishliterature,perhapsthegreatestworkproducedinMiddleEnglishandcertainlyamongthemostambitious.ItisoneofthefewworksoftheEnglishMiddleAgesthathashadacontinuoushistoryofpublication.ItwasthelastofGeoffreyChaucer'sworks,writtenafterTroilusandCreseydeduringthefinalyearsofChaucer'slife.However,Chauceronlycompletedtwenty-fourtales,notevencompletingonetaleforeachpilgrim.

11RenaissanceEnglishLiterature(15C-----17C)RenaissanceEnglishLiterature12

TheRenaissancesprangfirstinItalyinthe14centuryandgraduallyspreadalloverEurope.

Twofeaturearestrikingofthismovement.Theoneisathirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature.WhilepeoplelearnedtoadmiretheGreekandLatinworksasmodelsofliteraryform,theycaughtsomethinginspiritverydifferentfromthemedievalCatholicdogma.SotheloveofclassicswasbutanexpressionofthegeneraldissatisfactionattheCatholicandfeudalideas.TheRenaissancesprangfirs13Anotherfeatureisthekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity.PeopleceasedtolookuponthemselvesaslivingonlyforGodandafutureworld.Thinkers,artistsandpoetsarose,whogaveexpression,sometimesinanoldguise,thou8gh,tothenewfeelingofadmirationforhumanbeautyandhumanachievement,afeelinginsharpcontrastwiththeology.HencearosethethoughtofHumanism.Humanismisthekey-noteoftheRenaissance.英国文学史及选读1课件14

Insimpleterms,theRenaissanceinEnglandwascausedbythespreadofRenaissancelearningandideologyfromItaly.TheRenaissanceembracednotonlyliterature,butalsoartandarchitecture.Inliteraryterms,thestudyoftheclassicalpoetslednotonlytotheirtranslationintoEnglishbuttheadaptationoftheirverseformsandsystemsofpoeticalmetre,aswellastheembracingoftheirthemesandgenres.RenaissanceEnglishLiteratureInsimpleterms,theRen15人文主义思想（Humanism）的核心就是强调以“人”为本，宣传个性解放、现世幸福，并积极推进学术，传播科学知识和国家统一等新思想，对封建制度、宗教禁欲主义和上层僧侣的腐败虚伪则进行了无情的嘲讽与抨击。人文主义思想（Humanism）的核心就是强调16

在欧洲历史和哲学史中，人文主义主要被用来描述14到16世纪间较中世纪比较先进的思想。一般来说今天历史学家将这段时间里文化和社会上的变化称为文艺复兴，而将教育上的变化运动称为人文主义。欧洲文艺复兴时期新兴资产阶级反封建的社会思潮。资产阶级人道主义的最初形式。它肯定人性和人的价值，要求享受人世的欢乐，要求人的个性解放和自由平等，推崇人的感性经验和理性思维。在欧洲历史和哲学史中，人文主义主要被用来描述14到16世17TheArtofRenaissance

TheArtofRenaissance18LastSupper《最后的晚餐》（意大利）达·芬奇画1495-1497年米兰圣玛利亚·格拉契修道院藏LastSupper《最后的晚餐》（意大利）达19辩论圣体圣事拉斐尔:(1483-1520)意大利文艺复兴时期最伟大的画家之一，代表了文艺复兴时期艺术家从事理想美的事业所能达到的最高峰。辩论圣体圣事拉斐尔:(1483-1520)意大利文艺复兴时期20杜利圣家族米开朗基罗·博那罗蒂(1475-1564)是一位多才多艺的博学的艺术大师。他集雕刻家、画家、建筑家、诗人于一身杜利圣家族米开朗基罗·博那罗蒂(1475-1564)是一位多21剧院上演莎翁戏剧剧院上演莎翁戏剧22

