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书山有路勤为径,学海无涯苦作舟!住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-山东工业职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解(图片大小可自由调整)全文为Word可编辑,若为PDF皆为盗版,请谨慎购买!第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.填空题
Inthepastcastleswerenormallyclassifiedas"militaryengineering"andbanished(1)___thearchitecturalsceneatonce.Today,architectsandengineers(2)___farmorecloselylinked(3)___inthepast;wearethereforereadyto(4)___theidea,becauseacastlewasdesigned(5)___awell-protectedhome(6)___itsoccupants(7)___qualitieswhichwecanrecognize(8)___essentiallyarchitectural.Oncethesite(9)___thecastlehadbeenchosen(10)___formwouldbedictated(11)___thematerialswithwhichit(12)___tobebuiltandthemanyservices(13)___hadtoprovideforthose(14)___itswalls.(15)___itschiefrolewasadefensive(16)___,intimesofpeaceit(17)___beexpectedtoact(18)___thecentreoflocalgovernment,ahall(19)___justiceorperhaps(20)___aprison.
【答案】1.from
2.are
3.than
4.develop
5.as
6.for
7.with
8.as
9.for
10.the
11.by
12.ought
13.which
14.within
15.While
16.building
17.can
18.as
19.of
20.as
【解析】1.考查固定搭配。bebanishedfrom...“放逐;把……从……驱逐、赶出”。结合句意得知正确答案为from。
2.考查时态。根据上文today表示现在时,architectsandengineers为复数,因此填入are。
3.考查固定搭配。由前文farmore+adj.可知此处表示比较级,因此填入than。
4.考查动词。根据下文theidea可知此处大意为:我们会形成一种想法。结合语境,develop最为合适。
5.考查介词。根据上下文可知,此处应该填入介词,并且表示一种方式,因此为as。
6.考查固定搭配。designsth.forsb/sth.“设计;制图;构思”。
7.考查介词。根据上下文可知此处是修饰城堡的特点,with有“有,用……属性的”含义。
8.考查固定搭配。recognize...as...“承认;(正式)认可,接受,辨别”。
9.考查介词。根据上下文可知此处表示“用于……的选址”,for最为合适。
10.考查冠词。根据句意和语境可知此处缺少冠词修饰名词,因此填入the。
11.考查搭配。根据上下文,上文表示被动语态,结合下文,此处应填入by。
12.考查固定搭配。oughtto“应该”。
13.考查定语从句。空格后是动宾搭配,缺少主语,空格前为名词,判断出此处是定语从句,修饰空格前的名词并做主语。
14.考查介词。结合上下文及语境,此处用介词作状语,后文itswall表示地点。within为最佳答案。
15.考查让步状语从句。根据上下文可知,前后文的逻辑关系为:虽然……但是……,因此while最符合。
16.考查名词。根据空格前defensive可知空格处为名词,根据前文谈及城堡,因此此处填入building合适。
17.考查情态动词。根据语境及句意,空格后为系动词的原型be,则空格处填入情态动词合适。
18.考查固定搭配。actas“充当;作为”。
19.考查固定搭配。结合上下文,此处为ahallofjustice“法院”。
20.考查介词。空格前的or表示此处与前文的短语actas并列。
2.单选题
Somepessimisticexpertsfeelthattheautomobileisboundtofallintodisuse.Theyseeadayinthenot-too-distantfuturewhenallautoswillbeabandonedandallowedtorust.Otherauthorities,however,thinktheautoisheretostay.Theyholdthatthecarwillremainaleadingmeansofurbantravelintheforeseeablefuture.
Themotorcarwillundoubtedlychangesignificantlyoverthenext30years.Itshouldbecomesmaller,safer,andmoreeconomical,andshouldnotbepoweredbythegasolineengine.Thecarofthefutureshouldbefarmorepollution-freethanpresenttypes.
Regardlessofitspowersource,theautointhefuturewillstillbethemainprobleminurbantrafficcongestion(拥挤).Oneproposedsolutiontothisproblemistheautomatedhighwaysystem.
Whentheautoentersthehighwaysystem,aretractable(可伸缩的)armwilldropfromtheautoandmakecontactwitharail,whichissimilartothosepoweringsubwaytrainselectrically.
Onceattachedtotherail,thecarwillbecomeelectricallypoweredfromthesystem,andcontrolofthevehiclewillpasstoacentralcomputer.Thecomputerwillthenmonitorallofthecar’smovements.
