考研考博-英语-威海职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解2

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-威海职业学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.翻译题

都市寸土千金，地价炒得越来越高，今后将更高。拥有一个小小花园的希望，对寻常之辈不啻一种奢望，一种梦想。

我想，其实谁都有一个小小的花园，这便是我们的内心世界。人的智力需开发，人的内心世界也是需要开发的，人和动物的区别，除了众所周知的诸多方面，恐怕还在于人有内心世界，心不过是人的一个重要脏器，而内心世界是一种景观，它是由外部世界不断作用于内心渐渐形成的，每个人都无比关注自己及至亲至爱之人心脏的健损，以至于稍有微疾便惶惶不可终日。但并非每个人都关注自己及至亲至爱人的内心世界的阴晴。

【答案】参考译文：

Urbanspaceishighlyratedandthepricekeepssoaring.Thehopeforasmallgardenisluxuryforthecommonpeople.

However,Ithinkeveryonehasasmallgardenwithinourminds.Ourintelligenceneeddevelopment,sodoourinnerworld.Thedifferencebetweenhumansandanimals,inadditiontothewell-knownaspects,liesinourinnerworlds.Thephysicallyheartisonlyanimportantorganofhumanbeings,whiletheinnerworldisakindoflandscape,whichisgraduallyformedbythecontinuousactionoftheouterforces.Everyoneisextremelyconcernedaboutthehealthoflovedone’sheart,sothataslightdiseasewillmakehimanxiousalldaylong.Butnoteveryonepaysattentiontotheinnerworldoftheirbeloved.

2.单选题

Thecompanyhas（

）itsoperationsinStamfordbyopeninganewbranchofficethere.

问题1选项

A.enlarged

B.expanded

C.extended

D.contracted

【答案】B

【解析】句意:通过开设分公司，这家公司扩大了其在斯坦福德的运营规模。

考查动词辨析。四个选项均为对应动词的过去分词形式。Enlarge使增大，扩展（主要指面积或体积等的扩大）;expand扩张,使膨胀（指范围、程度、体积和尺寸等方面的扩大或增加）;extend延伸，扩大，推广（指时间或空间的延长）;contract订约,使缩短。由关键词operations可知这里指扩大运营规模。故选B。

3.翻译题

HealthyFood

Anactivelifestyleandahealthy,fish-richdietarenotonlygoodforyourheart,theymayalsohelptacklethememorylossassociatedwitholdage,twoleadingneuroscientistssaidonWednesday.

Aspeoplelivelonger,findingwaysofhaltingthedeclineinmentalagilityisbecomingincreasinglyimportant,saidProfessorIanRobertson,directoroftheInstituteofNeuroscienceatTrinityCollegeDublin.

“Thebiggestthreattobeingabletofunctionwellandproperlyisourbrains,”hetoldjournalists.

“Thereisverystrongevidence,particularlyintheover-50s,thatthedegreetowhichyoumaintainyourmentalfacultiesdependsonahandfulofquitesimpleenvironmentalfactors,”hesaid.

Thosewhoremainedphysicallyfit,avoidedhighstresslevelsandenjoyedarichandvariedsociallifearebetterequippedtostayalertastheyage.Mentalstimulation,learningnewthingsandsimplythinkingyoungalsohelp.

【答案】健康的食物

美国两位著名的神经科学家于本周三称，积极的生活方式，健康的、富含鱼类的饮食不仅对心脏有好处，还有助于解决因年老而导致的记忆丧失问题。

都柏林三一学院神经科学研究所主任伊恩•罗伯逊教授说，随着人类的寿命越来越长，寻找能够阻止人类思维敏捷度下降的方法正变得越来越重要。

他告诉记者：“对身体机能正常运转的最大威胁是我们的大脑。”

他说：“有强有力的证据表明，一个人能否保持良好的智力水平取决于一些非常简单的环境因素，对那些50岁以上的人来说尤其如此。”