ThomasMore(1478-1535)EdmundSpenser(1552-1599)FrancisBacon(1561-1626)WilliamShakespeare（1564-1616）BenJohnon(1572-1637)文艺复兴时期文学代表人物ThomasMore(1478-1535)文艺复兴时期23ThomasMore(1478-1535)

Hewasborninamiddle-classfamily.hisfatherwasaprominentlawyer,andlaterajudge.Ascholarbynature,hebecamealawyer.QuiteearlyhewaselectedtoParliamentandheactedasthespokesmanofLondonmerchantswhowereoneoftheprincipalstaysoftheTudormonarchy.ThomasMore(1478-1535)Hewa24ThomasMore'sUtopiaisoneofthemostinfluentialbooksintheWesternphilosophicalandliterarytraditionandoneofthesupremeachievementsofRenaissancehumanism.Morehumanism.Morecoinedtheword‘utopia’(fromtheGreek:‘noplace’),andhiscomplexlyironicaccountofanimaginarycommunistsocietynotonlyhasgivenrisetothegenreofutopianfictionbuthasbeenaninspirationtogenerationsofpoliticalreformers.ThomasMore'sUtopiaisoneof25WilliamShakespeareAnydiscussionofShakespeare'slifeisboundtobeloadedwithsuperlatives.Inthecourseofaquartercentury,Shakespearewrotesomethirty-eightplays.Takenindividually,severalofthemareamongtheworld'sfinestwrittenworks;takencollectively,theyestablishShakespeareastheforemostliterarytalentofhisownElizabethanAgeand,evenmoreimpressively,asageniuswhosecreativeachievementhasneverbeensurpassedinanyage.WilliamShakespeare26莎士比亚故居莎士比亚故居27莎士比亚故居莎士比亚故居281.Amasterhandforeveryformofdrama.

2.Skilledinmanypoeticforms,esp.sonnet3.AgreatmasterofEnglishlanguage

4.ThesummitoftheEnglishRenaissance

Contributions1.Amasterhandforeveryform29

ThemerchantofVenice

AsYouLikeI

TwelfthNightMidsummerNight’sDreamComedyComedy30一部洋溢着青春朝气的“乐观主义的悲剧”RomeoandJuliet一部洋溢着青春朝气的“乐观主义的悲剧”Romeoand31

HamletOthelloKingLearMacbeth

TragedyTragedy32TheSonnets

ALover'sComplaint

TheRapeofLucrece

VenusandAdonis

FuneralElegybyW.S.

PoetryPoetry33

莎士比亚“四大悲剧”中的第一部，也是他的代表作。丹麦王子哈姆莱特的故事早见于12世纪丹麦历史学家SaxoGrammaticus写的《丹麦史》，后法、英两国剧作家据此改编成剧本。一般认为莎士比亚的《哈姆莱特》系根据同时代作家基德一部现已失传的《厄哈姆莱特》（Ur~Hamlet）改编而来的。改编后的剧本保留了原剧本的主要框架，但却被赋予了原剧本所没有的感情深度与艺术魅力。

《哈姆莱特》莎士比亚“四大悲剧”中的第一部，也是他的代表作。《哈34

HamletiswithoutquestionthemostfamousplayintheEnglishlanguage.Probablywrittenin1601or1602,thetragedyisamilestoneinShakespeare'sdramaticdevelopment;theplaywrightachievedartisticmaturityinthisworkthroughhisbrilliantdepictionofthehero'sstrugglewithtwoopposingforces:moralintegrityandtheneedtoavengehisfather'smurder.