Thedriverwilluseatelephonetodialinstructionsabouthisdestinationintothesystem.Thecomputerwillcalculatethebestroute,andreservespaceforthecarallthewaytothecorrectexitfromthehighway.Thedriverwillthenbefreetorelaxandwaitforthebuzzer(蜂鸣器)thatwillwarnhimofhiscomingexit.Itisestimatedthatanautomatedhighwaywillbeabletohandle10,000vehiclesperhour,comparedwiththe1,500to2,000vehiclesthatcanbecarriedbyapresent-dayhighway.
1.Onesignificantimprovementinthefuturecarwillprobablybe____________.
2.Whatistheauthor’smainconcern?
3.Whatprovidesautoswithelectricpowerinanautomatedhighwaysystem?
4.Inanautomatedhighwaysystem,allthedriverneedstodois____________.
5.Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardthefutureofautos?
问题1选项
A.itspowersourceC.itsmonitoringsystem
B.C.itsmonitoringsystemB.
C.itsmonitoringsystemB.itsdrivingsystem
D.itsseatingcapacity
问题2选项
A.Howtorenderautomobilespollution-free.
B.Howtomakesmallerandsaferautomobiles.
C.Howtosolvetheproblemoftrafficjams.
D.Howtodevelopanautomatedsubwaysystem.
问题3选项
A.rail.
B.Anengine.
C.Aretractablearm.
D.Acomputercontroller.
问题4选项
A.keepintherightlane
B.waittoarriveathisdestination
C.keepinconstanttouchwiththecomputercenter
D.informthesystemofhisdestinationbyphone
问题5选项
A.Enthusiastic.
B.Pessimistic.
C.Optimistic.
D.Cautious.
【答案】第1题:A
第2题:C
第3题:A
第4题:D
第5题:C
【解析】1.事实细节题。根据第二段第二句Itshouldbecomesmaller,safer,andmoreeconomical,andshouldnotbepoweredbythegasolineengine.(它应该变得更小、更安全、更经济,而且不应该由汽油发动机驱动。),可知A选项“能量来源”正确。B选项“驱动系统”,C选项“监控系统”和D选项“载客人数”文章没有提到,故错误。因此A选项正确。
2.作者意图题。根据第三段第一句theautointhefuturewillstillbethemainprobleminurbantrafficcongestion.(未来的汽车的主要问题仍在城市交通拥挤),可知作者最关心交通拥挤的问题,结合下文对如何解决这个问题展开设想,所以C选项“如何解决交通堵塞的问题”正确,A选项“如何使汽车无污染”和B选项“如何制造更小更安全的汽车”:这是未来汽车发展方向的其中一部分,不是作者最关心的,故错误。D选项“如何开发自动化地铁系统”:文章没有提到开发地铁系统,故错误。因此C选项正确。
3.语义推测题。根据第五段第一句Onceattachedtotherail,thecarwillbecomeelectricallypoweredfromthesystem,andcontrolofthevehiclewillpasstoacentralcomputer.(一旦连接到轨道上,汽车将由该系统提供电力,汽车的控制将通过中央计算机进行。),汽车接到铁轨上以后就有了电力,所以A选项“铁轨”正确,计算机控制器控制汽车,故D选项“计算机控制器”错误。B选项“可伸缩的机械臂”:根据第四段第一句aretractablearmwilldropfromtheautoandmakecontactwitharail(一个可伸缩的机械臂从自动化系统向下和铁轨连接),可知机械臂不提供电力,故错误。C选项“引擎”:引擎不提供能量,故错误。因此A选项正确。
4.事实细节题。根据第六段第一句Thedriverwillthenbefreetorelaxandwaitforthebuzzerthatwillwarnhimofhiscomingexit.(然后司机就可以自由地放松,等待蜂鸣器提醒他到下一个出口。),可知司机需要听从系统的提示,按照提示操作,所以D选项“用电话通知系统他的目的地”正确,B选项“等待到达他的目的地”错误。A选项“保持在右车道行驶”和C选项“与计算机中心保持联系”:文章没有提到,故错误。因此D选项正确。
5.观点态度题。根据第一段第一句Somepessimisticexpertsfeelthattheautomobileisboundtofallintodisuse.(一些悲观的专家认为汽车注定会被淘汰。),结合作者下文提出未来汽车的发展方向,可知作者不赞同悲观的观点,根据第六段最后一句Itisestimatedthatanautomatedhighwaywillbeabletohandle10,000vehiclesperhour,comparedwiththe1,500to2,000vehiclesthatcanbecarriedbyapresent-dayhighway.(据估计,自动化公路每小时将能够处理1万辆汽车,而现在的公路只能运送1500到2000辆汽车。),在文章最后作者大胆预料未来汽车的情况,可知作者看好未来汽车的发展,所以C选项“乐观”正确,B选项“悲观”和D选项“谨慎”错误。A选项“热情”不明显。因此C选项正确。
3.单选题
Youcannotexpectpeopletoworkhardunlessyougivethemsomekindof(
).