那些身体健康、能避免高压力、享受丰富多彩的社交生活的人，在他们上了年纪后，头脑会更清醒。精神刺激、学习新事物和保持年轻的心态也有帮助。

4.单选题

CampaigningontheIndianfrontierisanexperiencebyitself.Neitherthelandscapenorthepeoplefindtheircounterpartsinanyotherportionoftheglobe.Valleywallsrisesteeplyfiveorsixthousandfeetoneveryside.Thecolumnscrawlthroughamazeofgiantcorridorsdownwhichfiercesnow-fedtorrentsfoamunderskiesofbrass.Amidthesescenesofsavagebrilliancytheredwellsaracewhosequalitiesseemtoharmonizewiththeirenvironment.Exceptatharvesttime，whenself-preservationrequiresatemporarytruce,thePathantribesarealwaysengagedinprivateorpublicwar.Everymanisawarrior,apoliticianandatheologian.Everylargehouseisarealfeudalfortressmade,itistrue,onlyofsunbakedclay，butwithbattlements,turrets,loopholes，drawbridges,etc.Everyvillagehasitsdefence.Everyfamilycultivatesitsvendetta;everyclan，itsfeud.Thenumeroustribesandcombinationsoftribesallhavetheiraccountstosettlewithoneanother.Nothingiseverforgotten,andveryfewdebtsareleftunpaid.Forthepurposesofsociallife,inadditiontotheconventionaboutharvest-time,amostelaboratecodeofhonourhasbeenestablishedandisonthewholefaithfullyobserved.Amanwhoknewitandobserveditfaultlesslymightpassunarmedfromoneendofthefrontiertoanother.Theslightesttechnicalslipwould,however，befatal.ThelifeofthePathanisthusfullofinterest;andhisvalleys,nourishedalikebyendlesssunshineandabundantwater,arefertileenoughtoyieldwithlittlelabourthemodestmaterialrequirementsofasparsepopulation.

Intothishappyworldthenineteenthcenturybroughttwonewfacts:therifleandtheBritishGovernment.Thefirstwasanenormousluxuryandblessing;thesecond,anunmitigatednuisance.TheconvenienceoftheriflewasnowheremoreappreciatedthanintheIndianhighlands.Aweaponwhichwouldkillwithaccuracyatfifteenhundredyardsopenedawholenewvistaofdelightstoeveryfamilyorclanwhichcouldacquireit.Onecouldactuallyremaininone’sownhouseandfireatone’sneighbournearlyamileaway.Onecouldlieinwaitonsomehighcrag，andathithertounheardofrangeshitahorsemanfarbelow.Evenvillagescouldfireateachotherwithoutthetroubleofgoingfarfromhome.Fabulouspriceswerethereforeofferedforthesegloriousproductsofscience.RiflethievesscouredallIndiatoreinforcetheeffortsofthehonestsmuggler.Asteadyflowofthecovetedweaponsspreaditsgenialinfluencethroughoutthefrontier,andtherespectwhichthePathantribesmenentertainedforChristiancivilizationwasvastlyenhanced.

TheactionoftheBritishGovernmentontheotherhandwasentirelyunsatisfactory.Thegreatorganizing，advancing,absorbingpowertothesouthwardseemedtobelittlebetterthanamonstrousspoil-sport.IfthePathanmadeforaysintotheplains,notonlyweretheydrivenback(whichafterallwasnomorethanfair)，butawholeseriesofsubsequentinterferencestookplace,followedatintervalsbyexpeditionswhichtoiledlaboriouslythroughthevalleys,scoldingthetribesmenandexactingfinesforanydamagewhichtheyhaddone.Noonewouldhavemindedtheseexpeditionsiftheyhadsimplycome,hadafightandthengoneawayagain.Inmanycasesthiswastheirpracticeunderwhatwascalledthe“butcherandboltpolicy”towhichtheGovernmentofIndialongadhered.Buttowardstheendofthenineteenthcenturytheseintrudersbegantomakeroadsthroughmanyofthevalleys,andinparticularthegreatroadtoChitral.Theysoughttoensurethesafetyoftheseroadsbythreats,byfortsandbysubsidies.Therewasnoobjectiontothelastmethodsofarasitwent.Butthewholeofthistendencytoroad-makingwasregardedbythePathanswithprofounddistaste.Allalongtheroadpeoplewereexpectedtokeepquiet,nottoshootoneanother,andaboveallnottoshootattravellersalongtheroad.Itwastoomuchtoask,andawholeseriesofquarrelstooktheiroriginfromthissource.

1.Theworddebtsin“veryfewdebtsareleftunpaid”inthefirstparagraphmeans_______.

2.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthegeographicalfactsabouttheIndianfrontier?

3.Accordingtothepassage,thePathanswelcomed_________.

4.BuildingroadsbytheBritish__________.

5.Asuitabletitleforthepassagewouldbe________.

问题1选项

A.loans

B.accounts

C.killings

D.bargains

问题2选项

A.Meltingsnows.

B.Largepopulation.

C.Steephillsides.

D.Fertilevalleys.

问题3选项

A.theintroductionoftherifle

B.thespreadofBritishrule

C.theextensionofluxuries

D.thespreadoftrade

问题4选项

A.putanendtoawholeseriesofquarrels

B.preventedthePathansfromcarryingonfeuds

C.lessenedthesubsidiespaidtothePathans

D.gavethePathansamuchquieterlife

问题5选项

A.CampaigningontheIndianFrontier

B.WhythePathansResentedtheBritishRule

C.ThePopularityofRiflesamongthePathans

D.ThePathansatWar

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.词义题。根据文章第一段，“Everyvillagehasitsdefence.Everyfamilycultivatesitsvendetta;everyclan，itsfeud.Thenumeroustribesandcombinationsoftribesallhavetheiraccountstosettlewithoneanother.Nothingiseverforgotten,andveryfewdebtsareleftunpaid.”，可知每座村庄都设有自己的防卫。每个家族都有自己的仇恨，每个部落都有宿仇。无数部落和部落联合体都有自己的理由与其他部落清算。人们不会忘记任何事情，并且有仇必报。所以这里的债务是指宿仇和仇杀。选项C符合题意。

2.细节理解题。根据第一段最后一句，“…arefertileenoughtoyieldwithlittlelabourthemodestmaterialrequirementsofasparsepopulation…”，可知土地丰饶，只要些许劳作就足以供养稀少人口的物质需求。所以人口并不多。选项B符合题意。

3.细节理解题。根据文章第二段，“…convenienceoftheriflewasnowheremoreappreciatedthanintheIndianhighlands.Aweaponwhichwouldkillwithaccuracyatfifteenhundredyardsopenedawholenewvistaofdelightstoeveryfamilyorclanwhichcouldacquireit.”，可知步枪的便捷受到了前所未有的欢迎。这个在1500码远的地方可精确杀死对手的武器给每一个能拥有它的家庭或家族带来了新的希望。所以帕坦人是欢迎步枪这种武器的引入的。选项A符合题意。

4.推断题。根据文章第三段，“Theysoughttoensurethesafetyoftheseroadsbythreats,byfortsandbysubsidies.”，他们通过威胁恐吓、堡垒、补助等方式来确保这些道路的安全。所以没有减少补贴，可排除选项C。根据文章第三段，“Allalongtheroadpeoplewereexpectedtokeepquiet,nottoshootoneanother,”可知英国政府要求沿路周围的人们保持安静，不许相互射杀，所以帕坦部落并没有过着安静的生活，可排除选项D。根据文章第三段最后一句，“Itwastoomuchtoask,andawholeseriesofquarrelstooktheiroriginfromthissource.”，可知一切斗争都源于这些道路的修建，一系列的争吵并没有结束，排除选项A。选项B符合题意。

5.主旨题。纵观全文，第一段主要介绍了印度边境的环境和活动，第二段提到了步枪引入到帕坦部落，并且受到了欢迎，第三段提到了帕坦部落人对英国政府的不满，并且讲到了帕坦部落对英国政府的修路意图尤其憎恨，这也是一切斗争的根源。由此可见，本文主要介绍了帕坦部落的生活环境，对步枪的喜爱以及对英国政府的憎恶等各方面的内容。选项D符合题意。

5.单选题

Change—ortheabilitytoadaptoneselftoachangingenvironment—isessentialtoevolution.Thefarmerwhoselandisrequiredforhousingorindustrymustadapthimself.Hecanmovetoanotherplaceandmastertheproblemspeculiartoit;hecanchangehisoccupation,perhapsafteraperiodoftraining;orhecanstarvetodeath.Anationwhichcannotadaptitstradeordefenserequirementstomeetworldconditionsfaceseconomicormilitarydisaster.Nothingisfixedandpermanentlystable.Theremustbemovementforward,whichisprogressofasort,ormovementbackward,whichisdecayanddeterioration.

Inthiscontext,traditioncanbeaforceforgoodorforevil.Aslongasitoffersaguide(withoutinsistingthatitspathistheonlyone),ithelpstheignorantandtheuninformedtotakeastepforward,andthereby,toadaptthemselvestochangedcircumstances.Tradition,orcustom,canguidethehunteraseffectivelyasitcaninfluencethenervoushostess.Butifwemakeanidol(偶像、崇拜)oftradition,itceasestobecomeaguideandbecomesanobstaclelyingacrossthepathofchangeandprogress.Ifweinsistontryingtoplotthefuturebythepast,weclearlyhandicapourselvesandinvitefailure.Thebettercourseistoacceptthehelpwhichtraditioncangivebut,realizingthatitnecessarilyhasitsrootsinthepast,tobewellawareofitslimitationsinachangingworld.

1.Theauthormaintainsthatifwewanttogetalongwiththeworld(

).

2.Thefarmer'scaseinPara.1isgivenasanexampleof(

)

.

3.“Thehunterandthenervoushostess”inPara.2arereferringtopeoplewho()

4.Theauthorwarnsusthat（）

5.Thispassagemanlydiscussestherelationshipbetween（）

问题1选项

A.industrymustbedevelopedattheexpenseoffarmland

B.farmersmusttrytogetsomejobtraining

C.tradeanddefenseareessential

D.changeisindispensable

问题2选项

A.thetrendofeconomicdevelopment

B.thecourseofhumanevolution

C.theneedofadaptability

D.theimportanceofsocialchange

问题3选项

A.areignorantanduninformed

B.arewellawareofcustom'slimitations

C.becomeanobstacleonthepathofprogress

D.constitutetheforceforgood

问题4选项

A.itismisleadingtoaccepttraditionasaguide

B.excessivedevotiontotraditionmaybringustroubles

C.wemustaccepttheguidancetraditionoffersus

D.traditionisobstaclelyingonthepathofchange

问题5选项

A.industryandagriculture

B.eviltraditionandgoodtradition

C.manandthechangingworld

D.traditionandchange

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:A

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.主旨大意题。根据第一段的尾句可知,作者一直在强调change。所以选项D改变是必不可少的为正确答案。选项A和C在文章中没有提及,选项D包含了选项B。

2.细节事实题。第一段农民的例子是为了说明“Thefarmerwhoselandisrequiredforhousingorindustrymustadapthimself.”所以选项C正确。

3.细节事实题。根据第二段的第二句“ithelpstheignorantandtheuninformedtotakeastepforward,andthereby,toadaptthemselvestochangedcircumstances.”所以选A符合原文。

4.细节事实题。根据第二段的内容作者认为传统有好也有坏,所以选项A和D错误,选项C中must太绝对,并不是所有传统的向导都是正确的。选项B过度的推崇传统可能会给我们带来麻烦,所以选项B正确。

5.主旨大意题。文章第一段主要是讲change,第二段主要是讲tradition,所以文章主要讨论的是传统和变革的关系。

6.单选题

WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearch?Basicresearchistheveryheartofscience,anditscumulativeproductisthecapitalofscientificprogress,acapitalthatmustbeconstantlyincreasedasthedemandsuponitrise.Thegoalofbasicresearchisunderstandingforitsownsake.Understandingofthestructureoftheatomorthenervecell,thecausesofearthquakesanddroughts,orofmanasabehavingcreatureandofthesocialforcesthatarecreatedwhenevertwoormorehumanbeingscomeintocontactwithoneanother—thescopeisstaggering,butthecommitmenttotruthisthesame.Ifthecommitmentweretoaparticularresult,conflictingevidencemightbeoverlookedor,withthebestwillintheworld,simplynotappreciated.Moreover,thepracticalapplicationsofbasicresearchfrequentlycannotbeanticipated.WhenRoentgen,thephysicist,discoveredX-ray,hehadnoideaoftheirusefulnesstomedicine.

Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.Forpracticalreasons,thesumsspentonappliedresearchinanycountryalwaysfarexceedthoseforbasicresearch,andtheproportionsaremoreunequalinthelessdevelopedcountries.Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseincreaseprofitsquickly—thefundstheU.S.Governmentallotstobasicresearchcurrentlymounttoabout7percentofitsover-allresearchanddevelopmentfunds.Unlessadequatesafeguardsareprovided,appliedresearchinvariablytendstodriveoutbasic.Then,asDr.Watermanhaspointedout,“Developmentswillinevitablybeundertakenprematurely,careerincentiveswillgravitatestronglytowardappliedscience,andtheopportunitiesformakingmajorscientificdiscoverieswillbelost.Unfortunately,pressurestoemphasizenewdevelopments,withoutcorrespondingemphasisuponpurescience…tendtodegradethequalityofthenation’stechnologyinthelongrun,ratherthantoimproveit.”

1.Thetitlebelowthatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis________.

2.Industryisprimarilyinterestedinappliedresearchbecauseit________.

问题1选项

A.TheImportanceofBasicResearch

B.Roentgen’sIgnoranceofX-rays

C.TheAttractivenessofAppliedResearch

D.BasicResearchvs.AppliedResearch

问题2选项

A.providesbetterunderstanding

B.offersimmediateprofit

C.drivesoutbasicresearch

D.solvespracticalproblems

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

【解析】1.主旨大意题。

1.首尾段核心句

首段第一句提出问题：WhydoestheFoundationconcentrateitssupportonbasicratherthanappliedresearch?（为什么基金会集中支持基础研究而不是应用研究？），具体介绍基础研究。尾段第一句Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractivenessbecausetheresultscanbeseenandenjoyed.（应用研究是为了解决具体的实际问题而进行的，它具有吸引力，因为可以直接看到和享受成果。），具体讲述应用研究。这篇文章分别介绍了这两种研究并且进行对比，由此推断本文的主旨是“基础研究与应用研究”。因此D选项正确。

2.分析文章的行文结构

本文的行文逻辑是“A—B”，分别讲述基础研究和应用研究，因此D选项正确。

排除干扰项

A选项“基础研究的重要性”：基础研究仅仅是第一段的内容，不足以概括全文，属于以偏概全。

B选项“对X射线的不了解”：关键词X-rays对应第一段最后一句discoveredX-ray,hehadnoideaoftheirusefulnesstomedicine，这个例子用来支持上一句thepracticalapplicationsofbasicresearchfrequentlycannotbeanticipated（往往无法预料基础研究的实际应用），不足以概括全文，属于以偏概全。

C选项“应用研究的吸引力”：这里只总结了第二段，也属于以偏概全。

2.事实细节题。

精确定位

根据题干定位到第二段第三句Leavingasidethefundsdevotedtoresearchbyindustry—whichisnaturallyfarmoreconcernedwithappliedaspectsbecausetheseincreaseprofitsquickly（撇开用于工业研究的资金不谈——工业研究自然更关心应用方面，因为这些能迅速带来利益），可知工业界因为应用研究带来的好处而关注它，B选项“立刻带来利益”正确。

排除干扰项

A选项“帮助更好地理解”：根据第一段第三句Thegoalofbasicresearchisunderstandingforitsownsake.（基础研究的目标是为了理解而理解。），可知这指的是基础研究而不是应用研究，属于张冠李戴。

C选项“排斥基础研究”：根据第二段第五句Unlessadequatesafeguardsareprovided,appliedresearchinvariablytendstodriveoutbasic.（除非提供充分的保障措施，应用研究往往会排斥基础研究。），这里指出的是基础研究和应用研究的关系，没有解释题干的原因，属于偷换概念。

D选项“解决实际问题”：根据第二段第一句Appliedresearch,undertakentosolvespecificpracticalproblems,hasanimmediateattractiveness（应用研究是为了解决具体的实际问题而进行的，它具有直接的吸引力），这里讲的是应用研究的目的，也就是吸引研究人员的原因，并不等工业界喜欢应用研究的原因，属于偷换概念。

7.翻译题

人类文明——任何形式的人类文明，都可以说是一种大的信息系统。第一个阶段是语言，有了语言才能共同占有经验，才能集体记忆，才能集体积累知识。然后便是记写，记写提供了一种不太容易消失的、更容易传递的记忆形式。之后便出现了印刷，从而使信息传播大大增加。

现代电子学正在为我们提供崭新而功能更强的方法，来收集、加工、处理和传递。正是这种发展的一个非凡特征，才使得能力的巨大提高却没有给能源或稀少的材料造成负担。相反，设备变得越来越小，甚至在同样的工作性能情况下，价格越来越便宜。只需要看袖珍计算器，微型计算机，电子表和电子游戏机，便可知道确实是如此。

【答案】Itcanbesaidthatanyformofhumancivilizationisalargeinformationsystem.Thefirststageislanguage.Onlywithlanguagecanweshareexperienceandhavecollectivememoryaswellasaccumulateknowledgecollectively.Thesecondstepistowritedown.Writinghasofferedaformofmemorythatislesslikelytodisappearandmoreeasilytransmitted.Thenprintinggreatlyhasincreasedthedisseminationofinformation.

Modernelectronicsisprovidinguswithnewandmorepowerfulwaystocollect,process,processanddeliver.Itisaremarkablefeatureofthisdevelopmentthatgreatlyincreasesabilitywithoutposingburdenonenergyorscarcematerials.Rather,devicesaregettingsmallerandevencheaperunderthesameperformanceconditions,whichisprovedbypocketcalculator,microcomputer,electronicwatchandelectronicgamemachine.

8.单选题

Didhetellyouwhat______ifhehadchance?

问题1选项

A.washegoingtodo

B.hewoulddo

C.hehaddone

D.hehadtodo

【答案】B

【解析】【试题解析】考查时态。句意：他有没有告诉你如果有机会他会怎么做？What到句尾是宾语从句，其中if引导时间状语从句。根据if引导的时间状语从句采用一般过去时态，确定do的动作有过去的含义；根据语境可知是在将来做do的动作，确定do的动作有将来的含义，所以用过去将来时，B选项hewoulddo符合题意。A选项washegoingtodo语序错误，was应该在he后面。C选项hehaddone和D选项hehadtodo时态错误。因此B选项正确。

9.单选题

Asenseofsmellissomethingwearebornwith.Orisit?

Untilrecentlyscientistsbelievedthatthecommonsenseviewwaswrong:researchhadsuggestedthatwelearntodistinguishbetweenpleasantandunpleasantsmellsbyexperience.Fromearlyexperimentsthatinvolvedaskingchildrenbetweenthreeandfiveyearsoldwhattheythoughtofcertainsmells,researchersconcludedthatchildrenmustlearntheirappreciationofpleasantandunpleasantsmellsastheygetolder,ratherthanbeingbornwithit.Oneofthemostsurprisingresultsofthesetestswasthatthechildrensaidtheylikedthesmelloffaecesnearlyasoftenastheysaidtheylikedbanana.

PsychologistHilarySchmidtunderstandablyfoundthisresearchhardtoaccept.Shelookedatthewaythetestswereconducted,andappliedlessonsfromotherworkonchildpsychologytodesignherownexperiments.Shenotedthatchildrenyoungerthanfivewilloftenanswer‘Yes’toleadingquestionseveniftheanswersarecontradictory.Shethereforedecidedtosetherexperimentupasagame.SheaskedthechildreniftheywouldgiveaparticularsmellythingtoOscartheGrouch,apopulartelevisioncharacterwholivesinadustbinandlikes‘smelly’things,ortoBigBird,anothertelevisioncharacterwholikes‘nice’things.Shefoundthatthechildrendistinguishedbetweenpleasantandunpleasantsmellsinmuchthesamewayasanadult.Withthehelpofyoungerandyoungersubjects,shehopestoshedlightontheimportanceoftheinheritedcomponentofthesense.

Childrenyoungerthansevenoreightarenotoriouslybadatrecognizingwhatanobjectisfromitsshapealone.Schmidtpointstoanexperimentshehascarriedoutwithchildrenunderfivewhoweregivenalargestyrofoamballandasmall,butheavy,leadballtocompare.Aftertheyhadachancetofeelthetwo,shetooktheballsaway,andshowedthemanotherpairofStyrofoamandleadball.Whensheaskedthemwhichofthetwowouldbetheheavier,theyinvariablypointedtotheStyrofoamballjustbecauseitwasbigger.Despitetheirearlierexperience,theyhadnotgraspedtheideaofwhatanobjectismadeof—itssubstance—aswellassizeandshape.Butinotherexperimentswhensheintroducedodors,shefoundthatchildrenunderfiveunderstoodthatsmellwasanimportantcharacteristicofsubstance,andchildrencoulduseascenttorecognizesubstanceirrespectiveoftheshapeorsizeinwhichitwaspresentedtothem.

Schmidthasalsofoundthatgirlsaremoresensitivetosmellthanboys.Thesexdifferenceiswellknowninadults,butnotinchildren.Explainingthedifferenceinadultshascenteredonthesuggestionthatasgirlsgetolder,theytendtotakepartinactivitiessuchascooking,whichtrainthemtodistinguishbetweensmells.Anothersuggestionwasthatafterpuberty,femalehormonesbringaboutsomechangeintheolfactoryequipment.ButSchmidt’sobservationsthatthesexdifferenceexistsinchildrendoesnotfitinwitheitherexplanation.

31.Accordingtothetext,itiswell-knownthatoursenseofsmellis______.

32.WhichwouldHilarySchmidtmostprobablyagreeto?

33.Schmidt’sstyrofoamandleadballexperimentshowsthatyoungerchildren______.

34.Theword“subjects”(Para.3)mostprobablymeans______.

35.Fromthelastsentenceofthetext,wecaninferthatSchmidtmay______.

问题1选项

A.acquired

B.trained

C.inherent

D.tested

问题2选项

A.Thecontradictoryanswersofchildrenarehardtounderstand.

B.Childreninagamehaveaquickerresponsetopromptingquestions.

C.Youngerchildrenhaveastrongersenseofsmellthanolderones.

D.Inexperimentschildren’sanswersmaysometimesbeunreliable.

问题3选项

A.relyonearlierexperiencesinjudginganobject

B.areinsensitivetosize,weightandshape

C.cannotrecognizethesizeofstyrofoamballs

D.canunderstandwhattheballismadeof

问题4选项

A.pupils

B.adults

C.children

D.researchers

问题5选项

A.overthrowtheexistingtheoriesconcerningthesexdifferenceinsmelling

B.supportthesecondexplanationthathormonesplayarole

C.thinkthatmaturegirlsarelesssensitivetosmellsthanchildren

D.agreethatchildren’ssensitivitytosmellisnurtured

【答案】第1题:A

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:A

【解析】31.【选项释义】

31.Accordingtothetext,itiswell-knownthatoursenseofsmellis______.31.根据文章，众所周知，我们的嗅觉是______。

A.acquiredA.后天习得的

B.trainedB.训练出来的

C.inherentC.与生俱来的

D.testedD.被测试的

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据第二段第一句“研究表明，我们通过经验（byexperience）学会区分令人愉悦的和令人不快的气味”，从中我们可知，嗅觉是后天通过经验获得的。所以，A项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B选项没有提到，属于无中生有；