TheTragedyofHamlet,PrinceofDenmarkHamletiswithoutquestion35

Tobe,ornottobe:thatisthequestion:

Whether'tisnoblerinthemindtosuffer

Theslingsandarrowsofoutrageousfortune,

Ortotakearmsagainstaseaoftroubles,

Andbyopposingendthem.Todie:tosleep;

Nomore;andbyasleeptosayweend

Theheart-ache,andthethousandnaturalshocks

Thatfleshisheirto,'tisaconsummation

Devoutlytobewish'd.Todie,tosleep;

Tosleep:perchancetodream:aye,there'stherub;

Forinthatsleepofdeathwhatdreamsmaycome,

Whenwehaveshuffledoffthismortalcoil,

Mustgiveuspause:there'stherespect

Thatmakescalamityofsolonglife;

Forwhowouldbearthewhipsandscornsoftime,

Theoppressor'swrong,theproudman'scontumely,Thepangsofdespisedlove,thelaw'sdelay,

Theinsolenceofoffice,andthespurns

Thatpatientmeritoftheunworthytakes,Whenhehimselfmighthisquietusmake

Withabarebodkin?whowouldfardelsbear,Togruntandsweatunderawearylife,

Butthatthedreadofsomethingafterdeath,

Theundiscover'dcountryfromwhosebourn

Notravelerreturns,puzzlesthewill,

Andmakesusratherbearthoseillswehave

Thanflytoothersthatweknownotof?

Thusconsciencedoesmakecowardsofusall,

Andthusthenativehueofresolution

Issickliedo'erwiththepalecastofthought,

Andenterprisesofgreatpitchandmoment

Withthisregardtheircurrentsturnawry

Andlosethenameofaction.ToBeOrNotToBe[Hamlet]ToBeOrNotToBe[H36十四行诗起源于13世纪的意大利，16世纪上半叶由英国诗人萨利和魏阿特引入英国，风靡一时。莎士比亚的十四行诗早在1960年前发表就以手抄本的形式流传民间，其主题思想以歌颂爱情与友谊为主。这些诗共154首，分为三组。第一组（1～126首）写给一位青年男子，诗人告诫他要早些结婚，生儿育女;第二组（127～152）描写一位姿色不佳的“黑肤女郎”（darklady），诗人对他的态度是毫不掩饰的情欲；第三组（153～154）与前两组毫无关系，好像是同一首诗写了两遍。在韵脚上，莎士比亚创作了自己的诗韵，即有名的莎士比亚十四行诗韵：abab,cdcd,efef,gg。Abasicformofpoetryconsistingof14linesofiambicpentameter,intricatelyrhymed(abab,cdcd,efef,gg).十四行诗起源于13世纪的意大利，16世纪上半叶由英国诗人萨利37ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate:SometimetoohottheeyeoftheheavenshinesAndoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychanceornature’schangingcourseuntrimmed;Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st;Norshalldeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrow’st:Solongasamancanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.Sonnet18Sonnet1838

SirFrancisBacon(laterLordVerulamandtheViscountSt.Albans)wasanEnglishlawyer,statesman,essayist,historian,intellectualreformer,philosopher,andchampionofmodernscience.

Earlyinhiscareerheclaimed“allknowledgeashisprovince”andafterwardsdedicatedhimselftoawholesalerevaluationandre-structuringoftraditionallearning.FrancisBaconSirFrancisBacon(laterLo39OfStudiesOf

beautyOf

friendshipOf

envyEssaysOfStudiesEssays40

OfStudy

(excerpt)

Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgment,anddispositionofbusiness.Forexpertmencanexe-cute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebest,fromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrules,isthehumorofascholar.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedproyning,bystudy;andstudiesthemselves,dogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.OfStudy41荀子·劝学