问题1选项
A.fascination
B.incentive
C.provocation
D.temptation
【答案】B
【解析】考查名词辨析。fascination意为“魅力,着迷”;incentive意为“激励,刺激,鼓励”;provocation意为“挑衅,挑拨”;temptation意为“诱惑,引诱”。
句意:你不能指望人们努力工作,除非你给他们一些激励。
4.单选题
Foralltheburgeoningpopularityofcorporatesocialresponsibility—theartof“doingwellbydoinggood”—itsbenefitsremainunproven.Itiswellandgoodtosaythataglobalizingcompanyneedstotakeaccountofsocialproblemsinitsnewmarkets,orthatsocialresponsibilitywillbeitsownreward,inhappieremployees,lowerlegalcostsandimprovedproductivity.Butatheart,formanycompanies,corporatesocialresponsibilityisstilljustamatterofbranding.LookatMcDonald’sandtheBodyShop,forexample.Theformerisstillatargetofconsumerderisionandlawsuitsdespiteitsintroductionofhealthierfood.TheenvironmentallyfriendlyreputationoftheBodyShop,ontheotherhand,haslongoutpaceditsactualinvestmentineco-friendlyprocesses.
“BuildingReputationalCapital”byKevinJackson,aprofessoroflegalandethicalstudiesatFordhamUniversityinNewYork,arguesthatcorporationsneedtobesociallyresponsibletobuildtheir“reputationalcapital”,whichissimilartobutbiggerthan,anybrandtheymightmarket.Acompanywithlotsofsuchcapitalwillbeabletoattractbetteremployees,chargehigherprices,negotiatebetterdeals,andattractmoreinvestors.
Buthowmuchcontroldoesafirmactuallyexerciseoveritsownreputation?TheexamplesMr.Jacksongivesarenotentirelyencouraging.Nike,afavoritetargetofactivistsforitstreatmentofsweatshopworkers,appearsseveraltimes;butMr.JacksondoesnotelaborateonwhetheradropinitsreputationalcapitalcostsNikeanysales.Mr.Jacksondoescitestudiesshowingapositivecorrelationbetweenacommitmenttoanethicalbehaviorandperformance.Buthisexamplesdonotmakeaspowerfulacaseforthenecessityofcorporatesocialresponsibilityashewouldlike.
Indeed,afirmthatembarksonaplanofcorporatesocialresponsibilitymaybesettingitselfupforaworse,notabetter,reputation.Mr.JacksoncitestheexampleofH.B.FullerCompany,anAmericanadhesivesmanufacturerthathadbuiltupreputationalcapitalbydeclaringitsintentiontobeagoodcorporatecitizenandmakingphilanthropicdonations.Butitwasblamedwhenoneofitsproducts,Resistol,becamethedrugofchoiceforglue-sniffingchildreninCentralAmerica.Othercompetitorswhosegluesweresniffed,henotes,gotlittlecriticism.Onecanseehowacompanywithastrongcommitmenttocorporatesocialresponsibilitymightelicitthesamechargesofhypocrisy—andsimilarcompaniesmightthendecidethatcorporatesocialresponsibilitymightbemoretroublethanitsworth.
Anyonewhohasalreadyembracedtheideaofasociallyresponsiblecorporationmightwellfindthisbookuseful;itprovidesadecentframeworkforimplementingandjustifyingasociallyresponsiblestrategy.Buttherearemanywho,likeTheEconomist,questionwhethercorporationsshouldbeinvestinginsocialinitiativesatthepossibleexpenseofprofit.“BuildingReputationalCapital,”whilewell-writtenandserious,willnotconvincethemotherwise.
1.McDonald’sandtheBodyShoparecitedinthefirstparagraphtoshowthat____.
2.ProfessorKevinJacksonholdsthat____.
3.TheauthorconsiderstheexamplescitedbyJackson____.
4.Itisimpliedinthefourthparagraphthat____.
5.Thebesttitleofthepassageis____.
