考研考博-英语-山东财经大学东方学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东财经大学东方学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Teenagersinthe1950s,whohadto（

）anincreasinglyatomizedfamilylifeanddomesticandinternationaltensions,scornedthesterileversionofAmericanlife.

问题1选项

A.injure

B.conjure

C.confront

D.inflow

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。句意：二十世纪五十年代的青少年，必须去面对破碎的家庭，国内外的紧张，从而蔑视这种枯燥无味的美国生活。injure“受伤”；conjure“恳求，祈求”；confront“面对”；inflow“流入”。根据句意，选项C符合题意。

2.单选题

Amost（

）argumentaboutwhoshouldgoandfetchthebreadfromthekitchenwas

goingonwhenIcamein.

问题1选项

A.trivial

B.delicate

C.minor

D.miniature

【答案】A

【解析】考查形容词词义辨析。trivial“不重要的，琐碎的”；delicate“微妙的，精美的”；minor“次要的，较小的”；miniature“微型的，小规模的”。句意：当我进来的时候，一场极琐碎的就谁应该去鸡的面前捡回面包的争吵正在进行。选项A符合题意。

3.单选题

Theactress（

）thetermsofhercontractandwassuedbytheproducer.

问题1选项

A.isolated

B.signed

C.implemented

D.violated

【答案】D

【解析】动词辨析题。A选项isolated“使孤立，使分离”；B选项signed“署名，写下”；C选项implemented“实施，执行”；D选项violated“违反”。句意：这位女演员违反了合同条款，被制片人告上了法庭。选项D更符合语境。

4.填空题

Achildwhohasoncebeenpleasedwithatalelikes,asarule,tohaveitretoldinidenticallythesamewords,butthisshouldnotleadparentstotreatprintedfairystoriesassacredtexts.Itisalwaysmuchbettertotellastorythanreadit11ofabook,and,ifaparentcanproduce12intheactualcircumstancesofthetimeandtheindividualchild,isanimprovementontheprintedtext,somuchthebetter.

Achargemadeagainstfairytalesisthattheyharmthechildbyfrighteninghimorarousinghissadisticimpulses.Toprovethe13,onewouldhavetoshowinacontrolledexperimentthatchildrenwhohavereadfairystoriesweremoreoftenguiltyofcrueltythanthosewhohadnot.Aggressive,destructive,sadisticimpulseseverychildhashad,14onthewhole,theirsymbolicverbaldischargeseemstoberatherasafetyvalvethananincitementtoovertaction.Astofears,thereare,Ithink,well-authenticatedcasesofchildren15dangerouslyterrifiedbysomefairystory.Often,however,thisarisesfromthechildhavingheardthestoryonce.Familiaritywiththestorybyrepetitionturnsthepainoffear16thepleasureofafearfacedandmastered.

Therearealsopeoplewhoobjecttofairystoriesonthegrounds17theyarenotobjectivelytrue,thatgiants,witches,two-headeddragons,magiccarpets,etc.,donotexist;andthat,insteadofindulginghisfantasies18fairytales,thechildshouldbetaughthowtoadapttorealitybystudyinghistoryandmechanics.Ifindsuchpeople,Imustconfess,sounsympatheticandpeculiarthatIdonotknowhowtoarguewiththem.Iftheircase19sound,theworldshouldbefullofmadmenattemptingtoflyfromNewYorktoPhiladelphiaonabroomstick20coveringatelephonewithkissesinthebeliefthatitwastheirenchantedgirl-friend.Nofairystoryeverclaimedtobeadescriptionoftheexternalworldandnosamechildhaseverbelievedthatitwas.

【答案】11.out

12.what

13.latter

14.and

15.being

16.into

17.that

18.in

19.were

20.or

【解析】11.考查动词短语。句意：讲故事总是比从书上读故事好得多。readsth.out“读出来”，这里it指的是astory。

12.考查宾语从句。句意：如果父母能在当时和孩子个人的实际情况下写出比印刷文本更好的东西，那就更好了。produce后面接宾语从句，宾语从句缺主语，引导词what作宾语从句的主语。

13.考查连词。这里承接上文theyharmthechildbyfrighteninghimorarousinghissadisticimpulses（童话故事通过吓唬孩子或唤起孩子的施虐冲动来伤害孩子），而后文是要证明childrenwhohavereadfairystoriesweremoreoftenguiltyofcrueltythanthosewhohadnot（读过童话故事的孩子比没有读过的孩子更容易犯下残忍的罪行），所以这里是证明后者，用latter符合题意。