君子曰：学不可以已。青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝；冰，水为之，而寒于水。木直中绳，揉以为轮，其曲中规，虽有槁暴，不复挺者，輮使之然也。故木受绳则直，金就砾则利。君子博学而日参省乎己，则知明而行无过矣。吾尝终日而思矣，不如须臾之所学也。吾尝跂而望矣，不如登高之博见也。登高而招，臂非加长也，而见者远。顺风而呼，声非加疾也，而闻者彰。假舆马者，非利足也，而致千里。假舟辑者，非能水也，而绝江河。君子生非异也，善假于物也。积土成山，风雨兴焉。积水成渊，蛟龙生焉。积善成德，而神明自得，圣心备焉。故不积跬步，无以至千里；不积小流，无以成江海。骐骥一跃，不能十步；驽马十驾，功在不舍。锲而舍之，朽木不折；锲而不舍，金石可镂。蚓无爪牙之利,筋骨之强，上食埃土，下饮黄泉，用心一也。蟹六跪而二螯，非蛇蟺之穴无可寄托者，用心躁也。荀子·劝学君子曰：学不可以已。青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝42TheEnglishLiteratureofThe17thCenturyTheEnglishLiteratureof43TheMetaphysicalpoetsAboutthebeginningofthe17thcenturythereappearedinEnglandaschoolofpoetscalled“Metaphysicals”.TheworksoftheMetaphysicalpoetsarecharacterized,generallyspeaking,bymysticismincontentandfantasticalityinform.JohnDonnewasthefounderoftheschool.TheMetaphysicalpoets44JohnMilton

(1608—1674)

MiltonisoneoftheveryfewtrulygreatEnglishwriterswhoisalsoaprominentfigureinpoliticsandwhoisbothagreatpoetandimportantprosewriter.MiltonisthegreatestEnglishpoetafterShakespeare,wastheonegreatliteraryfigurewhowanttriedseriouslytocombineRenaissanceandReformation.

英国文学史及选读1课件45

Thefirstperiod(1625to1639)----

duringwhichtimehewastobeseenchieflyasasonofthehumanityandElizabethans.Works:Comus1634Lycidas1638Thesecondperiod----asthespokesmanoftheRevolution.Works:Areopagitica1644DefenseoftheEnglishPeople1651SecondDefenseoftheEnglishPeople1654Thethirdperiod----aftertheRestorationWorks:ParadiseLost1667ParadiseRegained1671SamsonAgonistes1671Thefirstperiod(46

ParadiseLostMilton’smasterpiece.Itconsistsof12books,containingabouttenthousandlinesinblankverse(unrhymediambicpentameter).

BasedontheOldTestament,ittellsthestoryofSatan’srevoltagainstGod,thetemptationofAdamandEve,andtheirexpulsionfromParadise.

47英国文学史与选读英国文学史与选读48通过作品找意境，通过中西文学对比，让文学课升华至文化课，让我们的学生成为自己的主人。通过作品找意境，通过中西文学对比，让文学课升华至文化课，让我49

StructureEarlyandMedievalEnglishLiteratureRenaissanceEnglishLiteratureTheEnglishLiteratureofThe17thCenturyTheEnglishliteratureofTheEnlightenmentAgeTheAgeofRomanticismTheVictorianAgeThe20th-CenturyBritishpoetryStructure50EarlyandMedieval

EnglishLiterature

5Century------1485EarlyandMedieval

EnglishLi51“Early”heremeansEnglishliteratureinprimitiveandslaverysociety.

“Medievalperiod”isaquitespecialperiodinEnglishhistory.InChinese“Medieval”or“TheMiddleAge”.TheAngle-Saxons:EnglishliteraturebeganwiththeAnglo-SaxonsettlementAnglo-SaxonLanguage(oldEnglish)BeowulfTheNorman:Feudalism,landlord&peasantbeganwiththeNorman,languagegreatlychangedandenriched.AdventuresofKingArthurandhisKnightsoftheRoundTable

英国文学史及选读1课件52BeowulfisconsideredasanationalepicoftheEnglishpeople.英国文学史及选读1课件53TheepicpoemBeowulfdescribesthemostheroicmanoftheAnglo-Saxontimes.ItisaDenmarkstorywhichusedalliteration,metaphorsandunderstatements.英国文学史及选读1课件54Thehero,Beowulf,isaseeminglyinvinciblepersonwithalltheextraordinarytraitsrequiredofahero.Heisabletousehissuper-humanphysicalstrengthandcouragetoputhispeoplebeforehimself.