问题1选项
A.afamousbrandisnoguaranteethatitsproductsareofhighquality
B.healthierproductsareonlyillusionswhentheyharmproductivity
C.manyfirmsarenotreallyseriousabouttheirsocialresponsibility
D.socialresponsibilityhasneverbeenaconcernofthesereputedcorporations
问题2选项
A.commitmenttosocialresponsibilityisarewardingpractice
B.manycompanieshavedonelittleindevelopingeco-friendlyproducts
C.buildingthereputationalcapitaldoesnotcontributetoariseinsales
D.theeffortsatsocialresponsibilityoftenturnouttobemadeinvain
问题3选项
A.admirable
B.encouraging
C.unconvincing
D.deplorable
问题4选项
A.makingvoluntarydonationsisoftennotappreciatedbythesociety
B.reputationinsocialresponsibilitycanwellbeadisadvantage
C.assumingmoresocialresponsibilitycanmakeafirmwell-known
D.profit,ratherthansocialresponsibility,shouldbeacompany’sgoal
问题5选项
A.TheGoalofGlobalizingCorporations
B.TheBurdenofSocialResponsibility
C.TheNecessityofCorporateSocialResponsibility
D.CorporateProductivityandProfit-making
【答案】第1题:C
第2题:A
第3题:C
第4题:B
第5题:C
【解析】第1题:【选项释义】
McDonald’sandtheBodyShoparecitedinthefirstparagraphtoshowthat____.第一段引用了麦当劳和美体小铺的例子来表明____。
A.afamousbrandisnoguaranteethatitsproductsareofhighqualityA.名牌不能保证它的产品质量好
B.healthierproductsareonlyillusionswhentheyharmproductivityB.当更健康的产品损害生产力时,它们只是一种假象
C.manyfirmsarenotreallyseriousabouttheirsocialresponsibilityC.许多公司并没有认真对待它们的社会责任
D.socialresponsibilityhasneverbeenaconcernofthesereputedcorporationsD.社会责任从来不是这些知名企业关心的问题
【答案】C
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】根据题干关键词McDonald’sandtheBodyShop定位到原文第1段。本段第3句提到“但在本质上,对许多公司来说,企业社会责任仍然只是一个品牌问题。”紧接着就引用了麦当劳和美体小铺的例子。这两个例子的内容为“前者虽然推出了更健康的食品,但仍然是消费者嘲笑和诉讼的对象”、“另一方面,美体小铺的环保声誉已经远远超过了它在环保工艺方面的实际投资。”由此可知,作者这么做,是想说明许多公司并不是真的要承担社会责任,它们只是想给自己的品牌打造良好的声誉。C选项“许多公司并没有认真对待它们的社会责任”符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“名牌不能保证它的产品质量好”,原文这部分的话题是“社会责任”,该选项与本题无关,属于无中生有;
B选项“当更健康的产品损害生产力时,它们只是一种假象”,只是麦当劳的例子涉及的内容,该选项属于以偏概全,并且原文并没有提到“损害生产力”的问题;
D选项“社会责任从来不是这些知名企业关心的问题”,原文并不是说知名企业完全不关心社会责任,该选项属于推理过度。
第2题:【选项释义】
ProfessorKevinJacksonholdsthat____.KevinJackson教授认为____。
A.commitmenttosocialresponsibilityisarewardingpracticeA.承担社会责任是一种有益的实践
B.manycompanieshavedonelittleindevelopingeco-friendlyproductsB.许多公司在开发环保产品方面做得很少
C.buildingthereputationalcapitaldoesnotcontributetoariseinsalesC.建立声誉资本并不会增加销售额
D.theeffortsatsocialresponsibilityoftenturnouttobemadeinvainD.社会责任的努力往往是徒劳的
【答案】A
【考查点】事实细节题
【解题思路】根据题干关键词ProfessorKevinJackson定位到原文第2段。本段第1句提到KevinJackson教授在《建立声誉资本》指出“企业需要对社会负责(needtobesociallyresponsible),以建立自己的‘声誉资本(reputationalcapital)’。”最后一句提到“拥有大量此类资金的(withlotsofsuchcapital)公司将能够吸引更好的(better)员工,收取更高的(higher)价格,达成更好的(better)交易,并吸引更多的(more)投资者。”由此可知,KevinJackson教授认为企业承担社会责任以建立声誉资本,这些资本能给企业带来很多好处,A选项“承担社会责任是一种有益的实践”符合原文内容。
【干扰项排除】
B选项“许多公司在开发环保产品方面做得很少”,原文并未提及,该选项属于无中生有;
C选项“建立声誉资本并不会增加销售额”,与原文“收取更高的(higher)价格,达成更好的(better)交易”矛盾,该选项属于曲解原文;
