考研考博-英语-安徽医科大学临床医学院考试押题三合一+答案详解1

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-安徽医科大学临床医学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

Someone’sfutureblursandgoesblankasanticipation（）nothingness.

问题1选项

A.smashesinto

B.squeezesinto

C.fadesinto

D.jamsinto

【答案】C

【解析】考查词组辨析。A选项smashinto表示“猛撞在……”；B选项squeezeinto表示“挤入；硬塞进……”；C选项fadeinto表示“渐渐融入于……，逐渐变成……”；D选项jaminto表示“挤进”。根据Someone’sfutureblursandgoesblank（个人的未来变得渺茫，成为空白）可知，期望应当是逐渐变成虚无，故C项fadeinto符合语境。句意：当期望逐渐变得虚无，个人的未来也会变得渺茫，成为空白。

2.单选题

Youmayhaveseenthiswhenyoutriedtoopenanewbankorcreditcardaccountandyouwerepresentedwithsomemultiplechoicequestionsaskingyoutoverifywhereyougotyour（

）orcarloan.

问题1选项

A.complication

B.revenue

C.mortgage

D.chasm

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项complication“并发症；混乱；复杂化”；B选项revenue“税收收入；收益”；C选项mortgage“抵押；按揭”；D选项chasm“峡谷；分歧”。句意：当你尝试开立一个新的银行或信用卡账户时，你可能已经看到了这一点。你会被问到一些选择题，要求核实你的汽车贷款或……是从哪里来的。C选项符合题意。

3.不定项选择题

Newparentsareannoying.Theythinkyouwanttohearabouteverygurgleandbaby-step.Butitcouldbeworse.Whenyourbosshasasprog,watchyourwallet.

AstudytobepublishednextmonthinAdministrativeScienceQuarterlylooksatwhathappenstoworkers’paywhenamalebosshasachild.ResearcherstrackedsalariesateveryfirminDenmarkwithmorethantenemployeesbetween1996and2006.(Theyconfinedthemselvestomalebossespartlybecausethesampleoffemalebosseswastoosmall.)

Malebosses,itturnsout,paythemselvessignificantlymoreoncetheybecomefathers.Evenaftercontrollingforfactorssuchasage,lengthoftenureandtheperformanceofthefirm,thestudyfoundthatbosseswithdaughterspaythemselves3.5%morethanchildlessones.Iftheyhaveason,thatincreasestoahefty6.4%.DavidRossofColumbiaBusinessSchool,oneoftheauthors,saysallfathersfeeladutytosupporttheirfamilies.Forgruntsthismeansworkingharder.Bosseshavethemoreagreeableoptionofraisingtheirownwages.

Thisisbadnewsforunderlings.Thatextramoneycomesoutofworkers’pockets,thestudyfinds.Staffemployedbyafatheristypicallypaidless.Theamountdependsonsuchthingsasthesexofthebabyandwhetheritishisfirstchild.Maleemployeesbearthegrunt:iftheboss’schildisason,forexample,theycanexpect0.5%lesssalarythanifhehadn’treproduced.

Femalestafffarebetter.Aftertheirboss’sfirstchild,theycanexpecttobepaidalittlemore.Mr.Rossspeculatesthatthismightbebecause,havingseentheirwivesgothroughchildbirth,theystarttorespectwomenmore.Alas,suchgoodwilldoesn’tlast.Oncethebosshasasecondchild,femaleworkers’wagesarelikelytofall,justlikemen’s.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingdescribesthestudyCORRECTLY?

2.Accordingtothepassage,oncetheybecomefathers,malebossestendto______.

3.Thestudyrevealsthatuponsteppingintofatherhood,______.

4.Whatdoesthesentence“Maleemployeesbearthegrunt”inparagraph4mean?

5.Aftertheboss’sfirstchild,comparedwithmales,femaleworkersare______.

问题1选项

A.ItwasconductedbyaDenmarkfirm.

B.Itwasalarge-scaleandlongitudinalstudy.

C.Itwasasystematicandtime-consumingstudy.

D.Ittrackedthesalariesoftenemployeesfromeveryfirm.

问题2选项

A.paymoretothosewithsons

B.makethefirmearnmoremoney

C.differduetofactorssuchasageetc.

D.takemoremoneyfromtheirunderlings

问题3选项

A.employeesneedtoworkharderthanbosses

B.bossesandemployeesdifferintheiroptionsofduty

C.bothbossesandemployeesneedtoearnmoremoney

D.bossesaremoreagreeablethanemployees

问题4选项

A.Maleemployeesareangry.