Heencountershideousmonstersandthemostferociousofbeastsbutheneverfearsthethreatofdeath.Hisleadershipskillsaresuperbandheisevenabletoboastaboutallhisachievements.Thehero,Beowulf,isasee55GeoffreyChauceristhefounderofEnglishpoetry,writer,alsotheoutstandingEnglishpoetbeforeWilliamShakespeare.ChaucermadeacrucialcontributiontoEnglishliteratureinwritinginEnglishatatimewhenmuchcourtpoetrywasstillcomposedinAnglo-NormanorLatin.Althoughhespentoneoftwobriefperiodsofdisfavor,ChaucerlivedthewholeofhislifeclosethecentersofEnglishpower.

GeoffreyChauceristhefounde56TheCanterburytalesTheCanterburytales57

TheCanterburyTales

isoneofthelandmarksofEnglishliterature,perhapsthegreatestworkproducedinMiddleEnglishandcertainlyamongthemostambitious.ItisoneofthefewworksoftheEnglishMiddleAgesthathashadacontinuoushistoryofpublication.ItwasthelastofGeoffreyChaucer'sworks,writtenafterTroilusandCreseydeduringthefinalyearsofChaucer'slife.However,Chauceronlycompletedtwenty-fourtales,notevencompletingonetaleforeachpilgrim.

58RenaissanceEnglishLiterature(15C-----17C)RenaissanceEnglishLiterature59

TheRenaissancesprangfirstinItalyinthe14centuryandgraduallyspreadalloverEurope.

Twofeaturearestrikingofthismovement.Theoneisathirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature.WhilepeoplelearnedtoadmiretheGreekandLatinworksasmodelsofliteraryform,theycaughtsomethinginspiritverydifferentfromthemedievalCatholicdogma.SotheloveofclassicswasbutanexpressionofthegeneraldissatisfactionattheCatholicandfeudalideas.TheRenaissancesprangfirs60Anotherfeatureisthekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity.PeopleceasedtolookuponthemselvesaslivingonlyforGodandafutureworld.Thinkers,artistsandpoetsarose,whogaveexpression,sometimesinanoldguise,thou8gh,tothenewfeelingofadmirationforhumanbeautyandhumanachievement,afeelinginsharpcontrastwiththeology.HencearosethethoughtofHumanism.Humanismisthekey-noteoftheRenaissance.英国文学史及选读1课件61

Insimpleterms,theRenaissanceinEnglandwascausedbythespreadofRenaissancelearningandideologyfromItaly.TheRenaissanceembracednotonlyliterature,butalsoartandarchitecture.Inliteraryterms,thestudyoftheclassicalpoetslednotonlytotheirtranslationintoEnglishbuttheadaptationoftheirverseformsandsystemsofpoeticalmetre,aswellastheembracingoftheirthemesandgenres.RenaissanceEnglishLiteratureInsimpleterms,theRen62人文主义思想（Humanism）的核心就是强调以“人”为本，宣传个性解放、现世幸福，并积极推进学术，传播科学知识和国家统一等新思想，对封建制度、宗教禁欲主义和上层僧侣的腐败虚伪则进行了无情的嘲讽与抨击。人文主义思想（Humanism）的核心就是强调63

在欧洲历史和哲学史中，人文主义主要被用来描述14到16世纪间较中世纪比较先进的思想。一般来说今天历史学家将这段时间里文化和社会上的变化称为文艺复兴，而将教育上的变化运动称为人文主义。欧洲文艺复兴时期新兴资产阶级反封建的社会思潮。资产阶级人道主义的最初形式。它肯定人性和人的价值，要求享受人世的欢乐，要求人的个性解放和自由平等，推崇人的感性经验和理性思维。在欧洲历史和哲学史中，人文主义主要被用来描述14到16世64TheArtofRenaissance