14.考查连词用法。前面Aggressive,destructive,sadisticimpulseseverychildhas（每个孩子都有攻击性、破坏性、虐待性的冲动），后面onthewhole,theirsymbolicverbaldischargeseemstoberatherasafetyvalvethananincitementtoovertaction（总的来说，他们象征性的言语发泄被视为一种安全阀，而不是公开行动的刺激），可知前后是并列结构，用and符合题意。

15.考查非谓语动词。句意：至于恐惧，我认为，确实有一些孩子被一些童话故事吓坏的案例。根据children被terrified确定用被动语态，被动语态结构为be动词+done，根据介词of确定用动名词形式，所以being符合题意。

16.考查动词短语。osth.“将……变成……”，根据语境，这里指将恐惧的痛苦转化为面对和控制恐惧的快乐。

17.考查状语从句。句意：也有人反对童话故事，理由是它们不是客观真实的，巨人、女巫、双头龙、魔毯等等，根本不存在。onthegroundsthattheyarenotobjectivelytrue是修饰whoobjecttofairystories的原因状语从句，onthegroundsthat属于边际从属连词。

18.考查介词用法。句意：应该教孩子如何通过学习历史和力学来适应现实，而不是沉溺于童话故事中的幻想。这里指在童话故事中，infairytales符合题意。

19.考查虚拟语气。句意：如果他们的说法合理，那么这个世界上应该有很多疯子。这里的虚拟语气用来表示假设，表示与现在事实相反的情况，从句结构：If+主语+动词一般过去时（Be动词用were），were符合题意。

20.考查连词用法。句意：如果他们的说法合理，那么这个世界上应该有很多疯子，他们试图骑着扫帚从纽约飞到费城，或者用亲吻来覆盖电话，以为那是他们被施了魔法的女友。根据语境，在这里or使句子通顺。

5.单选题

The（

）preventsthepeopleinthetwoneighboringnationsfromlivinginpeace.

问题1选项

A.brevity

B.amenity

C.enmity

D.fidelity

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。brevity“简洁”；amenity“舒适，愉悦”；enmity“敌意，憎恨”；fidelity“忠诚”。题干中提到有一种东西会阻止两邻国友好相处，这种东西很明显是enmity，选项C符合题意。

6.写作题

Directions:Chooseoneofthetwotopicstodevelopanessayofabout300words.

1.China’sOpportunitiesandChallengeswiththeComingofGlobalization.

2.SomepeoplebelievethattheEarthisbeingdamagedbyhuman,activity.OthersfeelthathumanactivitymakestheEarthabetterplacetolive.Whatisyouropinion?Usespecificreasonsandexamplestosupportyouranswer.

【答案】略

7.单选题

Everyoneexperiencesfearduringmajorcrisis—suchasfires,automobileaccidents,etc.Somepeopleevenfeelverynervouswhentheyflyinairplanes.Nomatterhowhardtheytry,theycannotlowertheiranxiety.Someofthemenjoytalkingabouttheirfearswhileothersresentbeingaskedtodiscusstheirpersonalfeelings.Manyareawarethattheyfeelanxiousbutonlyafewareconsciousofthewaytheyexpresstheirtension.Somepeopletrytohidetheirnervousness:theytrytodisguisetheiranxietybytellingjokes.Othersbecomeloudandaggressive,attackingpeoplebymakingthemthebuttofcrueljokes.Sometimesmakingsomeoneelsethetargetofjokesisanattempttocontrolone’sownfears—tomasteranxiety.

Anumberoffactorscanbementionedasimportantinexplainingwhysomepeoplehaveafearofflying:earlychildhoodexperiences,generalsenseofsecurity,fearofheights,trustinothers,percentageofalcoholinblood,etc.Thememoryofabadexperiencecansometimestriggerthesamefearcausedbythatexperience.Thus,achildmightbefrightenedbythesightofadogeventhoughheissafe,merelybecauseheoncehadabadexperiencewithadog.Abadexperiencecanbethecuethattriggersourfears.Butthecrucialfactorseemstobeafeelingofnocontrol.

Usuallyweareabletosuppressourfeelingssothattheydonotaffectourbehavior.Butsometimesthetensionproducedbyourfearsissogreatthatwecannotsuppressit.Atsuchtimeweneedtodischargethetensionbylaughingorcrying.Bysmilingfoolishlyandtalkingloudly,weareabletorepresstherisingfeelingoffearsothatitdoesnotaffectthewaywebehave.

Becauseitisnecessarytorecognizeaproblembeforeitcanbesolved,admittingthatweareafraidisanintegralpartoftheprocessofmasteringourfears.

1.Tomakesomeonethebuttofjokesmeans（）.

2.Whatisthepositivepurposeofpeople’stellingjokes?

3.Tomasteranxietymeans（）

4.Accordingtotheauthor,whichofthefollowingisthemostimportantfactortriggeringthefeelingfear?

5.Accordingtotheconcludingparagraph,whatisessentialtogothroughtheprocessofmasteringone’sfears?

问题1选项

A.tomakesomeonebecometheobjectofjokes

B.toforcesomeonetoenjoyjokes

C.toentitlesomeonetotelljokes

D.tooffendsomeonebyjokes

问题2选项

A.Toshowone’ssenseofhumor.

B.Tocontrolone’sownfears.

C.Todisguisetheiranxiety.

D.Toattackothers.

问题3选项

A.tobefamiliarwithtension

B.toholdbackthefeelingofuneasiness

C.toconquerthefeelingofnervousness

D.tobegoodatthesubjectofanxiety

问题4选项

A.Thefearofheights.

B.Earlychildhoodexperience.

C.Thegeneralsenseofsecurity.

D.Afeelingofnocontrol.

问题5选项

A.Tobeconsciousofthewayofmasteringfears.

B.Torepresstherisingfeelingoffear.

C.Toadmitthefeelingoffears.

D.Tocontrolone’sfeelings.

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:D

第5题:C

【解析】1.语义题。根据第一段的倒数二三句“Somepeopletrytohidetheirnervousness:theytrytodisguisetheiranxietybytellingjokes.Othersbecomeloudandaggressive,attackingpeoplebymakingthemthebuttofcrueljokes.”有些人试图通过讲笑话来掩饰他们的焦虑；另一些人则吵闹和好斗，攻击别人的方法是使人成为被取笑的对象。所以thebuttofjokes指：被人取笑的对象。选项A符合原文。

2.细节归纳题。根据第一段的最后一句“Sometimesmakingsomeoneelsethetargetofjokesisanattempttocontrolone’sownfears—tomasteranxiety.”有时让别人成为笑话的对象是为了控制自己的恐惧——控制焦虑。选项B符合原文。

3.细节事实题。根据第一段的最后一句“Sometimesmakingsomeoneelsethetargetofjokesisanattempttocontrolone’sownfears—tomasteranxiety.”可知选项C符合原文。

4.细节判断题。根据第二段最后一句“Butthecrucialfactorseemstobeafeelingofnocontrol.”可知选项D符合原文。

5.根据最后一段的内容可知：在问题得以解决之前，有必要认识它，承认我们害怕是控制恐惧过程中不可分割的一部分。选项C符合原文。

8.单选题

Unlikegirlsandboysinearliergenerations,whotendedtospendagooddealoftimeplayingtogether,today’s12-year-oldsaretypicallygivenseveralelectronicdevices,sothey

wouldinclinetoplayalone.

问题1选项

A.gooddealoftimeplaying

B.today’s12-year-olds

C.typicallygiven

D.wouldinclinetoplay

E.没有错误

【答案】D

【解析】动词误用。incline改为tend。此处表达的是：倾向（做…），而inclinetodosth.为：倾向于（认为某个信念或观点是正确的）。

9.单选题

Backin1992,ThomasEdisonpredictedthat“themotionpictureisdestinedtorevolutionizeoureducationalsystemandinafewyearsitwillsupplantlargely,ifnotentirely,theuseoftextbooks.”Well,weallmakemistakes.ButatleastEdisondidnotsquandervastquantitiesofpublicmoneyoninstallingcinemascreensinschoolsaroundthecountry.

Withcomputers,thestoryhasbeendifferent.Manygovernmentshavepackedthemintoschools,convincedthattheirpresencewouldimprovethepaceandefficiencyoflearning.Largenumbersofstudies,somemoreacademicallyrespectablethanothers,havepurportedtoshowthatcomputershelpchildrentolearn.Now,however,astudythatcomparesclasswithcomputersagainstsimilarclasseswithoutthemcastsdoubtonthatview.