D选项“社会责任的努力往往是徒劳的”,与原文提到的很多好处相矛盾,该教授认为承担社会责任并不是徒劳的,该选项属于反向干扰。
第3题:【选项释义】
TheauthorconsiderstheexamplescitedbyJackson____.作者认为Jackson引用的例子____。
A.admirableA.令人钦佩的
B.encouragingB.鼓舞人心的
C.unconvincingC.令人怀疑的
D.deplorableD.令人愤慨的
【答案】C
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】根据题干关键词theexamplescitedbyJackson定位到原文第3段第2句,该句提到“Jackson给出的例子并不完全令人鼓舞(notentirelyencouraging)。”本段最后一句提到“但他的例子并没有(donot)像他希望的那样有力地证明企业社会责任的必要性。”由此可知,作者认为Jackson引用的例子缺乏说服力,C选项“令人怀疑的”符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“令人钦佩的”,不符合原文,属于无中生有;
B选项“鼓舞人心的”,与原文“并不完全令人鼓舞(notentirelyencouraging)”矛盾,属于反向干扰;
D选项“令人愤慨的”,不符合原文,属于无中生有。
第4题:【选项释义】
Itisimpliedinthefourthparagraphthat____.第四段暗示____。
A.makingvoluntarydonationsisoftennotappreciatedbythesocietyA.自愿捐赠往往不受社会的欢迎
B.reputationinsocialresponsibilitycanwellbeadisadvantageB.在社会责任方面的声誉很可能是一种劣势
C.assumingmoresocialresponsibilitycanmakeafirmwell-knownC.承担更多的社会责任可以让一个公司出名
D.profit,ratherthansocialresponsibility,shouldbeacompany’sgoalD.公司的目标应该是利润,而不是社会责任
【答案】B
【考查点】推理判断题
【解题思路】根据题干关键词thefourthparagraph定位到原文第4段。本段的行文结构为“总分总”。本段第1句提到“事实上,如果一家公司开始实施企业社会责任的计划,它的声誉可能会变得更糟,而不是更好(aworse,notabetter,reputation)。”最后一句提到“一家坚定致力于企业社会责任的公司可能会招致同样的伪善指责(chargesofhypocrisy),类似的公司可能会认为,企业社会责任带来的麻烦(moretrouble)可能大于它的价值。”由此可知,第4段暗示的是承担社会责任也可能使声誉变差,甚至带来麻烦,B选项“在社会责任方面的声誉很可能是一种劣势”符合原文。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“自愿捐赠往往不受社会的欢迎”,原文并未提及,该选项属于无中生有;
C选项“承担更多的社会责任可以让一个公司出名”,与原文“它的声誉可能会变得更糟,而不是更好(aworse,notabetter,reputation)”矛盾,该选项属于曲解原文;
D选项“公司的目标应该是利润,而不是社会责任”,原文并未提及,该选项属于无中生有。
第5题:【选项释义】
Thebesttitleofthepassageis____.本文最佳的标题是____。
A.TheGoalofGlobalizingCorporationsA.企业全球化的目标
B.TheBurdenofSocialResponsibilityB.社会责任的负担
C.TheNecessityofCorporateSocialResponsibilityC.企业社会责任的必要性
D.CorporateProductivityandProfit-makingD.企业生产力和利润
【答案】C
【考查点】主旨大意题
【解题思路】
1)梳理各段核心句:
第一段:本段第1句,该句提到“尽管企业社会责任(corporatesocialresponsibility)迅速流行起来,但它的好处尚未得到证实(itsbenefitsremainunproven)。”总领全文,引出关于企业的社会责任的话题。
第二段:本段第1句,该句提到“Jackson教授在《建立声誉资本》提出企业需要承担社会责任(besociallyresponsible)以建立自己的‘声誉资本’(buildtheir‘reputationalcapital’)。”引用Jackson教授的例子,点明企业承担社会责任的好处。
第三段:本段最后一句,该句提到作者认为Jackson教授的例子“并没有(donot)像他希望的那样有力地证明企业社会责任的必要性(thenecessityofcorporatesocialresponsibility)。”分析Jackson教授的例子,引出关于企业承担社会责任是否有必要的思考。
第四段:本段第1句,该句提到“事实上,如果一家公司开始实施企业社会责任(corporatesocialresponsibility)的计划,它的声誉可能会变得更糟,而不是更好(aworse,notabetter,reputation)。”点明企业承担社会责任的劣势。
第五段:本段第2-3句,这两句提到“但也有许多人质疑企业是否应该以可能的利润为代价投资于社会倡议(investinginsocialinitiatives),《建立声誉资本》这本书虽然写得很好,也很严肃,但并不会让他们信服。”指出人们对企业是否应该承担社会责任存在质疑。
2)提炼复现词:Corporatesocialresponsibility/besociallyresponsible
综上所述,本文的最佳标题是C选项“企业社会责任的必要性”。
【干扰项排除】
A选项“企业全球化的目标”,没有指出本文话题“企业的社会责任”;
B选项“社会责任的负担”,“负担”是劣势的一方面,只是本文3-4段的内容,该选项属于以偏概全;
D选项“企业生产力和利润”,没有指出本文话题“企业的社会责任”。
5.单选题
Themanagerthought______theproblemforthreedaysbeforehefinallymadethedecision.
问题1选项
A.on
B.in
C.over
D.down
【答案】C
【解析】【选项释义】
A.on在……上B.in在……里
C.over关于,翻转D.down向下
【考查点】固定搭配。
【解题思路】由forthreedays(三天)可知,这个经理是“仔细考虑”,thinkover为固定搭配,表示“仔细考虑”。因此,该题选择C项正确。
【干扰项排除】
B、D选项和think不构成搭配;
A选项thinkon(考虑,思量)程度不够深,排除。
【句意】在最后做出决定之前,经理对这个问题仔细考虑了三天。
6.单选题
WhileIcouldnot()thewordsoutsidethethickglasswindows,theirmiddlefingersspokeloudly.
问题1选项
A.wearout
B.setout
C.makeout
D.findout
【答案】C
【解析】考查语义关系。A选项wearout“耗尽、疲乏”;B选项setout“动身、出发”;C选项makeout“理解、辨认”;D选项findout“查明、找出”,句意为:厚厚的玻璃窗外的话我听不清,但他们的中指竖了起来。因此选项C符合题意。
7.写作题
Writeashortsummary(about60-80words)ofthefollowingarticle.Thesummaryrestatesthemainideawithoutaddinganycommentsthatexpresspersonalfeelingorresponsestothedetailspresented.Keepinmindthatthepurposeofasummaryofconciserestatementoftheauthor’sideasinyourownwordsistotestyourunderstandingofthearticle.PleasewriteyoursummaryontheAnswerSheet
WhattheU.S.andChineseSchoolSystemsHaveinCommon
02/22/2012BySarahCarr
AmericanswhovisitChineseschoolsquicklyrealizethatmanyofourbeliefsandassumptionsabouteducationholdlittlewaterinChina:IntheUnitedStates,oururbanpublicschoolsperformrelativelypoorly,butinChinatheurbansystemsrateamongthenation’sbest.Hereweoftenregardprivateschoolsasacutabovepublicones(thoughthetruthisfarmurkier),butmostChineseconsiderpublicschoolstobesuperior.Americansviewpubliceducationasacrucialequalizerforademocraticsociety,intheoryatleastbuttheChineseseeitpartlyasameanstosorttheirmassivepopulationinadistinctlyundemocraticfashion.
Despitethesedifferencesofconceit,theAmericanandChineseeducationsystemsshareonecommon,definingcharacteristic:theyarebothplaguedbygrossinequalitiesandrampantsegregation.IntheUnitedStates,theseinjusticesfalllargelyalongracialandclasslines:poor,minoritystudentsaremorelikelytoattendhighlysegregatedschools;theirschoolsaremorelikelytosufferfromalackofresources;andtheirteachersaremorelikelytobeinexperienced.
TheChineseeducationsystem,too,featuresethnicandclassinequities.ButevenmoresothanintheUnitedStates,geographyandbirthplaceequaleducationaldestiny.AsSarahButrymowiczofTheHechingerReportdocumentedinarecentarticle,millionsofschoolchildrenhavemigratedtocitiesinrecentyearswiththeirjob-huntingparents.Oncethere,theyoftenfindthemselvesineligibletoattendgovernment-runschools,particularlythebestones.Anunknownnumberwindupinsub-par,pseudo-privateschoolcateringtothemigrantpopulation.
HenanChang,anassistantprofessorinLoyolaUniversityChicago'sSchoolofEducationwhohasstudiedtheoutcomesofmigrantschoolchildreninKunming,saidmostofthem“havenointeractionwhatsoeverwiththelocalresidents.Theyliveintheirownbubbles.Theirplaymates,theirschoolmatesthey'reallmigrantsthemselves.”
ButrymowicznotesthatthesedisparitiestaintedChina'srecentdomineeringperformanceoninternationalassessmentsinreading,mathandsciencebecausemanypublicschoolsdonotadmitmigrantstudents.WhenShanghai15-year-oldsoutperformedtherestoftheworldin2010,observerswonderediftheirsuccessstemmedatleastinpartfromexclusionary,segregationistpractices.AfterItoldafriendofminewhogrewupinChinaabouttheinternationalrankings,hequippedthatpublic-schoolstudentsinShanghaiarecomparabletoprivate-schoolstudentsonManhattan'sUpperEastSideintermsoftheirwealthandprivilege.Shakinghishead,henotedthatnoonewouldtakeDaltonorBrearley—twooftheBigApple'smosteliteprivateschools—asrepresentativeofthewholeUnitedStates.
In2006,IspentseveralweeksinChinarepottingonthecountry’sschools,focusinginparticularontheeducationofmigrantchildrenlivinginBeijing.InAmerica,everyoneaskedmeifChineseschoolshadleftusinthedust,whileinChinaeveryoneaskedmeifAmericanschoolshadlefttheminthedust.AmericansreveredtheChinesemasteryofbasicsubjectssuchasmathandgeography,whiletheChineseextolledtheAmericanemphasisoncreativityandnurturingindividualtalent.
AmericanstalkedaboutthestrikingdisciplineofChinesestudents,whiletheChinesewonderedwhytheyhadnotyetwonmoreNobleprizes.Nobodyineithercountryframedtheirfearsaboutinternationalcompetitivenessintermsofinequality,however.
Bothnationsdowellbytheirmostprivilegedandfortunatestudents.InChina,theyattendwell-resources,state-of-the-artgovernmentschoolsthatemploysomeofthecountry’sbestteachers.InAmerica,theirfamiliespossessthemoneyandfreedomtomovetoregionswherepublicschoolsexcel,ortoenrollinanynumberofwealthyprivateschools.
Foreithercountry,winningtheglobalcompetitionwilldependlessonchangesmadefortheelitesthechildrenofthe1percent.Ultimately,successwilldependontheirleaders’interestandfortitudeinaddressingtheopportunitygapsthatpersistthroughouttheirschools.Whenitcomestoeducation,that’sthesingle,indelibletraitthatbothcountrieshavelongshared.
【答案】【参考范文】
AmericansandChineseholddifferentviewsoneducationsystem.InAmerica,peoplethinkprivateschoolsisthebestchoice,whileChinesehaveadifferentopinion.Despitethedifferences,theAmericanandChineseeducationsystemshavesomethingincommon—unfairofeducation.InAmerica,theseinjusticesisreflectedinracialandclass;inChina,itshowsmoreinregionaldifference.Thehigh-qualityeducationcanonlybenefittheminorityinbothcountries.
Inordertowintheglobalcompetition,theirleadersshouldpaymoreattentiontoclosetheopportunitygaps.
8.单选题
Thebiggestsafetythreatfacingairlinestodaymaynotbeaterroristwithagun,butthemanwiththeportablecomputerinbusinessclass.Inthelast15years,pilotshavereportedwellover100incidentsthatcouldhavebeencausedbyelectromagneticinterference.Thesourceofthisinterferenceremainsunconfirmed,butincreasingly,expertsarepointingtheblameatportableelectronicdevicessuchasportablecomputers,radioandcassetteplayersandmobiletelephones.
RTCA,anorganizationwhichadvisestheaviationindustry,hasrecommendedthatallairlinesbansuchdevicesfrombeingusedduring“critical”stagesofflight,particularlytake-offandlanding.Someexpertshavegonefurther,callingforatotalbanduringallflights.Currently,rulesonusingthesedevicesareleftuptoindividualairlines.Andalthoughsomeairlinesprohibitpassengersfromusingsuchequipmentduringtake-offandlanding,mostarereluctanttoenforceatotalban,giventhatmanypassengerswanttoworkduringflights.
Thedifficultyispredictinghowelectromagneticfieldsmightaffectanaircraft’scomputers.Expertsknowthatportabledevicesemitradiationwhichaffectsthosewavelengthswhichaircraftusefornavigationandcommunication.But,becausetheyhavenotbeenabletoreproducetheseeffectsinalaboratory,theyhavenowayofknowingwhethertheinterferencemightbedangerousornot.
Thefactthataircraftmaybevulnerabletointerferenceraisestheriskthatterroristsmayuseradiosystemsinordertodamagenavigationequipment.Asworrying,though,isthepassengerwhocan’theartheinstructionstoturnoffhisradiobecausethemusic’stooloud.
1.Thepassageismainlyabout(
).
2.Whatissaidabouttheover100aircraftincidentsinthepast15years?
3.Fewairlineswanttoimposeatotalbanontheirpassengersusingelectronicdevicesbecause(
)
4.Whyisitdifficulttopredictthepossibleeffectsofelectromagneticfieldsonanairplane’scomputers?
5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor(
).
问题1选项
A.anewregulationforallairlines
B.thedefectsofelectronicdevices
C.apossiblecauseofaircraftcrashes
D.effectivesafetymeasuresforairflight
问题2选项
A.Theymayhavebeencausedbythedamagetotheradiosystems
B.Theymayhavetakenplaceduringtake-offandlanding
C.Theywereprovedtohavebeencausedbythepassengers’portablecomputers
D.Theyweresuspectedtohaveresultedfromelectromagneticinterference
问题3选项
A.theydon’tbelievethereissuchadangerasradiointerference
B.theharmfuleffectofelectromagneticinterferenceisyettobeproved
C.mostpassengersrefusetotakeaplanewhichbanstheuseofradioandcassetteplayers
D.theyhaveothereffectivesafetymeasurestofallbackon
问题4选项
A.Becauseitisextremelydangeroustoconductsuchresearchonanairplane
B.Becauseitremainsamysterywhatwavelengthsareliabletobeinterferedwith
C.Becauseresearchscientistshavenotbeenabletoproducethatsameeffectsinlabs
D.Becauseexpertslackadequateequipmenttodosuchresearch
问题5选项
A.isinfavorofprohibitingpassenger’useofelectronicdevicescompletely
B.hasoverestimatedthedangerofelectromagneticinterference
C.hasn’tformedhisownopiniononthisproblem
D.regardsitasunreasonabletoexerciseatotalbanduringflight
【答案】第1题:C
第2题:D
第3题:C
第4题:C
第5题:A
【解析】1.主旨大意题。文章开篇第一句话点明主旨:Thebiggestsafetythreatfacingairlinestodaymaynotbeaterroristwithagun,butthemanwiththeportablecomputerinbusinessclass(如今航空公司面临的最大的安全威胁可能不是持枪的恐怖分子,而是商务舱里带着便携式电脑的乘客)。故选C。
2.细节事实。根据题干定位至第一段:Inthelast15years,pilotshavereportedwellover100incidentsthatcouldhavebeencausedbyelectromagneticinterference(在过去的15年中,飞行员报告说100多起事故可能由电磁干扰引起的)。
3.细节事实。根据题干定位至第二段:mostarereluctanttoenforceatotalban,giventhatmanypassengerswanttoworkduringflights(由于许多乘客想在飞行期间工作,多数航空公司不愿意执行全面禁令)。
4.细节事实。第三段给出了原因:But,becausetheyhavenotbeenabletoreproducetheseeffectsinalaboratory,theyhavenowayofknowingwhethertheinterferencemightbedangerousornot.(由于他们无法在实验室中重现这些效应,他们无法知道干扰是否有危险)。
5.观点态度。根据文章大意,可以看出作者的态度。
9.单选题
Althoughthetwoplayersare
inthetenniscourt,theyarereallygoodfriendsindailylife.
问题1选项
A.partners
B.enemies
C.rivals
D.opponents
【答案】C
【解析】考查名词词义辨析。Partner“合作伙伴”;enemy“敌人”;rival“竞争对手”;opponent“反对者”。句意:虽然他们在网球赛场上是竞争对手,但是他们私底下是好朋友。选项C符合题意。
10.单选题
Nearlyalltreeshaveseedsthatfalltotheearth,takeroot,andeventually().
问题1选项
A.generatenewseeds
B.newseedsgenerated
C.generatesnewseeds
D.newseedsaregenerated
【答案】A
【解析】考查语法知识。本句的that用来引导定语从句修饰先行词seeds,定语从句中有三个并列的动作:fall,takeroot,generate;三个动作形式保持一致,因此A选项符合题意。
11.单选题
Whenwespeakofprogressinconnectionwithourindividualendeavorsoranyorganizedhumaneffort,wemeananadvancetowardaknowngoal.Itisnotinthissensethatsocialevolutioncanbecalledprogress,foritisnotachievedbyhumanreasonstrivingbyknownmeanstowardafixedaim.Itwouldbemorecorrecttothinkof
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