TheArtofRenaissance65LastSupper《最后的晚餐》（意大利）达·芬奇画1495-1497年米兰圣玛利亚·格拉契修道院藏LastSupper《最后的晚餐》（意大利）达66辩论圣体圣事拉斐尔:(1483-1520)意大利文艺复兴时期最伟大的画家之一，代表了文艺复兴时期艺术家从事理想美的事业所能达到的最高峰。辩论圣体圣事拉斐尔:(1483-1520)意大利文艺复兴时期67杜利圣家族米开朗基罗·博那罗蒂(1475-1564)是一位多才多艺的博学的艺术大师。他集雕刻家、画家、建筑家、诗人于一身杜利圣家族米开朗基罗·博那罗蒂(1475-1564)是一位多68剧院上演莎翁戏剧剧院上演莎翁戏剧69

ThomasMore(1478-1535)EdmundSpenser(1552-1599)FrancisBacon(1561-1626)WilliamShakespeare（1564-1616）BenJohnon(1572-1637)文艺复兴时期文学代表人物ThomasMore(1478-1535)文艺复兴时期70ThomasMore(1478-1535)

Hewasborninamiddle-classfamily.hisfatherwasaprominentlawyer,andlaterajudge.Ascholarbynature,hebecamealawyer.QuiteearlyhewaselectedtoParliamentandheactedasthespokesmanofLondonmerchantswhowereoneoftheprincipalstaysoftheTudormonarchy.ThomasMore(1478-1535)Hewa71ThomasMore'sUtopiaisoneofthemostinfluentialbooksintheWesternphilosophicalandliterarytraditionandoneofthesupremeachievementsofRenaissancehumanism.Morehumanism.Morecoinedtheword‘utopia’(fromtheGreek:‘noplace’),andhiscomplexlyironicaccountofanimaginarycommunistsocietynotonlyhasgivenrisetothegenreofutopianfictionbuthasbeenaninspirationtogenerationsofpoliticalreformers.ThomasMore'sUtopiaisoneof72WilliamShakespeareAnydiscussionofShakespeare'slifeisboundtobeloadedwithsuperlatives.Inthecourseofaquartercentury,Shakespearewrotesomethirty-eightplays.Takenindividually,severalofthemareamongtheworld'sfinestwrittenworks;takencollectively,theyestablishShakespeareastheforemostliterarytalentofhisownElizabethanAgeand,evenmoreimpressively,asageniuswhosecreativeachievementhasneverbeensurpassedinanyage.WilliamShakespeare73莎士比亚故居莎士比亚故居74莎士比亚故居莎士比亚故居751.Amasterhandforeveryformofdrama.

2.Skilledinmanypoeticforms,esp.sonnet3.AgreatmasterofEnglishlanguage

4.ThesummitoftheEnglishRenaissance

Contributions1.Amasterhandforeveryform76

ThemerchantofVenice

AsYouLikeI

TwelfthNightMidsummerNight’sDreamComedyComedy77一部洋溢着青春朝气的“乐观主义的悲剧”RomeoandJuliet一部洋溢着青春朝气的“乐观主义的悲剧”Romeoand78

HamletOthelloKingLearMacbeth

TragedyTragedy79TheSonnets

ALover'sComplaint

TheRapeofLucrece

VenusandAdonis

FuneralElegybyW.S.

PoetryPoetry80

莎士比亚“四大悲剧”中的第一部，也是他的代表作。丹麦王子哈姆莱特的故事早见于12世纪丹麦历史学家SaxoGrammaticus写的《丹麦史》，后法、英两国剧作家据此改编成剧本。一般认为莎士比亚的《哈姆莱特》系根据同时代作家基德一部现已失传的《厄哈姆莱特》（Ur~Hamlet）改编而来的。改编后的剧本保留了原剧本的主要框架，但却被赋予了原剧本所没有的感情深度与艺术魅力。

《哈姆莱特》莎士比亚“四大悲剧”中的第一部，也是他的代表作。《哈81

HamletiswithoutquestionthemostfamousplayintheEnglishlanguage.Probablywrittenin1601or1602,thetragedyisamilestoneinShakespeare'sdramaticdevelopment;theplaywrightachievedartisticmaturityinthisworkthroughhisbrilliantdepictionofthehero'sstrugglewithtwoopposingforces:moralintegrityandtheneedtoavengehisfather'smurder.