B.Maleemployeessuffermost.

C.Maleemployeesdifferfromothers.

D.Maleemployeescomplainaboutthesituation.

问题5选项

A.inadifferentsituation

B.paidalittlebitmore

C.morerespected

D.justlikemen

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:C

第4题:B

第5题:A

【解析】1.【选项释义】

1.Accordingtothepassage,whichofthefollowingdescribesthestudyCORRECTLY?1.根据文章，关于这项研究下列哪项描述是正确的？

A.ItwasconductedbyaDenmarkfirm.A.它是由一家丹麦公司进行的。

B.Itwasalarge-scaleandlongitudinalstudy.B.这是一项大规模的纵向研究。

C.Itwasasystematicandtime-consumingstudy.C.这是一项系统而耗时的研究。

D.Ittrackedthesalariesoftenemployeesfromeveryfirm.D.它跟踪调查了每家公司十名员工的工资。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第二段的内容“下月即将在《行政管理学季刊》上发表的一项研究报告显示，当男性雇主有了孩子之后，员工的薪水会发生怎样的变化。1996年至2006年间，研究人员在丹麦对所有雇员人数十人以上的公司的员工薪水进行了跟踪调查（调查范围限于男性雇主，部分原因是由于女性雇主的样本过小）。”可知，这项研究对丹麦所有雇员超过十人的公司都进行了调查，目的是比较员工的薪水在男性雇主有孩子之后有什么变化规律，这是一种纵向分析的调查，所以推断这项研究是一项大型的纵向研究，纵向研究(longitudinalstudy)也叫追踪研究，是指在一段相对长的时间内对同一个或同一批被试进行重复的研究。B项“这是一项大规模的纵向研究”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A项“它是由一家丹麦公司进行的”文中没有提及，属于无中生有；

C项“这是一项系统而耗时的研究”根据解题思路可知，这项研究跨度十年，是一项耗时的研究，但是文中并没有依据能推断这项研究是系统的，所以该项曲解原文；

D项“它追踪了每家公司十名员工的工资”根据解题思路可知，这项研究调查的是员工超过十人的公司的员工薪水，不是每家公司十名员工的工资，该项曲解原文。

2.【选项释义】

2.Accordingtothepassage,oncetheybecomefathers,malebossestendto______.2.根据这篇文章，男性老板一旦成为父亲，他们往往会______。

A.paymoretothosewithsonsA.给那些有儿子的人更多的钱

B.makethefirmearnmoremoneyB.让公司赚更多的钱

C.differduetofactorssuchasageetc.C.因年龄等因素而不同

D.takemoremoneyfromtheirunderlingsD.从下属那里拿走更多的钱

【考查点】细节事实题。

【解题思路】根据第三段第一句“事实证明，男性雇主在成为父亲之后，会对自己的薪酬更加慷慨”，以及第四段第二句“研究发现，超出的这部分钱来自员工的口袋”，综合理解可知，男性雇主一旦成为父亲，他们会给自己加薪，但是这部分钱却是来自于员工，所以D项“从下属那里拿走更多的钱”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A项“给那些有儿子的人更多的钱”根据第四段第三句“已为人父的老板手下员工的工资通常相对较低”可知，该项属于反向干扰；

B项“让公司赚更多的钱”没有提及，无中生有；

C项“因年龄等因素而不同”根据第三段第二句“尽管此项研究对年龄、任职时间、公司业绩等因素进行了控制，但还是发现，生女儿的老板付给自己的薪酬比没有孩子的老板高出百分之三点五”可知，即便进行了年龄等因素的控制，研究还是发现男性雇主成为父亲之后就会给自己加薪，也就是说这不受年龄等因素的影响，所以该项反向干扰。

3.【选项释义】

3.Thestudyrevealsthatuponsteppingintofatherhood,______.3.研究显示，当成为父亲后，______。

A.employeesneedtoworkharderthanbossesA.员工需要比老板更努力工作

B.bossesandemployeesdifferintheiroptionsofdutyB.老板和雇员的职责选择不同

C.bothbossesandemployeesneedtoearnmoremoneyC.老板和员工都需要赚更多的钱

D.bossesaremoreagreeablethanemployeesD.老板比员工更讨人喜欢

【考查点】细节事实题。

【解题思路】根据第三段倒数第三句“该研究报告的作者之一哥伦比亚商学院的DavidRoss表示，所有父亲都会感到有挣钱养家的责任”可知，当一个男性成为了父亲，不管是老板还是普通员工都需要赚更多的钱养家，C项“老板和员工都需要赚更多的钱”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A项“员工需要比老板更努力工作”根据解题思路可知，老板和员工都一样要努力赚钱，该项曲解原文；

B项“老板和雇员的职责选择不同”和D项“老板比员工更讨人喜欢”没有提及，这两项无中生有。

4.【选项释义】

4.Whatdoesthesentence“Maleemployeesbearthegrunt”inparagraph4mean?4.第四段中“Maleemployeesbearthebrunt”这句话是什么意思？

A.Maleemployeesareangry.A.男员工很生气。

B.Maleemployeessuffermost.B.男性员工遭受的损失最大。

C.Maleemployeesdifferfromothers.C.男性员工与其他员工不同。

D.Maleemployeescomplainaboutthesituation.D.男员工抱怨这种情况。

【考查点】词义推测题。

【解题思路】根据题干定位至第四段最后一句“男性雇员bearthebrunt：譬如说，如果老板的孩子是儿子，预计男员工的工资可能会比老板没有孩子的情况少0.5%”，从中可知，如果男性雇主的孩子是儿子，那么雇主将增加自己的薪酬，而这部分额外的薪酬来自于员工，男性员工的工资会比没有孩子的男性雇主少，也就是说男性员工将承受损失，故推断Maleemployeesbearthebrunt表达的意思是“男性首当其冲地受到工资低的待遇”，故B项“男性员工遭受的损失最大”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】A项“男员工很生气”、C项“男性员工与其他员工不同”和D项“男员工抱怨这种情况”在原文没有依据，属于无中生有。

5.【选项释义】

5.Aftertheboss’sfirstchild,comparedwithmales,femaleworkersare______.5.老板生完第一个孩子后，与男性相比，女性员工_____。

A.inadifferentsituationA.所处境遇不同

B.paidalittlebitmoreB.工资要稍微高一些

C.morerespectedC.更受尊重

D.justlikemenD.和男性员工一样

【考查点】细节事实题。

【解题思路】根据最后一段前两句“女性员工要好过一些。老板有了第一个孩子以后，预计她们的工资可能会提高一点。”可知，老板生完第一个孩子后，与男性相比，女性员工的待遇会好一点，A项“所处境遇不同”符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

B项“工资要稍微高一些”，文中只提到女性工资会有所增加，并没有说明是否比男性员工的工资高，该项属于曲解原文；

C项“更受尊重”根据最后一段第三句“罗斯先生猜测，这可能是因为刚刚看到妻子经历分娩，老板开始更加尊重妇女的原因”可知，受到尊重只是罗斯的个人猜测，该项出处错位；

D项“和男性员工一样”根据解题思路可知，该项属于反向干扰。

4.单选题

Asagoodphotographer,youmustdevelopanawarenessoftheworldaroundyouandthepeoplewho（

）it.

问题1选项

A.innovate

B.inhabit

C.integrate

D.inherit

【答案】B

【解析】考察动词辨析。。innovate“改革”；inhabit“栖息”；integrate“使融人”；inherit“继承”。句意：作为一名优秀的摄影师，你必须形成一种意识，留意你所处的世界和栖息在这世界上的人们。选项B符合句意。

5.写作题

Directions:“GoWest,YoungMan”wasapopularsayingofthe19centuryintheUnitedStates,referringtoopportunitiesonthefrontier.TodayinChina,thereisalsoagreatneedforpatrioticandenergeticyoungpeopletogowestandmakecontributionstothewesternregiondevelopment.WriteontheAnswerSheetanessayofabout150wordstodiscussthesignificanceofthedevelopmentofWestChina.ThesuggestedtitleisGoWest,RevitalizeOurNation.

【答案】GoWest,RevitalizeOurNation

ThewesternregiondevelopmentisakeymovetheStateCouncilhastaken,toachievethebalanceandco-ordinatedevelopmentofeconomyinthedifferenceregionalloverChina.Itcancontributetonationalemploymentaswellaseconomicgrowthofthewesternregion.Therefore,thewesternregionisingreatneedforanarmyoftalentswhowillbededicatedtotheiryouthandblood,inparticular,earlierstageofdevelopment.

Forthewesternprogressandprosperity,youngpeopleshouldcatchthechancetobecomepioneersthereandtoachievetheirownvalueratherthanenjoygoodlivingconditionincities.Thereexistavarietyofresourcestoberequiredforexploitingandutilizing.Thereitisfullofbusinessopportunitiestodemonstrateyourabilityandmakeyourdreamcometrue.

Ifyouareafreshgraduate,ifyouaspiretodobigthings,ifyoucommityourselftorevitalizingournation,gotothewesternregionwhereitsdevelopmentcan4carryonwithoutyourknowledge,enthusiasmanddevotion.Thewestcallsforyou!Youngpeople.

6.单选题

Shegetsalongverywellwitheveryone,sosheisthemost（

）memberofourfamily.

问题1选项

A.rusty

B.impetuous

C.congenial

D.imperious

【答案】C

【解析】考查形容词辨析。rusty意为“生锈的，腐蚀的”；impetuous意为“鲁莽的，冲动的，轻率的”；congenial意为“意气相投的，情趣相投的，合得来的”；imperious意为“专横的，蛮横的，盛气凌人的”。由前面的Shegetsalongverywellwitheveryone（她和大家相处得很好）可知她是个容易相处的人，因此选C。

句意：她和大家相处得很好，所以她是我们家最容易相处的人。

7.单选题

Researchersinthesocialsciencesmayoftenhave（）theirscopetothosenarrowlycircumscribedtopicsthatarewellsuitedtoquantitativemethods.

问题1选项

A.diminished

B.enlarged

C.limited

D.expanded

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词辨析。A选项diminish“减少，缩小”；B选项enlarge“扩大，增大”；C选项limit“限制”；D选项expand“扩张”。根据下文的“narrowlycircumscribedtopics”可推测，这里填入选项C符合语境。句意：社会科学的研究人员可能经常将他们的研究范围限制在那些非常适合定量方法的狭窄限定的课题上。所以选项C正确。

8.单选题

Theyboughtthelandwitha______tobuildanewofficeblock.

问题1选项

A.purpose

B.view

C.goal

D.reason

【答案】A

【解析】【试题解析】考查定语从句。A选项purpose“目的（经过考虑而要做某事的意图）”；B选项view“风景；视野”；C选项goal“目标（想要通过一段时间的努力而在未来实现某事的意图）”；D选项reason“理由，原因”。句意：他们买那块地的______是要建一座新的办公大楼。根据语境，这里指的是现在买地，买地是为了以后建办公大楼，A选项purpose符合题意。因此A选项正确。

9.单选题

TheargumentthatChildrenarenolongeraneconomicasset,butmoreofaliability,drewmoreattentionofthepublic.

问题1选项

A.responsibility

B.possibility

C.productivity

D.necessity

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项responsibility“责任，职责；义务”；B选项possibility“可能性；可能发生的事物”；C选项productivity“生产力；生产率；生产能力”；D选项necessity“需要；必然性；必需品”。句意：孩子不再是一种经济资产，而更多地是一种责任，这一观点引起了公众更多的关注。本句关键词liability在句中表示“责任”，四个选项中A选项最合适，因此A选项正确。

10.单选题

AspecialfeatureofeducationatMITistheopportunityforstudentsandfacultyto（）togetherinresearchactivities.

问题1选项

A.specialize

B.participate

C.consist

D.involve

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。specialize“使专门化”；participate“参与”；consist“由…组成”;involve“包含，牵涉”。句意：麻省理工学院教育的一个特色是学生和老师都有机会一起参与研究活动。B项符合题意，故答案B。

11.单选题

AUNreportsaysthatmalnutritionisoneofthecommon______ofthepoorinAfrica.

问题1选项

A.affections

B.appeasements

C.afflictions

D.attainments

【答案】C

【解析】考查名词辨析。A项affection“喜爱，感情，影响”，B项appeasement“缓和，平息，姑息”，C项affliction“苦难，苦恼，折磨”，D项attainment“达到，成就，学识”。从句子结构可知，句子缺少一个表语修饰主语malnutrition“营养不良”，四个选项中只有“苦难，折磨”符合语境。句意：一份联合国报告称，营养不良是非洲穷人普遍遭受的折磨之一。因此，该题选择C项正确。

12.单选题

Thewealthofacountryshouldbemeasured（

）thehealthandhappinessofitspeopleaswellasthematerialgoodsitcanproduce.

问题1选项

A.inlinewith

B.intermsof

C.regardlessof

D.bymeansof

【答案】B

【解析】考查词组辨析。Inlinewith“符合，与······一致”；intermsof“依据，根据，在······方面”；regardlessof“不顾，不管”；bymeansof“借助于，凭借”。根据句意“一个国家的财富应该依据人民的健康和幸福以及它所生产的商品来衡量”，选项B符合题意。

13.翻译题

TranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.

北京奥组委(TheBeijingOrganizingCommitteefortheGamesoftheXXIXOlympiad)官方网站讯：2007年6月23日，在八达岭长城举办的“第四届2008北京奥林匹克文化节”开幕式上，所有观众的目光都被长城上的新标识所吸引一一在绿树环绕下，一个令所有中国人兴奋的口号映衬着的长城遒劲而古老的线体。这就是一座长67米，高18米的“同一个世界同一个梦想(OneWorldOneDream)”北京奥运会会徽(Emblem)和北京奥运会主题口号大型景观建筑。在今后的两年多的时间里，每当人们抬头仰望长城巍峨的身姿就会知道，奥运和中国有着怎样的无法割舍的渊源。

【答案】TheBeijingOrganizingCommitteefortheGamesoftheXXIXOlympiadOfficialWebsiteNews:AttheopeningceremonyoftheFourth2008BeijingOlympicCulturalFestival,heldontheBadalingGreatWallonJune23,2007,allaudiencesareattractedtothenewlogoontheGreatWall.Surroundedbygreentrees,thislogoshowspowerfulandantiquelineoftheGreatWallwithanexcitingslogantoallChinesepeople.Thatisalargelandscapearchitecture,67meterslengthand18metershigh,ofBeijingOlympicGamesemblemengravingcharacterswith“OneWorldOneDream”andBeijingOlympicGamesthemeslogan.Overthenextmorethantwoyears,peoplewilllearnaboutthedeepandcloserelationshipbetweenOlympicGamesandChinawhenevertheylookupattoweringfigureoftheGreatWall.

14.单选题

Inthe1700sNorthAmericancolonistsproclaimedtheirwealthandsocial（）bywearingelaboratestockings.

问题1选项

A.responsibility

B.events

C.organization

D.status

【答案】D

【解析】考查名词辨析。A选项responsibility“责任；职责”，B选项events“事件；大事”，C选项organization“组织；机构”，D选项status“地位；状态”；根据句意我们知道穿长筒袜是殖民者炫耀自己地位的一种手段，因此答案为D。句意为：在18世纪，北美殖民者通过穿着精心制作的长筒袜来展示他们的财富和社会地位。

15.单选题

JapanremainstiedtotheWesterncamppartlybecausetherelationshiphasbecome（

）tohereconomyandpoliticsoverfortyyears’association.

问题1选项

A.integral

B.unilateral

C.rational

D.hierarchical

【答案】A

【解析】形容词辨析。句意:日本依然和西方保持着关系，因为这层关系是他40年社交出来经济和政治的不可分割的一部分。

integral构成整体所必需的，完整的。unilateral单边的；［植］单侧的；单方面的。rational合理的；理性的。hierarchical分层的；等级体系的。

16.单选题

Numeration

Oneofthefirstgreatintellectualfeatsofayoungchildislearninghowtotalk,closelyfollowedbylearninghowtocount.Fromearliestchildhoodwearesoboundupwithoursystemofnumerationthatitisafeatofimaginationtoconsidertheproblemsfacedbyearlyhumanswhohadnotyetdevelopedthisfacility.Carefulconsiderationofoursystemofnumerationleadstotheconvictionthat,ratherthanbeingafacilitythatcomesnaturallytoaperson,itisoneofthegreatandremarkableachievementsofthehumanrace.

Itisimpossibletolearnthesequenceofeventsthatledtoourdevelopingtheconceptofnumber.Eventheearliestoftribeshadasystemofnumerationthat,ifnotadvancedwassufficientforthetasksthattheyhadtoperform.Ourancestorshadlittleuseforactualnumbers;insteadtheirconsiderationswouldhavebeenmoreofthekindIsthisenough?Ratherthanhowmany?Whentheywereengagedinfoodgathering,forexample.However,whenearlyhumansfirstbegantoreflectonthenatureofthingsaroundthem,theydiscoveredthattheyneededanideaofnumbersimplytokeeptheirthoughtsinorder.Astheybegantosettle,growplantsandherdanimals,theneedforasophisticatednumbersystembecameparamount.Itwillneverbeknownhowandwhenthisnumerationabilitydeveloped,butitiscertainthatnumerationwaswelldevelopedbythetimehumanshadformedevensemi-permanentsettlements.

Evidenceofearlystagesofarithmeticandnumerationcanbereadilyfound.TheindigenouspeoplesofTasmaniawereonlyabletocountone,two,many;thoseofSouthAfricacountedone,two,twoandone,twotwos,twotwosandone,andsoon.Butinrealsituationsthenumberandwordsareoftenaccompaniedbygesturestohelpresolveanyconfusion.Forexample,whenusingtheone,two,manytypeofsystem,thewordmanywouldmean.LookatmyhandsandseehowmanyfingersIamshowingyou.Thisbasicapproachislimitedintherangeofnumbersthatitcanexpress,butthisrangewillgenerallysufficewhendealingwiththesimpleraspectsofhumanexistence.

Thelackofabilityofsomeculturestodealwithlargenumbersisnotreallysurprising.Europeanlanguages,whentracedbacktotheirearlierversion,areverypoorinnumberwordsandexpressions.TheancientGothicwordforten,tachund,isusedtoexpressthenumber100astachundtachund.Bytheseventhcentury,thewordteonhadbecomeinterchangeablewiththetachundorhundoftheAnglo-Saxonlanguage,andso100wasdenotedashundteontig,ortentimesten.TheaveragepersonintheseventhcenturyinEuropewasnotasfamiliarwithnumbersaswearetoday.Infact,toqualifyasawitnessinacourtoflawamanhadtobeabletocounttonine!

Perhapsthemostfundamentalstepindevelopingasenseofnumberisnottheabilitytocount,butrathertoseethatanumberisreallyanabstractideainsteadofasimpleattachmenttoagroupofparticularobjects.Itmusthavebeenwithinthegraspoftheearliesthumanstoconceivethatfourbirdsaredistinctfromtwobirds;however,itisnotanelementarysteptoassociatethenumber4,asconnectedwithfourbirds,tothenumber4,asconnectedwithfourrocks.Associatinganumberasoneofthequalitiesofaspecificobjectisagreathindrancetothedevelopmentofatruenumbersense.Whenthenumber4canberegisteredinthemindasaspecificword,independentoftheobjectbeingreferenced,theindividualisreadytotakethefirststeptowardthedevelopmentofanotationalsystemfornumbersand,fromthere,toarithmetic.

Tracesoftheveryfirststagesinthedevelopmentofnumerationcanbeseeninseverallivinglanguagestoday.ThenumerationsystemoftheTsimshianlanguageinBritishColumbiacontainssevendistinctsetsofwordsfornumbersaccordingtotheclassoftheitembeingcounted:forcountingflatobjectsandanimals,forroundobjectsandtime,forpeople,forlongobjectsandtrees,forcanoes,formeasures,andforcountingwhennoparticularobjectisbeingnumerated.Itseemsthatthelastisalaterdevelopmentwhilethefirstsixgroupsshowtherelicsofanoldersystem.ThisdiversityofnumbernamescanalsobefoundinsomewidelyusedlanguagessuchasJapanese.

Intermixedwiththedevelopmentofanumbersenseisthedevelopmentofanabilitytocount.Countingisnotdirectlyrelatedtotheformationofanumberconceptbecauseitispossibletocountbymatchingtheitemsbeingcountedagainstagroupofpebbles,grainsofcorn,orthecounter’sfingers.Theseaidswouldhavebeenindispensabletoveryearlypeoplewhowouldhavefoundtheprocessimpossiblewithoutsomeformofmechanicalaid.Suchaids,whiledifferent,arestillusedevenbythemosteducatedintoday’ssocietyduetotheirconvenience.Allcountingultimatelyinvolvesreferencetosomethingotherthanthethingsbeingcounted.Atfirstitmayhavebeengrainsorpebblesbutnowitisamemorisedsequenceofwordsthathappentobethenamesofthenumbers.

Completeeachsentencewiththecorrectending,A-G,below.

WritethecorrectletterA-Ginboxes23-27onyourAnswerSheet.

1.Adevelopedsystemofnumbering（）.

2.Anadditionalhandsignal（）.

3.Inseventh-centuryEurope,theabilitytocounttoacertainnumber（）.

4.Thinkingaboutnumbersasconceptsseparatefromphysicalobjects（）.

5.Expressingnumberdifferentlyaccordingtoclassofitem（）.

问题1选项

A.wasnecessaryinordertofulfillacivicrole.

B.wasnecessarywhenpeoplebeganfarming.

C.wasnecessaryforthedevelopmentofarithmetic.

D.persistsinallsocieties.

E.wasusedwhentherangeofnumberwordswasrestricted.

F.canbetracedbacktoearlyEuropeanlanguages.

G.wasacharacteristicofearlynumerationsystems.

问题2选项

A.wasnecessaryinordertofulfillacivicrole.

B.wasnecessarywhenpeoplebeganfarming.

C.wasnecessaryforthedevelopmentofarithmetic.

D.persistsinallsocieties.

E.wasusedwhentherangeofnumberwordswasrestricted.

F.canbetracedbacktoearlyEuropeanlanguages.

G.wasacharacteristicofearlynumerationsystems.

问题3选项

A.wasnecessaryinordertofulfillacivicrole.

B.wasnecessarywhenpeoplebeganfarming.

C.wasnecessaryforthedevelopmentofarithmetic.

D.persistsinallsocieties.

E.wasusedwhentherangeofnumberwordswasrestricted.

F.canbetracedbacktoearlyEuropeanlanguages.

G.wasacharacteristicofearlynumerationsystems.

问题4选项

A.wasnecessaryinordertofulfillacivicrole.

B.wasnecessarywhenpeoplebeganfarming.

C.wasnecessaryforthedevelopmentofarithmetic.

D.persistsinallsocieties.

E.wasusedwhentherangeofnumberwordswasrestricted.

F.canbetracedbacktoearlyEuropeanlanguages.

G.wasacharacteristicofearlynumerationsystems.

问题5选项

A.wasnecessaryinordertofulfillacivicrole.

B.wasnecessarywhenpeoplebeganfarming.

C.wasnecessaryforthedevelopmentofarithmetic.

D.persistsinallsocieties.

E.wasusedwhentherangeofnumberwordswasrestricted.

F.canbetracedbacktoearlyEuropeanlanguages.

G.wasacharacteristicofearlynumerationsystems.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:E

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:G

【解析】1.根据文章第二段，“Astheybegantosettle,growplantsandherdanimals,theneedforasophisticatednumbersystembecameparamount.”，可知当他们开始定居、种植植物和放牧动物时，对复杂的数字系统的需求变得至关重要。可判断出一种发达的数字系统对于开始农作的人们来说是非常有必要的。选项B符合题意。

2.根据文章第三段，“Butinrealsituationsthenumberandwordsareoftenaccompaniedbygesturestohelpresolveanyconfusion.”，可知但在实际情况中，数字和单词往往伴随着手势，以帮助解决任何困惑。可判断出额外的手势信号也是有必要的，当数字有限时，可以帮助解除困惑。根据文章第四段，“Europeanlanguages,whentracedbacktotheirearlierversion,areverypoorinnumberwordsandexpressions.”，可知在数字单词和表达有限的情况可追溯到欧洲的语言的早期版本。可判断出当数字单词的范围被限制时，可以使用手势信号，这种情况可以追溯到早期的欧洲语言。选项E符合题意。

3.根据文章第四段，“TheaveragepersonintheseventhcenturyinEuropewasnotasfamiliarwithnumbersaswearetoday.Infact,toqualifyasawitnessinacourtoflawamanhadtobeabletocounttonine!”，可知七世纪欧洲的普通人对数字并不像我们今天这样熟悉。事实上，要想成为法庭上的证人，一个人必须能够数到九。可判断出在七世纪的欧洲，一定的数数能力是履行公民角色的必要条件。选项A符合题意。

4.根据文章第五段，“Whenthenumber4canberegisteredinthemindasaspecificword,independentoftheobjectbeingreferenced,theindividualisreadytotakethefirststeptowardthedevelopmentofanotationalsystemfornumbersand,fromthere,toarithmetic.”，可知当数字4在大脑中被看作一个独立于引用对象的特定概念时，就迈出了发展数字符号系统的第一步，然后开始发展成为算术。可判断出把数字看作是独立于物理对象的概念对于算术的发展是必要的。选项C符合题意。

5.根据文章第六段，“Tracesoftheveryfirststagesinthedevelopmentofnumerationcanbeseeninseverallivinglanguagestoday.ThenumerationsystemoftheTsimshianlanguageinBritishColumbiacontainssevendistinctsetsofwordsfornumbersaccordingtotheclassoftheitembeingcounted.”，可知今天，我们可以在几种现存的语言中看到记数发展的最初阶段的痕迹。不列颠哥伦比亚省的Tsimshian语言的记数系统包含7组不同的单词，根据被计数物品的类别来表示数字。可判断出根据物体类别不同而用不同的数字表示是早期记数系统的一个特点。选项G符合题意。