InthecurrentEconomicJournal,JoshuaAngristoftheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnologyandVictorLavyoftheHebrewUniversityofJerusalemlookataschemewhichputcomputersintomanyofIsrael’sprimaryandmiddleschoolsinthemid-1990s.DrAngristandDrLavycomparethetestscoresformathandHebrewachievedbychildreninthefourthandeighthgrades(ie,agedaboutnineand13)inschoolswithandwithoutcomputers.Theyalsoaskedtheclasses’teachershowtheyusedvariousteachingmaterials,suchasXeroxedworksheetsand,ofcourse,computerprograms.TheresearchersfoundthattheIsraelischemehadmuchlesseffectonteachingmethodsinmiddleschoolsthaninelementaryschools.Italsofoundnoevidencethattheuseofcomputersimprovedchildren’stestscores.Infact,itfoundthereverse.Inthecaseofthemathscoresoffourth-graders,therewasaconsistentlynegativerelationshipbetweencomputeruseandtestscores.

Theauthorsofferthreepossibleexplanationsofwhythismightbe.First,theintroductionofcomputersintoclassroomsmighthavegobbledupcashthatwouldotherwisehavepaidforotheraspectsofeducation.Butthatisunlikelyinthiscasesincethemoneyfortheprogrammercamefromthenationallottery,andthestudyfoundnosignificantchangeinteachingresources,methodsortraininginschoolsthatacquiredcomputersthroughthescheme.

Asecondpossibilityisthatthetransitiontousingcomputersininstructiontakestimetohaveaneffect.Maybe,saytheauthor,buttheschoolssurveyedhadbeenusingthescheme’scomputersforafullschoolyear.Thatwasenoughforthenewcomputerstohavehadalarge(andapparentlymalign)influenceonfourth-grademathscores.Thethirdexplanationisthesimplest:thattheuseofcomputersinteachingisnobetter(andperhapsworse)thanotherteachingmethods.

Thebottomline,saysDrAngrist,isthat“thecostsareclear-cutandthebenefitsaremurky”.Theburdenofproofnowlieswiththepromotersofclassroomcomputers.Andtheonlyreliablewaytomaketheircaseis,surely,toconductaproperstudy,withchildrenrandomlyallocatedtoteacherswhousecomputersandteacherswhouseothermethods,includingthecheapestofall:chalkandtalk.

1.Wecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthat（）.

2.Dr.AngristandDr.Lavyhavedonethefollowingexcept（）.

3.AccordingtoDr.AngristandDr.Lavy,intheIsraelischeme,studentsdidn’tmakeimprovementintheirtestscoresbecause（）.

4.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthat（）.

5.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsgovernments’packingcomputersinschoolsseemstobe（）.

问题1选项

A.motionpicturehasrevolutionizededucationsystem

B.Edison’spredictionhasbeenprovedwrong

C.Edisonencouragedschoolstoinstallcinemascreens

D.SchoolsarecautiousaboutEdison’sidea

问题2选项

A.comparingthetestscoresofstudentsindifferentagegroups.

B.interviewingteachersabouttheirteachingmethods.

C.launchingthecomputerprograminmanyIsraelischools.

D.explainingstudents’schoolperformance.

问题3选项

A.otheraspectsofeducationwereaffectedduetocashshortage

B.itwasnotlongenoughfortheprogramtotakeeffect

C.therewasanegativerelationshipbetweencomputeruseandtestscores

D.theuseofcomputerwasnobetterthanotherteachingmethods

问题4选项

A.therehasn’tbeenaproperstudyonthisissueyet

B.schoolauthoritiesshouldprovideprooftosupportthecomputerprogram

C.installingcomputersinschoolscoststoomuch,buthaslittleornoeffect

D.chalkandtalkworkbetterthancomputerinteaching

问题5选项

A.biased

B.indifferent

C.disapproving

D.puzzling

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:D

第4题:A

第5题:C

【解析】1.细节事实题。根据第一段的内容可知，作者提到爱迪生的预言，随后指出“weallmakemistakes.”说明爱迪生的这个预言是错误的，所以选项B正确。

2.细节事实题。根据原文第二段的内容可知，发动计算机项目是国家政府做的，两位研究人员只是负责该项目的研究，所以选项C不正确。

3.细节事实题。由原文可知，作者提出了三种可能性，最后一种的可能性最大。根据倒数第二段最后一句“Thethirdexplanationisthesimplest:thattheuseofcomputersinteachingisnobetter(andperhapsworse)thanotherteachingmethods.”第三种解释是最简单的：在教学中使用计算机并不比其他教学方法更好(也许更糟)。选项D符合原文。

4.推理判断题。根据最后一段“Andtheonlyreliablewaytomaketheircaseis,surely,toconductaproperstudy,...”要证明他们的观点，唯一可靠的方法当然是进行适当的研究。由此可推断吗，目前关于这个问题还没有一个恰当的研究，选项A符合原文。

5.观点态度题。根据原文第一段的内容可知，作者提到虽然爱迪生的预言是错误的，但至少爱迪生没有浪费大量的公共资金在全国各地的学校里安装电影屏幕。随即在下文提到有的国家却这样做了，以及这样做并没有带来好的反响。说明作者对政府在学校里包装电脑的态度是否定的，选项C正确。

10.单选题

Nolongerarecontributionstocomputertechnologyconfinedtoanyonecountry;（

）isthismoretruethaninEurope.

问题1选项

A.hardly

B.little

C.seldom

D.nowhere

【答案】D

【解析】考查副词辨析。hardly“几乎不”；little“完全不”；seldom“很少”；nowhere“无处，任何地方”；句意：对电脑技术的贡献不再局限于某个国家，没有比在欧洲更能证明这一事实了。nowhere引导的是一个倒装句。Thisisnomore...than...没有…比…更…，此句表明欧洲最能证明这一事实。D项符合句意，答案D

11.单选题

Internationalgovernments,inactionconcerningsustainabledevelopmentisclearlyworryingbuttheproactive(主动出击的)approachesofsomeleading-edgecompaniesareencouraging.Toyota,Wal-Mart,DuPont,M&SandGeneralElectrichavemadetacklingenvironmentalwastesakeyeconomicdriver.

DuPontcommitteditselftoa65%reductioningreenhousegasemissionsinthe10yearspriorto2010.By2007,DuPontwassaving$2.2billionayearthroughenergyefficiency,thesameasitstotaldeclaredprofitsthatyear.GeneralElectricaimstoreducetheenergyintensityofitsoperationsby50%by2015.Theyhaveinvestedheavilyinprojectsdesignedtochangethewayofusingandconservingenergy.

CompanieslikeToyotaandWal-Martarenotcommittingtoenvironmentalgoalsoutofthegoodnessoftheirhearts.Thereasonfortheiractionsisasimpleyetpowerfulrealizationthattheenvironmentalandeconomicfootprintsfitwelltogether.WhenM&Slaunchedits“PlanA”sustainabilityprogrammerin2007,itwasbelievedthatitwouldcostover£200millioninthefirstfiveyears.However,theinitiativehadgenerated£105millionby2011/12.

Whenwepreventphysicalwaste,increaseenergyefficiencyorimproveresourceproductivity,wesavemoney,improveprofitabilityandenhancecompetitiveness.Infact,thereareoftenhuge“quickwin”opportunities,thankstoyearsofneglect.

However,thereisaconsiderablegapbetweenleading-edgecompaniesandtherestofthepack.Therearefartoomanycompaniesstilldelayingcreatingaleanandgreenbusinesssystem,arguingthatitwillcostmoneyorrequiresizablecapitalinvestments.Theyremainstuckinthe“environmentiscost”mentality.Beingenvironmentallyfriendlydoesnothavetocostmoney.Infact,goingbeyondcompliancesavescostatthesametimethatitgeneratescash,providedthatmanagementadoptsthenewleanandgreenmodel.

Leanmeansdoingmorewithless.Nonetheless,inmostcompanies,economicandenvironmentalcontinuousimprovementisviewedasbeinginconflictwitheachother.Thisisoneofthebiggestopportunitiesmissedacrossmostindustries.Thesizeoftheopportunityisenormous.The3%ReportrecentlypublishedbyWorldWildlifeFundandCDPshowsthattheeconomicprizeforcurbingcarbonemissionsintheUSeconomyis$780billionbetweennowand2020.Itsuggeststhatoneofthebiggestleversfordeliveringthisopportunityis“increasedefficiencythroughmanagementandbehavioralchange”—inotherwords,leanandgreenmanagement.

Some50studiesshowthatcompaniesthatcommittosuchaspirationalgoalsaszerowaste,zeroharmfulemissions,andzerouseofnon-renewableresourcesarefinanciallyoutperformingtheircompetitors.Conversely,itwasfoundthatclimatedisruptionisalreadycosting$1.2trillionannually,cuttingglobalGDPby1.6%.Unaddressed,thiswilldoubleby2030.

11.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutsomeleading-edgecompanies?

12.WhatmotivatesToyotaandWal-Marttomakecommitmentstoenvironmentalprotection?

13.Whyaresomanycompaniesreluctanttocreateanenvironment-friendlybusinesssystem?

14.Whatissaidabouttheleanandgreenmodelofbusiness?

15.Whatisthefindingofthestudiesaboutcompaniescommittedtoenvironmentalgoals?

问题1选项

A.Theyoperateinaccordancewithgovernmentpolicies.

B.Theytakeinitiativesinhandlingenvironmentalwastes.

C.Theyarekeydriversintheirnations’economicgrowth.

D.Theyaremajorcontributorstoenvironmentalproblems.

问题2选项

A.Thegoodnessoftheirhearts.

B.Astrongsenseofresponsibility.

C.Thedesiretogenerateprofits.

D.Pressurefromenvironmentalists.

问题3选项

A.Theyarebentonmakingquickmoney.

B.Theydonothavethecapitalfortheinvestment.

C.Theybelievebuildingsuchasystemistoocostly.

D.Theylacktheincentivetochangebusinesspractices.

问题4选项

A.Ithelpsbusinessestosaveandgainatthesametime.

B.Itisaffordableonlyforafewleading-edgecompanies.

C.Itislikelytostartanewroundofintensecompetition.

D.Itwilltakealongtimeforallcompaniestoembraceit.

问题5选项

A.Theyhavegreatlyenhancedtheirsenseofsocialresponsibility.

B.Theydomuchbetterthantheircounterpartsintermsofrevenues.

C.Theyhaveabandonedalltheoutdatedequipmentandtechnology.

D.Theymakegreatercontributionstohumanprogressthantheirrivals.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:A

第5题:B

【解析】11.事实细节题，第一步，精准定位，定位到第一段最后一句Toyota,Wal-Mart,DuPont,M&SandGeneralElectrichavemadetacklingenvironmentalwastesakeyeconomicdriver.（丰田（Toyota）、沃尔玛（Wal-Mart）、杜邦（DuPont）、玛莎百货（M&S）和通用电气（GeneralElectric）都把处理环境垃圾作为一项关键的经济驱动力。），由此可知B选项“他们在处理环境废物方面采取行动”正确。

A选项“他们按照政府政策运作”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；

C选项“他们是国家经济增长的主要驱动力”，见正确选项，是把垃圾处理作为经济发展的推动因素，不是这些公司是该国经济发展的关键推动力，所以C选项错误，这里属于曲意理解；

D选项“他们是环境问题的主要贡献者”，定位到第二段第二句By2007,DuPontwassaving$2.2billionayearthroughenergyefficiency,thesameasitstotaldeclaredprofitsthatyear.（到2007年，杜邦每年通过提高能源效率节省了22亿美元，与当年公布的利润总额相同），从这里可知这些公司对经济的贡献是对其自身来说的不是对其国家来说，这里属于张冠李戴，所以不选。

12.事实细节题，第一步，精准定位，定位到第三段第一二句CompanieslikeToyotaandWal-Martarenotcommittingtoenvironmentalgoalsoutofthegoodnessoftheirhearts.Thereasonfortheiractionsisasimpleyetpowerfulrealizationthattheenvironmentalandeconomicfootprintsfitwelltogether.（丰田（Toyota）和沃尔玛（Wal-Mart）等公司并非出于好心而致力于环保目标。他们这样做的原因很简单，但也很有力地认识到，环境足迹和经济足迹是相辅相成的），由此可知C选项“对利益的渴望”正确。

A选项“他们出于好心”，见正确选项解析，由这里可以看出A选项错误，属于无中生有；

B选项“强烈的责任感”，文中没有提及，属于无中生有；

D选项“来自环保主义者的压力”，文中没有提及，属于无中生有。

13.推理判断题，第一步，寻找句内线索，定位到第五段第三句Theyremainstuckinthe“environmentiscost”mentality.（他们仍然停留在“环境就是成本”的心态中），从这里可以推断C选项正确“他们认为建立这样一个系统太昂贵了”。