TheTragedyofHamlet,PrinceofDenmarkHamletiswithoutquestion82

Tobe,ornottobe:thatisthequestion:

Whether'tisnoblerinthemindtosuffer

Theslingsandarrowsofoutrageousfortune,

Ortotakearmsagainstaseaoftroubles,

Andbyopposingendthem.Todie:tosleep;

Nomore;andbyasleeptosayweend

Theheart-ache,andthethousandnaturalshocks

Thatfleshisheirto,'tisaconsummation

Devoutlytobewish'd.Todie,tosleep;

Tosleep:perchancetodream:aye,there'stherub;

Forinthatsleepofdeathwhatdreamsmaycome,

Whenwehaveshuffledoffthismortalcoil,

Mustgiveuspause:there'stherespect

Thatmakescalamityofsolonglife;

Forwhowouldbearthewhipsandscornsoftime,

Theoppressor'swrong,theproudman'scontumely,Thepangsofdespisedlove,thelaw'sdelay,

Theinsolenceofoffice,andthespurns

Thatpatientmeritoftheunworthytakes,Whenhehimselfmighthisquietusmake

Withabarebodkin?whowouldfardelsbear,Togruntandsweatunderawearylife,

Butthatthedreadofsomethingafterdeath,

Theundiscover'dcountryfromwhosebourn

Notravelerreturns,puzzlesthewill,

Andmakesusratherbearthoseillswehave

Thanflytoothersthatweknownotof?

Thusconsciencedoesmakecowardsofusall,

Andthusthenativehueofresolution

Issickliedo'erwiththepalecastofthought,

Andenterprisesofgreatpitchandmoment

Withthisregardtheircurrentsturnawry

Andlosethenameofaction.ToBeOrNotToBe[Hamlet]ToBeOrNotToBe[H83十四行诗起源于13世纪的意大利，16世纪上半叶由英国诗人萨利和魏阿特引入英国，风靡一时。莎士比亚的十四行诗早在1960年前发表就以手抄本的形式流传民间，其主题思想以歌颂爱情与友谊为主。这些诗共154首，分为三组。第一组（1～126首）写给一位青年男子，诗人告诫他要早些结婚，生儿育女;第二组（127～152）描写一位姿色不佳的“黑肤女郎”（darklady），诗人对他的态度是毫不掩饰的情欲；第三组（153～154）与前两组毫无关系，好像是同一首诗写了两遍。在韵脚上，莎士比亚创作了自己的诗韵，即有名的莎士比亚十四行诗韵：abab,cdcd,efef,gg。Abasicformofpoetryconsistingof14linesofiambicpentameter,intricatelyrhymed(abab,cdcd,efef,gg).十四行诗起源于13世纪的意大利，16世纪上半叶由英国诗人萨利84ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate:SometimetoohottheeyeoftheheavenshinesAndoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimmed;Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychanceornature’schangingcourseuntrimmed;Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st;Norshalldeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrow’st:Solongasamancanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.Sonnet18Sonnet1885

SirFrancisBacon(laterLordVerulamandtheViscountSt.Albans)wasanEnglishlawyer,statesman,essayist,historian,intellectualreformer,philosopher,andchampionofmodernscience.

Earlyinhiscareerheclaimed“allknowledgeashisprovince”andafterwardsdedicatedhimselftoawholesalerevaluationandre-structuringoftraditionallearning.FrancisBaconSirFrancisBacon(laterLo86OfStudiesOf

beautyOf

friendshipOf

envyEssaysOfStudiesEssays87

OfStudy

(excerpt)

Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgment,anddispositionofbusiness.Forexpertmencanexe-cute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebest,fromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrules,isthehumorofascholar.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbye