人体解剖学中英名词对照表

人体解剖学中英名词对照表人体解剖学中英名词对照表人体解剖学中英名词对照表xxx公司人体解剖学中英名词对照表文件编号：文件日期：修订次数：第1.0次更改批准审核制定方案设计，管理制度人体解剖学英汉名词对照表注：用星号（*）标注的名词为最常用的词汇，必须熟记掌握。一、总论（一）解剖学分类(ClassificationofAnatomy)anatomy解剖学humananatomy,anthropotomy人类解剖学systematicanatomy系统解剖学regional(topographic)anatomy,topology局部解剖学gross(macroscopic)anatomy大体解剖学，巨视解剖学microscopicanatomy显微解剖学macro-microscopicanatomy巨-微解剖学sectionalanatomy断面解剖学pathological(morbid)anatomy病理解剖学neuroanatomy神经解剖学chemicalneuroanatomy化学解剖学developmentalanatomy发生(或发育)histologicanatomy组织解剖学histology组织学embryology胚胎学anthropology人类学（二）一般解剖学术语(GeneralAnatomicalTerms)dissection，dissect(v.)解剖，解剖标本normality，normal(a.)正常abnormality,abnormal异常variation变异deformity,malformation畸形specimen标本model模型（三）方位术语(PositionalTerms)1.anatomicalposition解剖学姿势2.方位术语(termsofdirection)superior,upper上inferior,lower下anterior前侧posterior后侧ventral(dorsal)腹(背)侧medial(lateral)内(外)侧intermediate中间internal,interior,inner,inside内external,exterior,outer,outside外superficial浅deep,profound深proximal(distal)近(远)侧ulnar(radial)尺(桡)侧tibial(fibular)胫(腓)侧palmar掌侧plantar足底left左right右middle中median正中3.轴和面(AxesandPlanes)axis(pl.axes),axial(a.)轴vertical(perpendicular)axis,longitudinalaxis垂直轴,纵轴coronal(frontal)axis冠(额)状轴sagittalaxis矢状轴plane(平)面horizontal(transverse)plane水平面,横平面coronal(frontal)plane冠(额)状面sagittalplane矢状面mediansagittalplane正中矢状面transversesection横切面longitudinalsection纵切面（四）人体的分部和分区(ToponymandZonationoftheHumanbody)1.头(Head)head头(的)Skull，craniun，cranial(a.)颅front,frontal,region额区perietalregion顶区occiput,occipitalregion枕区Face,facial(a.)面orbit,orbitalregion眶区nose,nasalregion鼻区mouth,oralregion口区chin,mentalregion颌区ear,auditoryregion耳区2.颈(Neck)neck,collum,cervical&jugular(a.)颈anteriorregionofneck,anteriorofneck颈前区carotidtriangle颈动脉三角musculartriangle肌三角,肩胛舌骨肌气管三角sternocleidomastoidregion胸锁乳突肌区supraclaviculartriangle锁骨上三角posteriorregionofneck,nuchalregion颈后区,项区nape,nucha,nuchal(a.)项rootofneck颈根部3.躯干(Trunk)trunk,truncus躯干Mediananteriorline前正中线sternalline胸骨线parasternalline胸骨旁线midclavicularline锁骨中线anterior(posterior)axillaryline腋前(后)线midaxillaryline腋中线scapularline肩胛线medianposteriorline后正中线Back,dorsal背vertebralregion脊柱区sacralregion骶区scapularregion肩胛下区lumbarregion腰Chest,thorax,thoracic(a.)胸sternalregion胸骨(前)区infraclavicularfossa锁骨下窝Abdomen,abdominal(a.)腹Hypochondriac季肋区epigastricregion腹上区lateralregionofabdomem腹外侧区umbilicalregion脐区inguinalregion,iliacregion,腹股沟区，髂区inguinaltriangle腹股沟三角，海氏三角pubicregion,hypogastricregion耻区，腹下区Pelvis,pelvic(a.)盆部Perineum,perineal(a.)会阴analregion肛区urogenitalregion尿生殖区4.四肢(Limbs)limbs,extremities四肢Upperlimbs(extremities)上肢Shoulder肩axilla,axillaryregion腋区Freeupperlimb自由上肢arm,brachial(a.)臂anterior(posterior)brachialregion臂前(后)区elbow,cubital,(a.)肘forearm,antebrachial(a.)前臂anterior(posterior)antebrachialregion前臂前(后)区hand,manual(a.)手wrist,carpal(a.)腕palm,palmar,metacarpal(a.)掌back(palm)ofhand手背(掌)finger,digital(a.)手指thumb拇指indexfinger示指middlefinger中指ringfinger环指littlefinger小指Lowerlimb下肢hip,coxal(a.)髋buttock,glutealregion臀区Freelowerlimb自由下肢anterior(posterior)regionofthigh股前(后)区femoraltriangle股三角medialregionofthigh股内侧区knee,geniculate(a.)膝anterior(posterior)regionofknee膝前(后)区leg,crural(a.)小腿anterior(posterior)cruralregion小腿前(后)区foot,pedal(a.)足dorsumoffoot足背sole,planta(pl.plantae)足底toes足趾greattoe足母趾二、各章解剖学词汇*(一)运动系统(LocomotorSystem)1．骨学(Osteology)（1）概述osteology骨学*bone，bony骨skeleton，skletal(a.)骨骼long(short，flat)bone长(短，扁)骨irregularbone不规则骨pneumaticbone含气骨sesamoidbone籽骨，shaft，diaphysis骨干，骨体bony(osseous)substance骨质compact(spongy)bone骨密(松)质trabeculae骨小梁periosteum(外)膜endosteum骨内膜medullary髓腔red(yellow)bonemarrow红(黄)骨髓（2）中轴骨骼(AxialSkeleton)躯干骨(BonesofTrunk)*Vertebral(spinel)column脊柱*vertebralcanal椎管intervertebralforamen椎间孔cervical(thoracic,lumbar,sacral)curvature颈(胸，腰，骶)曲vertebra(pl.vertebrae)椎骨vertebralbody(arch)椎体(弓)pedicleofvertebralarch椎弓根laminaofvertebralarch椎弓板vertebralforamen椎孔spinousprocess棘突transverseprocess横突superior(inferior)articularprocess上(下)关节突cervicalvertebrae颈椎atlas寰椎axis枢椎prominentvertebrae隆椎thoracicvertebrae胸椎lumbarvertebrae腰椎sacrum,sacralbone骶骨coccyx尾骨thoraciccavity胸腔superior(inferior)apertureofthorax胸廓上下口costalarch肋弓intercostalsspace肋间隙infrasternalangle胸骨下角*ribs,costa(costae)肋*sternum胸骨Sternalmanubrium胸骨柄Sternalangle(body)胸骨角(体)Xiphoidprocess剑突颅骨(skull)cerebralcranium脑颅cranialcavity颅腔calvaria颅盖pterion翼点jugularforamen颈静脉孔internalsurfaceofbaseofskull颅底内面anterior(middle,posterior)cranialfossa颅前中，后)窝facialcranium面颅orbit眶bonynasalcavity骨性鼻腔piriformaperture,anteriornasalaperture梨状孔，鼻前孔posteriornasalaperture鼻后孔bonyseptumofnose骨鼻中隔superior(middle,inferior)meatusofnose上(中,下)鼻道temporalfossa颞窝zugomaticarch颧弓infratemporalfossa颞下窝pterygopalatinefossa翼腭窝cranialfontaelles颅囟anterior(posterior)fontanelle前(后)囟anterolateral(posterolateral)fontanelle前(后)外侧囟cranialbones脑颅骨occipitalbone枕骨largeforamenofoccipitalbone枕骨大孔externaloccipitalprotuberance枕外隆凸superior(inferior)nuchalline上(下)项线sulcusfortransversesinus,transversesulcus横窦沟sphenoidbone蝶骨hypophysealfossa垂体窝opticcanal视神经管round(oval,spinous)foramen圆(卵圆，棘)孔temporalbone颞骨petrouspart岩部mastoidprocess乳突carotidcanal颈动脉管tympanictegmen鼓室盖arcuateeminence弓状隆起trigeminalimpression三叉神经压迹internalacousticpore(port)内耳门internalacousticmeatus(canal)内耳道jugularfossa颈静脉窝styloidprocess茎突stylomastoidforamen茎乳孔facialcanal面神经管externalacousticpore(canal)外耳门(道)parietal,parietalbone顶骨parietaltuber(foramen)顶结节(孔)frontalbone额骨frontalsquama(tuber)额鳞(结节)superciliaryarch眉弓supraorbitalnotch(foramen)眶上切迹fossaforlacrimalgland泪腺窝ethmoidbone筛骨cribriformplate(foramen)筛板(孔)facialbones面颅骨inferiornasalconcha下鼻甲lacrimalbone泪骨nasalbone鼻骨vomer梨骨*maxilla上颌骨palatinebone腭骨zygomaticbone颧骨*mandible下颌骨ramous(angle)ofmandible下颌支(角)masseterictuberosity咬肌粗隆coronoidprocess冠突condylarprocess髁突hyoidbone舌骨（3）附肢骨骼(Appendicularskeleton)shouldergirdle上肢带骨，肩带骨scapula肩胛骨acromion肩峰superior(medial,lateral)border上(下，外侧)缘coracoidprocess喙突superior(inferior,lateral)angle上(下，外侧)角glenoidcavity关节盂*clavicle锁骨bonesoffreeupperlimb自由上肢骨*Humerus肱骨headofhumerus肱骨头anatomical(surgical)neck解剖(外科)颈greater(lesser)tubercle大(小)结节crestofgreater(lesser)tubercle大(小)结节嵴sulcus(groove)forradialn.桡神经沟deltoidtuberosity三角肌粗隆trochleaofhumerus肱骨滑车olecranon(coronoid,radial)fossa鹰嘴(冠突，桡)窝medial(lateral)epicondyle内(外)上髁sulcusforulnarnerve尺神经沟*radius桡骨head(neck)ofradius桡骨头(颈)articularcircumference环状关节面radialtuberosity桡骨粗隆interosseousborder骨间缘styloidprocess茎突ulnalnotch尺切迹carpalarticularsurface腕关节面*uana尺骨olecranon鹰嘴coronoidprocess冠突ulnaltuberosity尺骨粗隆trochleal(radial)notch滑车(桡)切迹headofulna尺骨头bonesofhand手骨carpalbones腕骨scaphoidbone手舟骨lunatebone月骨triangularbone三角骨pisiformbone豌豆骨trapeziumbone大多角骨trapezoidbone小多角骨capitatebone头状骨hamatebone钩骨hamulus(hook)ofhamatebone钩骨钩Metacarpalbones掌骨phalanges(bones)offingers指骨proximal(middle,distal)phalanx近(中，远)指(或趾)骨下肢骨(Bonesoflowerlimb)pelvicgirdle下肢带骨，盆带骨*hipbone髋骨acetabulum髋臼acetabularfossa(notch)髋臼窝(切迹)obturatorforamen闭孔*Ilium髂骨body(ala)ofilium髂骨体(翼)arcuateline弓状线iliaccrest髂嵴Tubercle髂结节Anteriorsuperior(inferior)iliacspine髂前上(下)棘Posteriorsuperior(inferior)iliacspine髂后上(下)棘Iliacfossa髂窝Auricularsurface耳状面Iliactuberosity髂粗隆*Ischium坐骨Greater(lesser)sciaticnotch坐骨大(小)切迹*Pubis耻骨Symphsialsurface耻骨联合面superior(inferior)ramusofpubis耻骨上下支ililopubiceminence髂耻隆起pectenofpubis耻骨梳bonesoffreelowerlimb自由下肢骨*femur股骨foveaoffemoralhead股骨头凹head(neck)offemur股骨头(颈)greater(lesser)trochanter大小转子intertrochantericline转子间线intertrochantericcrest转子间嵴lineaaspera,roughlineoffemur粗线pectinealline耻骨肌线glutealtuberosity臀肌粗隆poplitealsurface腘面medial(lateral)condyle内(外)侧髁adductortubercle收肌结节intercondylarfossa髁间窝medial(lateral)epicondyle内外上髁patella髌骨*tibia胫骨intercondylareminence髁间隆起shaft(tuberosity)oftibia胫骨体粗隆solealline比目鱼肌线medial(lateral)malleolus内外髁Fibula,perone腓骨bonesoffoot足骨tarsalbones跗骨talus距骨calcaneus跟骨navicularbone足舟骨medialcuneiformbone内侧楔骨lateralcuneiformbone中间楔骨intermediatecuneiformbone内侧楔骨cuboidbone骰骨metatarsalbones跖骨phalanges(bones)oftoes趾骨2．关节学(arthrology)（1）概述synosteology关节学，关节解剖学articulation连结，关节joint关节，连结synovialjoints滑膜关节fibrous纤维连结syndesmosis韧带连结suture缝cartilaginousjoints软骨连结synchondrosis(pl.synchondroses)(透明软骨)结合symphysis(纤维软骨)联合synostosis(pl.synostosessynosteosis)骨性结合articularsurface(cavity)关节面(腔)articulardisk关节盘articularlabrum关节唇articularcapsule关节囊fibrouslayer(membrane)纤维层，纤维膜synoviallayer(membrane)滑膜层，滑膜synovialfold(villi)滑膜襞synovialfluid滑液ligament(lig.)韧带extracapsularlig.囊外韧带intracapsularlig.囊内韧带Action动作，作用flexion,flexor(m.),flex(v.)屈extension,extensor(m.),extense(v.)伸adduction,addutor(m.),adduct(v.)收abduction,abdutor(m.),abduct(v.)展Medial(lateral)rotation旋内(外)pronation,pronator(m.),pronate(v.)旋前supination,supinator(m.),supinate(v.)旋后circumduction环转运动（2）中轴骨骼的连结(JointsoftheAxialSkeleton)vertebraljoints椎骨连结yellowlig.黄韧带ionterspinouslig.棘间韧带intertransverselig.横突间韧带supraspinouslig.棘上韧带Intervertebralsymphysis椎间联合interverbraldiscs椎间盘Fibrousrings纤维环Pulpiformnucleus髓核Anteriorlongitudinal前纵韧带Posteriorlongitudinal前后韧带Zygapophysialjoint关节突关节Lumbosacraljoint腰骶连结Costovertebraljoints肋椎关节Jointofcostalhead肋头关节Costotransversejoint肋横突关节Sternocostaljoints胸肋关节Cranialsuture颅缝Coronal(sagittal)suture冠矢状缝Lambdoidsuture人字缝Synchondrosesofcranium颅结合Temporomandibularjoint颞下颌关节（3）附肢骨骼的连结(JointsoftheAppendicularSkeleton)jointsofshouldergirdle上肢带连结coracoacromiallig.喙间韧带Coracoclavicularlig.喙锁韧带Acromioclavicularjoint肩锁关节Sternoclavicularjoint胸锁关节Jointsoffreeupperlimb自由上肢连结Shoulderjoint肩关节Elbowjoint肘关节Humeroulnarjoint肱尺关节Humeroradialjoint肱桡关节Jointsofhand手关节Radiocarpaljoint,wristjoint桡腕关节，腕关节Intercarpaljoints腕骨间关节Carpometacarpaljoints腕掌关节Carpometacarpaljointofthumb拇指腕掌关节Intermetacarpaljoints掌骨间关节Metacarpophalangealjoints掌指关节Interphalangealjointsofhand指骨间关节Jointsofpelvicgirdle下肢带连结Pubicsymphysis耻骨联合Interpubicdisc耻骨间盘Obturatormembrane闭孔膜Sacroiliacjoints骶髂关节Sacrotuberouslig.骶结节韧带Greater(lesser)sciaticforamen坐骨大(小)孔Pelvis骨盆Terminalline界线Greater(lesser)pelvis大小骨盆Superior(posterior)pelvicaperture骨盆上下口Pubicarch耻骨弓Subpubicangle耻骨下角Pelviccavity骨盆腔Jointsoffreelowerlimb自由下肢连结Hipjoint髋关节Transverseacetabularlig.髋臼横韧带Ligamentofheadoffemur股骨头韧带Kneejoint膝关节Medial(lateral)meniscus内外侧半月板Transverseknee膝横韧带Anteriorcruciatelig.前交叉韧带Posteriorcruciatelig.后交叉韧带Fibular(tibial)collaterallig.腓(胫)侧副韧带Ligamentofpatella髌韧带Tibiofibularjoint胫腓关节Tibiofibularsyndesmosis胫腓连结Cruralinterosseousmembrane小腿骨间膜Jointsoffoot足关节talocruraljoint,anklejoint距小腿关节，踝关节intertarsaljoints跗骨间关节subtalarjoint,talocalcanealjoint距下关节，距跟关节transversetarsaljoint跗横关节talocalcaneonavicularjoint距跟舟关节tarsometatarsaljoint跗跖关节intermetatarsaljoints跖骨间关节metatarsophalangealjoint跖趾关节interphalangealjointsoffoot跖骨间关节archoffoot,tarsometatarsalarch足弓，跗跖弓medial(lateral)longitudinalarch内(外)侧纵弓transversearch横弓3.肌学(myology)（1）概述muscle(m.)肌肉cardiacmuscle心肌smoothmuscle平滑肌skeletalmuscle骨骼肌long(short,broad,flat)muscle长(短，阔，扁)肌orbicularmuscle轮匝肌sphincter括约肌dilator,dilatator开大肌venter(belly)肌腹tendon腱aponeurosis腱膜origin起点，固定点insertion止点，动点accessory(subservient)structure辅助结构tendinoussheath腱鞘synovialsheathoftendon滑膜腱鞘fascia筋膜superficial(deep)fascia浅(深)筋膜synovialbursa滑膜囊subcutaneoustissue(fat)皮下组织(脂肪)（2）躯干肌(MusclesofTrunk)musclesofback背肌trapeziusm.斜方肌broadestm.ofback背阔肌erectorspinalm.竖脊肌musclesofneck颈肌platysmam.颈阔肌sternocleidomastoidm.胸锁乳突肌anterior(middle,posterior)scalenem.前中后斜角肌scalenefissure斜角肌suprahyoidmuscles舌骨上肌群infrahyoidmuscles舌骨下肌群thoracicm.胸肌greater(lesser)pectoralm.胸大(小)肌anteriorserratusm.前锯肌thoracicproperm.胸固有肌externalintercostalm.肋间外肌internalintercostalm.肋间内肌external(internal)intercostalsmembrane肋间外(内)膜transversem.ofthorax胸横肌intimateintercostalm.肋间最内肌*diaphragm膈centraltendon中心腱aortichiatus主动脉裂孔esophagealhiatus食管裂孔hiatusofvenacave腔静裂孔abdominalm.腹肌abdominalrectusm.,straightm.ofabdomen腹直肌sheathofrectusm.腹直肌鞘external(internal)obliquem.ofabdomen腹外(内)斜肌inguinallig.腹股沟韧带superficial(deep)inguinalring腹股沟浅环transversem.ofabdomen腹横肌inguinalcanal腹股沟管（2）头肌(MusclesofHead)Facialm.面肌epicranialm.颅顶肌occipitofrontalm.枕额肌frontal(occipital)belly额(枕)腹epicranialaponeurosis,galeaaponeurotica帽状腱膜orbicuaalm.ofeye眼轮匝肌orbicularm.ofmouth口轮匝肌buccinator,buccinatorm.颊肌masticatorym.咀嚼肌masseterm.咬肌（3）上肢肌(MusclesofUpperLimb)musclesofshouldergirdle上肢带肌,肩带肌deltoidm.三角肌musclesofarm臂肌brachialbiceps(triceps)m.肱二(三)头肌anconeusm.肘肌roundpronatorm.旋前圆肌radial(ulnar)flexorm.ofwrist桡(尺)侧腕屈肌longpalmarm.掌长肌superficial(deep)fleaorm.offingers指浅(深)屈肌longflexorm,ofthumb拇长屈肌quadratepronatorm.brachioradialis旋前方肌brachioradialm.,brachioradialis肱桡肌long(short)radialextensorcarpalm.桡侧腕长(短)伸肌extensorm.offingers指伸肌extensorm.oflesserfinger小指伸肌ulnarextensorm.ofwrist尺侧腕伸肌supinatorm.旋后肌longabductor(extensor)m.ofthumb拇长展(伸)肌shortextensorm.ofthumb拇短伸肌extensorm.ofindexfinger示指伸肌musclesofhand手肌shortabductor(flexor)m.ofthumb拇短展(屈)肌opposingm.ofthumb拇对掌肌abductor(opposing)m.oflittlefinger小指展(对掌)肌lumbrricalm.蚓状肌palmar(dorsal)interosseousm.骨间掌(背)侧肌（4）下肢肌(musclesoflowerlimb)musclesofhip髋肌iliopsoasm.髂腰肌iliacm.髂肌greaterpsoasm.腰大肌greatest(middle,least)glutealm.臀大(中，小)肌tensorm.ofbroadfascia阔筋膜张肌pririformm.梨状肌internalobturatorm.闭孔内肌externalobturatorm.闭孔外肌quadratem.ofthigh股方肌musclesofthigh大腿肌sartoriusm.缝匠肌quadricepsm.lfthigh股四头肌pectinealm.耻骨肌slenderm.gracilem股薄肌.long(short)adductorm.长短收肌greatadductorm.大收肌bicepsm.ofthigh股二头肌semiterninousm.半腱肌semimembranousm.半膜肌musclesofleg小腿肌anterior(posterior)tibialm.胫骨前后肌longextensorm.ofdigits趾长伸肌longestensorm.lfgreattoe拇长伸肌long(short)peroneal腓骨长短肌tricepsm.ofcalf小腿三头肌gastrocnemiusm.腓肠肌soleusm.比目鱼肌tendonofheel跟腱longflexorm.oftoe趾长伸肌longflexorm.ofgreattoe拇长屈肌musclesoffoot足肌broadfascia阔筋膜iliotibialtract髂筋束adductortendinousopening,adductorhiatus收肌腱裂孔adductorcanal收肌管muscularlacuna肌腔隙iliopectinealarch髂耻弓vascularlacuna血管腔隙femoraltriangle(sheath)股三角(鞘)femoralcanal(ring)股管(环)saphenoushiatus,oralfossa隐静脉裂孔，卵圆窝malleolarcanal踝管二、内脏学(Splanchnology)*（一）消化系统(DigestiveSystem)digestivesystem，alimentarysystem消化系统internalorgan，splanchna，viscera内脏splanchnology内脏学digestiveapparatus消化器digestivecanal消化管1.上消化道SuperiorDigestiveTractMouth口Oralcavity，mouthcavity口腔Hard(soft)palate硬(软)腭Gum牙龈Sublingualcaruncle舌下阜Sublingualfold舌下襞Papillaofparotidduct腮腺管乳头Oralglands口腔腺Majorsalivaryglands大唾液腺Sublingualgland舌下腺Major(minor)sublingualduct舌下腺大(小)管Submandibulargland下颌下腺Submandibularduct下颌下腺管*Parotidgland腮腺Parotidduct腮腺管Tooth牙Incisorteethincisor切牙Lateral(second)incisor侧切牙Canineteeth尖牙Premolorteeth前磨牙molorteeth磨牙*tongue,lingua舌apex(dorsoum，root，body)oftongue舌尖(背，根，体)lingualmucousmembrane舌黏膜frenulumoftongue舌系带papillaeoftongue,lingualpapillae舌乳头filiformpapillae丝状乳头fungiformpapillae菌状乳头vallatepapillae轮廓乳头foliatepapillae叶状乳头terminalsulcus界沟foramencecumoftongue舌盲孔musclesoftongue舌肌genioglossusm颏舌肌*pharynx咽isthmusoffauces,fauces咽峡palatinevelum腭帆palatineuvula,uvula腭垂，悬雍垂palatoglossalarch腭舌弓palatopharyngealarch腭咽弓palatinetonsil腭扁桃体tonsillarfossa扁桃体窝cavity(fornix)ofpharynx咽腔nasopharynx鼻咽eustachiancushion,tubaltorus咽鼓管圆枕tonsillarring扁桃体环pharyngealrecess咽隐窝oropharynx口咽laryngopharynx喉咽piriformrecess梨状隐窝*esophagus食管，食道cervical(thoracic,abdominal)partofesophagus食管颈(胸，腹)部*stomach胃greatercurvatureofstomach胃大弯lessercurvatureofstomach胃小弯angular(gastric)notch角切迹cardia,cardiacorifice贲门cardiacpart贲门部fundus(body)ofstomach胃底cardiacnotch(incisure)贲门切迹pylorus,pyloricorifice幽门pyloricpart(canal,antrum)幽门部(管，窦)*smallintestine小肠solitarylymphaticfollicles孤立淋巴滤泡aggregatedlymphaticfollicles集合淋巴滤泡*duodenum十二指肠ampulla,duodenalbulb十二指肠球major(minor)duodenalpapilla十二指肠大(小)乳头duodinojejunalflexure十二指肠空肠曲suspensoryduodenum十二指肠悬肌2.下消化道(InferiorDigestiveTract)*jejunum空肠*ileum回肠*largeintestine大肠c(a)ecum盲肠ileocecalvalve(orifice)回盲(瓣)口*vermix,vermiformappendix阑尾*colon结肠ascending(transverse,descending)colon升(横，降)结肠rightcolicflexure,hepaticflexure结肠右曲，肝曲leftcolicflexure,splenicflexure结肠左曲，脾曲sigmoidcolon乙状结肠haustraofcolon结肠袋coliclig结肠带epiploicappendices肠脂垂*rectum直肠sacral(perineal)flexure骶(会阴)曲analcanal(column,sinus,valves肛管(柱，窦，瓣)anorectalline肛直肠线dentateline,anocutaneousline齿状线，肛皮线analpecten,hemorrhoidalring肛梳anus肛门internalsphincterm.ofanus肛门内括约肌3.消化腺(DigestiveGlands)*liver肝diaphragmaticsurface膈面visceralsurface脏面sulcusforvenacava腔静脉沟fossaforgallbladder胆囊窝roundliver肝圆韧带venouslig.(duct)静脉韧带doorofliver肝门hepaticpedicle肝蒂left(right)lobe左(右)叶quadrate(caudate)lobe方(尾状)叶bileduct胆管extrahepaticduct肝外胆道commonhepaticduct肝总管left(right)hepaticduct肝左右管*gallbladder胆囊fundus(body,neck)ofgallbladder胆囊底(体，颈)cysticduct胆囊管commonbileduct胆总管hepatopancreaticampulla肝胰壶腹sphincterhepatopancreaticampulla肝胰壶腹括约肌*pancreas胰uncinateprocess钩突head(body,tail)ofpancreas胰头(体，尾)pancreaticduct胰管accessarypancreaticduct副胰管（二）*呼吸系统(RespiratorySystem)respiratoryapparatus(organ)呼吸器superior(inferior)respiratorytract上(下)呼吸道nose鼻externalnose外鼻root(back,apex,wing)ofnose鼻根(背，尖，翼)nasolabialgroove鼻唇沟nasalcartilage鼻软骨naris)鼻孔posteriornasalapertures,choanae鼻后孔nasalseptum鼻中隔nasalvestibule鼻前庭propernasalcavity固有鼻腔sphenoethmoidalrecess蝶筛隐窝superior(middle,inferior)meatusofnose上(中，下)鼻道*paranasalsinuses鼻旁窦maxillarysinus上颌窦sphenoidal(frontal,ethmoidal)sinus蝶(额，筛)窦*larynx喉laryngealcartilages喉软骨thyroidcartilage甲状软骨cricoidcartilage环状软骨arytenoidcartilage勺状软骨epiglotticcartilage会厌软骨laryngealm.喉肌cricothyroidm.环甲肌laryngealcavity喉腔laryngealaperture喉口epiglottis会厌vestibuleoflarynx喉前庭vestibularfold(slit)前庭襞(裂)intermediatecavityoflarynx喉中间腔ventricleoflarynx喉室glottis声门slitofglottis声门裂vocalfold声带，声襞infraglotticcavity声门下腔elasticcone弹性圆锥cricothyroidmembrane环甲膜vocallig.声韧带*trachea气管cervial(thoracic)part颈(胸)部trachealcartilages气管软骨bifurcationoftrachea气管杈carinaoftrachea气管隆嵴bronchus)支气管left(right)principalbronchus左(右)主支气管lobarbronchi肺叶支气管segmentalbronchi肺段支气管*lung肺apex(base)oflung肺尖(底)costal(medial,diaphragmatic)surface肋(内侧，膈)面cardiacnotchofleftlung左肺心切迹lingulaofleftlung左肺小舌hilus(root)oflung肺根(门)obliquefissure斜裂horizontaldissureofrightlung右肺水平裂bronchopulmonarysehments支气管肺段superior(middle,inferior)lobe上(中,下)叶thoracic(pleural)cavity胸(胸膜)腔pleura胸膜cupulaofpleura,cervicalpleura胸膜顶visceral(parietal)pleura脏(壁)胸膜mediastinal(costal,diaphragmatic)pleura纵隔(肋，膈)胸膜pleuralrecesses胸膜隐窝costomediastinalrecess肋纵隔隐窝Mediastinum纵隔Superior(inferior)mediastinum上(下)纵隔Anterior(middle,posterior)mediastinum前(中，后)纵隔（三）*泌尿系统(UrinarySystem)urogenitalsystem泌尿生殖系统urinaryorgans泌尿器*kidney肾renalhilus(sinus，pedicle)肾门(窦，蒂)renalfascia肾筋膜fatly(adipose)capsule脂肪囊fibrouscapsule纤维囊renalcortex(medulla)肾皮(髓)质renalpyramid肾锥体renalpapilla肾乳头papillaryforamen乳头孔renalcolumns(pelvis)肾柱(盂)renalcalices肾盏major(minor)renalcalices肾大(小)盏*ureter输尿管*bladder，urinarybladder膀胱apex(body，fundus，neck)ofbladder膀胱尖(体，底，颈)trigoneofbladder，vesicaltrigone膀胱三角interuretericridge输尿管间襞orificeofureter输尿管口internalurethralorifice尿道内口femaleurethra女尿道（四）*生殖系统(ReproductiveSystem)reproductivesystem，genitalsystem生殖系统male(female)genitalorgans男女性生殖器internal(external)genitalorgans内(外)生殖器1.男性生殖器(MaleGenitalOrgans)testicle，testis睾丸*epididymis附睾deferential(spermatic)duct输精管ejaculatoryduct射精管seminalvesicle精囊精囊腺spermaticcord精索cremastericm.提睾肌prostate前列腺apex(base，body,sulcus)ofprostate前列腺尖(底，体，沟)bulbourethralgland尿道球腺penis阴茎prepuceofpenis阴茎包皮bulbofurethra尿道球maleurethra男尿道prostaticpart前列腺部seminalcolliculus精阜membranouspart膜部subpubiccurvature耻骨下弯prepubiccurvature耻骨前弯scrotum阴囊dartoscoat，dartos肉膜2.女性生殖器(femaleGenitalOrgans)*ovary卵巢*uterinetube，oviduct输卵管*Womb,uterus子宫Fundusofuterus子宫底(体)Isthmrsofuterus子宫峡(角)Neckofuterus,cervix子宫颈Orifice(cavity)ofuterus子宫口(腔)Canalofcervixofuterus子宫颈管Round(broad)lig.Ofuterus子宫圆(阔)韧带Cardinallig.Ofuterus子宫主韧带Sacroluterinelig.骶子宫韧带Vagina阴道Femalepudendum,vulva女阴Monspubis阴阜Greater(lesser)lipofpudendum大(小)阴唇Vaginalvestibule阴道前庭Vaginalorifice阴道口3.乳房，会阴(Mammaandperineum)Mamma.breast乳头Mammarygland乳腺Perineum会阴Pelvicdiaphragm盆膈Urogenitaldiaphragm尿生殖膈Sphincterm.ofurethra尿道括约肌（五）腹膜(Peritoneum)Parietal(visceral)peritoneum壁(脏)腹膜Abdominalcavity腹腔Peritonealcavity,greatersac腹膜腔，大囊Omentabursa,lessersac网膜囊，小囊Omentalforamen,epiploicforamen网膜孔Mesentery肠系膜Lesseromentum小网膜Inguinaltrigone腹股沟三角rectouterinepouch直肠子宫陷凹vesicouterinepouch膀胱子宫陷凹rectovesicalpouch直肠膀胱陷凹四、*脉管系统(Vascularsystem)（一）概述vascularsystem,angiologicalsystem脉管系统angiology脉管学circulatorysystem循环系统cardiovascularsystem心血管系统*heart心blood血液vessel管，脉管bloodvessel血管arteriole小动脉arteriolovenularanastomsis小静脉vein(v.)静脉cutaneousv.皮静脉superficial(deep)v.浅(深)静脉accompanyingv.伴行动脉venule小静脉venousvalve静脉瓣venousplexus(rete)静脉丛(网)capillary毛细管（二）心血管系统(Cardiovascularsystem)systemiccirculation,greatercirculation体循环，大循环pulmonary(lesser)circulation肺循环，小循环fetalcirculation胎血循环1.心(heart)cardiacapex(bace)心尖(底)cardiacapicalincisure心尖切迹sternocostal(diaphragmatic)surface胸肋(膈)面pulmonarysurface肺面rightborder右缘leftborder,obtusemargin左缘，钝缘inferiorborder,acutemargin下缘，锐缘anterior(posterior)interventriculargroove前(后)室间沟coronarysulcus冠状沟atrioventricularjunction房室交点atrioventricularseptum房室膈*cardiacventricle心室interventricularseptum室间隔muscular(membranous)part肌(膜)部*cardiacatrium心房left(right)auricleofheart左(右)心耳interatrial(interauricular)septum房间膈left(right)atrioventricularorifice左(右)房室口cardiacm.心肌pectinatem.梳状肌carbeoustrabeculae肉柱papillarym.乳头肌tendinouscord腱索fibrousskeleton纤维支架leftfibroustrigone左纤维三角架rightfibroustrigone,centralfibrousbody左纤维三角left(right)fibrousring左(右)纤维环endocardium心内膜rightatrium右心房limitingsulcus,terminalgroove界沟terminalcrest界嵴sinusofvenacava腔静脉窦ovalfossa(foramen)卵圆孔borderofovalofossa卵圆窝缘orificeofsuperior上(下)腔静脉口valveofinferiorvenacava下腔静脉瓣orifice(valve)ofcoronarysinus冠状窦口rightventricle右心室rightatrioventricularvalve,tricuspidvalve右房室瓣supraventricularcrest室上嵴arterialcone动脉圆锥pulmonaryorifice(valve)肺动脉口(瓣)nodulesofsemilunarvalves半月瓣小节septomarginaltrabecula隔缘肉柱leftatrium左心房orificeofpulmonaryv.肺静脉口leftventricle左心室leftatrioventricularvalve,vicuspidvalve左房室瓣，二尖瓣aorticorifice(valve)主动脉口(瓣)conductionsystemofheart心传导系统sinoatrialnode窦房结hinternodaltract结间束atrioventricularnode房室结atrioventricularbundle房室束left(right)bundlebranch左(右)束支rightcoronarya.右冠状动脉Leftcoronarya.左冠状动脉anteriorinterventricularbranch前室间支circumflexbranch,旋支cardiacv.心静脉coronarysinus冠状窦greatcardiacv.心大静脉middlecardiacv.心中静脉smallcardiacv.心小静脉*pericardium心包fibrouspericardium纤维心包serouspericardium浆膜心包parietallayer壁层viscerallayer,epicardium脏层，心外膜cavityofpericardium心包腔2.动脉(Artery)*pulmonarytrunk肺动脉干bifurcationofpulmonarytrunk肺动脉叉left(right)pulmonary左(右)肺动脉arterialduct(lig.)动脉导管(韧带)*aorta主动脉ascendingaorta升主动脉*brachiocephalictrunk头臂干*commoncarotida.颈总动脉carotidsinus(bodies)颈动脉窦(小球)*internalcarotida.颈内动脉*externalcarotida.颈外动脉superiorthyroid甲状腺上动脉lingual(facial)a.舌(面)动脉occipitala.枕动脉posteriorauriculara.耳后动脉superficialtemporala.颞浅动脉maxillarya.上颌动脉middlemeningeala.脑膜中动脉subclaviculara.锁骨下动脉vertebrala.椎动脉axillarya.腋动脉thoracoacromiala.胸肩峰动脉lateralthoracica.胸外侧动脉brachiala.肱动脉radiala.桡动脉deeppalmararch掌深弓ulnara.尺动脉cubitalarticularrete肘关节网superficialpalmararch掌浅弓common(proper)palmardigitala.指掌侧总(固有)动脉descendingaorta降主动脉*Thoracicaorta胸主动脉posteriorintercostala.肋间后动脉subcostala.肋下动脉*Abdominalaorta腹主动脉inferiorphrenica.膈下动脉mediansacrala.骶正中动脉lumbara.腰动脉c(o)eliactrunk腹腔干，腹腔动脉left(right)gastrica.胃左(右)动脉commonhepatica.肝总动脉properhepatica.肝固有动脉cystica.胆囊动脉gastroduodenala.胃十二指肠动脉leftgastroepiploica.胃网膜左动脉rightgastroepiploica.胃网膜右动脉splenica.脾动脉superiormesenterica.肠系膜上动脉jejunala.空肠动脉ileala.回肠动脉ileocolica.回结肠动脉appendiculara.阑尾动脉rightcolica.右结肠动脉middlecolica.中结肠动脉inferiormesenterica.肠系膜下动脉leftcolica.左结肠动脉sigmoida.乙状结肠动脉superiorrectala.直肠上动脉renala.肾动脉testiculara.睾丸动脉ovariana.卵巢动脉aorticbifurcation主动脉杈*commoniliaca.髂总动脉*internaliliaca.髂内动脉*externaliliaca.髂外动脉iliolumbara.髂腰动脉obturatora.闭孔动脉superior(inferior)gluteala.臀上下动脉umbilicala.脐动脉superior(inferior)vesicala.膀胱上(下)动脉uterine(vaginal)a.子宫(阴道)动脉inferiorrectala.直肠下动脉internalpudendala.阴部内动脉anala.肛动脉perineala.会阴动脉externaliliaca.髂外动脉inferiorepigastrica.腹壁下动脉femorala.股动脉superficialepigastrica.腹壁浅动脉externalpudendala.阴部外动脉popliteala.腘动脉geniculararticularrete膝关节网anterior(posterior)tibiala.胫前(后)动脉peroneala.腓动脉dorsalpedala.足背动脉medial(lateral)plantara.足底内(外)侧动脉3.静脉(Vein)Pulmonaryv.肺静脉rightsuperior(inferior)pulmonaryv.右上(下)肺静脉leftsuperior(inferior)pulmonaryv.左上(下)肺静脉*superiorvenacava上腔静脉rightbrachiocephalicv.右头臂静脉leftbrachiocephalicv.左头臂静脉innominatev.无名静脉internaljugularv.颈内静脉deepfacialv.面深静脉pterygoidvenousplexus翼静脉丛venousangle静脉角anteriorjugularv.颈前静脉cephalicv.头静脉basilicv.贵要静脉mediancubitalv.肘正中静脉medianantebrachialv.前臂正中静脉dorsalvenousnetworkofhand手背静脉网azygosv.奇静脉hemiazygosv.半奇静脉accessoryhemiazygosv.副半奇静脉ascendinglumbarv.腰升静脉lumbarv.腰静脉vertebralvenousplexus椎静脉丛esophagealvenousplexus食管静脉丛periumbilicalvenousnetwork脐周静脉网*inferiorvenacava下腔静脉hepaticv.肝静脉*hepaticportalv.肝门静脉rectalvenousplexus直肠静脉丛superficialveinsoflowerlimb下肢浅静脉great