17.单选题

Whiletherehavebeencountlessattemptsatcorrelatingsunspotcycleswithsuchdiversephenomenaastheeconomy,cropyields,andtheweather,therehasbeenlittleevidencetosupportthesecorrelations.Thepastfewdecadeshaveseenarenewedinterestinthesun-climaterelationshipwithacomprehensiveanalysisofmanydifferenthistoricalrecordsofsolarobservation.Lateintheseventeenthcentury,aperiodknownastheMaunderMinimum,therewerevirtuallynosunspotsobserved,indicatinga“quiet”periodinthesun’sactivitycoincidingwiththeheightofatimeknownastheLittleIceAge,aperiodoflowertemperaturesinEurope.Oncethisevidencehadbeensynthesized,ithasbecomemuchclearerthatthereareindeedrobustcorrelationsbetweentheEarth’stemperatureandsunspots.Perhapsthemostimportantdevelopmentinthesolar-climatelinkcamewhensatellitesweredevelopedtomeasure,inroughterms,theTotalSolarIrradiance（TSI）,afactorshowntobedirectlyrelatedtothese“activity”cycles.Atthemaximaofthesecycles,therearemoresunspots（magneticphenomenathatattenuatelocalirradiance）,butnewinstrumentsshowthatthesedarksunspotsaremorethancompensatedforbybrightareasonthesuncalledfaculae;therefore,theoverallirradianceincreasesincorrespondencewithhighernumbersofsunspots.

Unfortunatedly,identifyingthisevidentincreaseinminimumvaluesasatrendprovokesconcern,astherehavebeenonlytwominimaevermeasuredinthisway.Wemustbeawarethatthewarmingtrendinthesurfacetemperaturegoesfarbeyondthelasttwodecades,andthatanextensionofthesolarrecordisnecessarytoassesswhethersolaractivityandirradianceisindeedincreasingattheminimaofthecyclesandwhatthepotentialeffectontheclimatemaybe.Thesolarrecordhasbeenextendedbytheuseofthehistoricalsunspotrecordsalreadymentionedandcorrelationshavebeendrawnbetweensolarirradianceandthetemperaturecurvesince1610,suggestingapredominantsolarinfluenceinthepre-industrialperiod.Butsince1860onlyhalftheobservedwarmingcouldbeattributabletotheirradianceincrease,indicatingthatsomeotherinfluenceisbecomingmoreinfluentialincontrollingthetemperaturechange:mostlikelyindustrialcarbon-dioxide.

Recentstudiesofglobalwarminghavenecessitatedamorecomprehensiveefforttoquantifythenaturalclimatevariabilitysothattheresidualchangemaybeattributedtotheanthropogenicemissionsofgreenhousegases.Thisattemptatquantificationofthemanydifferentforceseffectontheclimatehasre-emphasizedthecomplexityoftheclimatesystemandthesimultaneousinteractionofmanyinfluences.Solarirradiancemayindeedaccountforsomeofthetemperatureincreasesrecordedoverthelastseveraldecades,butastheatmosphericCO2rises,duetotheexponentialincreaseinemissionsfromindustrialsources,theinfluenceofsolarvariabilityontheEarth’sclimatewillmostlikelydecrease,anditsrelativecontributionwillbefarsurpassedby“greenhouse”gases.

31.Theauthorfocusesprimarilyon（）.

32.Whichofthefollowingstatementsconcerningthecomparisonbetweenpreindustrialandpost-industrialclimatechange,asdescribedinthepassage,isaccurate?

33.Accordingtothepassage,extendingsolarrecordisimportantforwhichofthefollowingreasons?

34.Accordingtothepassage,sunspotcycleshavewhichofthefollowingcharacteristics?

35.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorregardsthecorrelationsdrawninrecentdecadesbetweensunspotsandterrestrialphenomenaas（

）.

问题1选项

A.pointingoutthesuccessofacertainlineofscientificinquiryintotheterrestrialeffectsofsolaractivitywhilequalifyingitssuccesseswithregardtoclimatechange

B.givingabriefoverviewofsomerecentscientificdevelopmentsinsolarphysicsandexplainingtheirpossibleimplicationsforfutureresearch

C.discussingthesuccessesinlinkingterrestrialphenomenawithsolaractivityandindicatinghowtheymayhaveanimpactonpreventingfurtherclimatechange

D.presentingtwocompetingscientifictheoriesforthecauseofpost-industrialcli