A选项“他们一心想赚快钱”，定位到第四段最后一句Infact,thereareoftenhuge“quickwin”opportunities,thankstoyearsofneglect.这里的quickwin是指多年来很多公司对环境有疏忽，就导致那些先采用环保计划的公司更能够快速的获得意想不到的收获，这里不是公司不愿意采取行动的原因，属于出处错误，不选；

B选项“他们没有投资的资本”，定位到第六段第一二句话Leanmeansdoingmorewithless.Nonetheless,inmostcompanies,economicandenvironmentalcontinuousimprovementisviewedasbeinginconflictwitheachother.Thisisoneofthebiggestopportunitiesmissedacrossmostindustries.（精益意味着用更少的钱做更多的事。然而，在大多数公司中，经济和环境的持续改善被认为是相互冲突的。这是大多数行业错失的最大机遇之一。），从这里关键词，mostindustries可知其实很多公司是承担得起的，只是觉得会减少自己的利益，所以不愿意去做，所以B选项错误，这里属于反向干扰；

D选项“他们缺乏改变商业惯例的动机”，文章没有提及，这里属于无中生有，所以不选。

14.事实细节题，第一步，精准定位，定位到第五段最后一句话Infact,goingbeyondcompliancesavescostatthesametimethatitgeneratescash,providedthatmanagementadoptsthenewleanandgreenmodel.（事实上，如果管理层采用新的精益和绿色模式，超越合规可以在节约成本的同时产生现金），从这里可知答案选A选项“它帮助企业省钱，同时获利”。

B选项“只有少数领先的公司才负担得起”，定位到第六段第一二句话Leanmeansdoingmorewithless.Nonetheless,inmostcompanies,economicandenvironmentalcontinuousimprovementisviewedasbeinginconflictwitheachother.Thisisoneofthebiggestopportunitiesmissedacrossmostindustries.（精益意味着用更少的钱做更多的事。然而，在大多数公司中，经济和环境的持续改善被认为是相互冲突的。这是大多数行业错失的最大机遇之一。），从这里关键词，mostindustries可知其实很多公司是承担得起的，只是觉得会减少自己的利益，所以不愿意去做，所以B选项错误，这里属于反向干扰；

C选项“这可能会引发新一轮激烈的竞争”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；

D选项“所有公司都需要很长时间才能接受它”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。

15.事实细节题，第一步，精准定位，定位到第七段第一句话Some50studiesshowthatcompaniesthatcommittosuchaspirationalgoalsaszerowaste,zeroharmfulemissions,andzerouseofnon-renewableresourcesarefinanciallyoutperformingtheircompetitors（大约50项研究表明，那些致力于实现零浪费、零有害排放、零使用不可再生资源等雄心勃勃的目标的公司，在财务上胜过竞争对手），B选项“在收入方面，他们比同行做得更好”是该句的同义替换，所以答案选B。

A选项“他们的社会责任感大大增强了”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；

C选项“他们已经放弃了所有过时的设备和技术”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有；

D选项“他们比他们的对手对人类进步做出更大的贡献”，文章没有提及，属于无中生有。

12.单选题

Thereareavarietyofwaystothinkabouttheself.Twoofthemostwidelyusedtermsareself-conceptandself-esteem.Self-conceptgenerallyreferstothetotalityofacomplex,organized,anddynamicsystemoflearnedbeliefs,attitudesandopinionsthatpeopleholdaboutthemselves,whileself-esteemgenerallyreferstohowwefeelaboutorhowwevalueourselves.Thereisagreatdealofresearchwhichshowsthattheself-conceptis,perhaps,thebasisforallmotivatedbehavior.Itistheself-conceptthatgivesrisetopossibleselves,anditispossibleselvesthatcreatethemotivationforbehavior.Self-conceptisrelatedtoself-esteeminthatpeoplewhohavegoodself-esteemhaveacleardifferentiatedself-concept.Whenpeopleknowthemselves,theycanmaximizeoutcomesbecausetheyknowthatwhattheycanandcannotdo.Itwouldsee,then,thatonewaytoimpactself-esteemistoobeythesomewhatoutwornclineof“Knowtheyself.”

Thereareseveraldifferentcomponentsofself-concept:physical,academic,socialandtranspersonal.Thephysicalaspectofself-conceptrelatestothatwhichisconcrete:whatwelooklike,oursex,height,weight,andwhatkindofclotheswewear.Ouracademicself-conceptrelatestohowwellwedoinschoolorhowwellwelearn.Thesocialself-conceptdescribeshowwerelatetootherpeopleandthetranspersonalself-conceptdescribeshowwerelatetoothersupernaturalorunknownonanemotionalorspirituallevel.

Thoughself-reflection,peopleoftencometoviewthemselvesinanew,morepowerfulway,anditisthroughthisnew,morepowerwayofviewingtheselfthatpeoplecandeveloppossibleselves.Wedevelopandmaintainourself-conceptbytakingactionandthenreflectingonwhatwehavedoneandwhatotherstellusaboutwhatwehavedone.Wereflectincomparisontoourexpectationsandtheexceptionsofothersandtothecharacteristicsandaccomplishmentsofothers.Self-concept,thusisnotinnate,butisdevelopedbytheindividualthroughinteractionwiththeenvironmentandreflectingonthatinteraction.Thisdynamicaspectofself-conceptisimportantbecauseitindicatesthatitcanbemodifiedorchanged.

1.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat（）.

2.Theauthor’sattitudetowardstheideasof“knowthemselves”is（）.

3.Onecanconcludefromthetextthatbydevelopinggoodself-esteempeoplecan（）.

4.Whichofthefollowingwouldbeidentifiedastranspersonalself-concept?

5.Themostappropriatetitleforthetextwouldbe（）.

问题1选项

A.theauthorbelievesmostbehaviorislearned,notinnate

B.theauthordoesn'tbelievethatone'sself-conceptcanchange

C.self-conceptandself-esteemareoftenmistakenforeachother

D.theauthorhasdoubtsabouttheideathatself-conceptsisthebasisforbehavior

问题2选项

A.critical

B.positive

C.neutral

D.mixed

问题3选项

A.improvetheirinteractionsimmensely

B.beginimprovingtheirbehavior

C.begintodevelopaclearself-concept

D.correctdeficienciesintheircharacter

问题4选项

A.Ourconceptofhowinterestedandwellwestudysupernaturaltopics.

B.Ourknowledgeofourstrangeintuitionaboutpeoples'feelings.

C.Ourunderstandingofhowwerelatetoagodwebelievein.

D.Ourunderstandingofourrelationshipwithotherpeople.

问题5选项

A.TheCharacteristicsofSelf-Concept

B.TheChangeabilityofSelf-Concept

C.Self-ConceptandSelf-Esteem

D.NewResearchonSelf-Concepts

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:B

第3题:C

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】第1题:1.根据原文第一段中说到theself-conceptis,perhaps,thebasisforallmotivatedbehavior.（自我概念也许是所有动机行为的基础），最后一段，作者再提到

Self-concept,thusisnotinnate（因此，自我概念不是天生的），由此可知，大多数的行为都是习得的，并非与生俱来。因此A选项正确。

2.根据最后一段的第一句“...itisthroughthisnew,morepowerwayofviewingtheselfthatpeoplecandeveloppossibleselves.”可知，作者认为，只有了解了自己，人们才能发展出潜在的自我。所以作者对此的态度是正面的，积极的。选项B正确。

3.根据第一段“Self-conceptisrelatedtoself-esteeminthatpeoplewhohavegoodself-esteemhaveacleardifferentiatedself-concept.”可知，选项C正确。

4.根据第二段的最后一句“thetranspersonalself-conceptdescribeshowwerelatetoothersupernaturalorunknownonanemotionalorspirituallevel.”超个人自我概念描述了我们如何在情感或精神层面与其他超自然或未知的事物相处。选项C符合原文。

5.根据原文可知，本文主要是讲自我概念的特征。选项A更符合要求。其他三个选项都只是文中的一部分。

第2题:

第3题:

第4题:

第5题:

13.单选题

Facing-portindustryhasbecomethebasicpillarofeconomicstrengthindevelopedcountriesandpromotedtheformationofinternationalproduction.

问题1选项

A.circumstance

B.motivation

C.backbone

D.initiative

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.circumstance条件，环境B.motivation动力

C.backbone支柱，骨干，基础D.initiative主动