C选项与文章相反，属于反向干扰；

D选项只是实验内容，属于出处错位。

32.【选项释义】

32.WhichwouldHilarySchmidtmostprobablyagreeto?32.希拉里•施密特最有可能同意哪一个？

A.Thecontradictoryanswersofchildrenarehardtounderstand.A.孩子们相互矛盾的回答让人难以理解。

B.Childreninagamehaveaquickerresponsetopromptingquestions.B.游戏中的孩子对提示性问题的反应更快。

C.Youngerchildrenhaveastrongersenseofsmellthanolderones.C.小一点的孩子的嗅觉比大一点的孩子强。

D.Inexperimentschildren’sanswersmaysometimesbeunreliable.D.在实验中，孩子们的答案有时是不可靠的。

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据第三段第三句“她指出，五岁以下的孩子通常会回答‘是’，即使答案是矛盾的”，从中可知，即便答案可能是矛盾的，孩子们在回答时通常都会回答“是”，从而推断，孩子们的答案并不是可靠的。因此，该题选择D项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项定位第三段第一句“心理学家希拉里•施密特认为这项研究难以接受是可以理解的（understandably）”可知，该项与原文相反，属于反向干扰；

B选项没有提到，属于无中生有；

C选项在文中并没有进行比较，属于无中生有。

33.【选项释义】

33.Schmidt’sstyrofoamandleadballexperimentshowsthatyoungerchildren______.33.施密特的泡沫塑料和铅球实验表明，更小的孩子______。

A.relyonearlierexperiencesinjudginganobjectA.在判断物体时依赖于早期的经验

B.areinsensitivetosize,weightandshapeB.对大小、重量和形状不敏感

C.cannotrecognizethesizeofstyrofoamballsC.无法识别聚苯乙烯泡沫塑料球的大小

D.canunderstandwhattheballismadeofD.能够理解球是由什么制成的

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据第四段倒数第二句“尽管他们有过早期的经验，但他们并不了解物体是由什么物质构成的，也不了解物体的大小和形状”，从中我们可知，施密特的泡沫塑料和铅球实验表明，更小的孩子在判断物体时对物体的大小、重量和形状都不了解。因此，B项最符合题意。

【干扰项排除】

A选项中的早期经验并不是孩子们判断物体的依据，属于曲解原文；

C选项不全面，属于以偏概全；

D选项不符合原文，属于反向干扰。

34.【选项释义】

34.Theword“subjects”(Para.3)mostprobablymeans______.34.第三段的subjects一词最有可能的意思是______。

A.pupilsA.小学生

B.adultsB.成年人

C.childrenC.孩子

D.researchersD.研究员

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】首先，根据题干定位到第三段最后一句“在越来越年轻的研究对象的帮助下，她希望阐明嗅觉的遗传成分的重要性”，结合上一句“她发现，孩子们能像成年人一样区分好闻和坏闻”，从中我们可知，这项研究的对象是children；综合理解，第三段的subjects指的就是孩子。因此，该题选择C项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A选项文中没提到，属于无中生有；

B、D选项并不符合原文，属于曲解原文。

35.【选项释义】

35.Fromthelastsentenceofthetext,wecaninferthatSchmidtmay______.35.从文章的最后一句话，我们可以推断施密特可能______。

A.overthrowtheexistingtheoriesconcerningthesexdifferenceinsmellingA.推翻了现有的关于性别差异的嗅觉理论

B.supportthesecondexplanationthathormonesplayaroleB.支持荷尔蒙起作用的第二种解释

C.thinkthatmaturegirlsarelesssensitivetosmellsthanchildrenC.认为成熟的女孩对气味的敏感性不如儿童

D.agreethatchildren’ssensitivitytosmellisnurturedD.同意儿童嗅觉的敏感度是后天培养的

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】首先，定位至文章最后一句“但施密特关于儿童存在性别差异的观察并不符合这两种解释”，其中的两种解释是指上文提到的关于性别差异对于嗅觉敏感度的影响在儿童中并不明显的原因：一种认为女孩参加诸如烹饪之类的活动可以训练她们分辨气味；另一种认为女性荷尔蒙会使嗅觉器官发生一些变化。综合理解可知，施密特对于儿童性别差异的观察研究推翻了女孩比男孩对气味更敏感这两种解释，A选项意思与之相近。因此，该题选择A项正确。

【干扰项排除】

B、C选项与原文不符，属于反向干扰；

D选项与该段没有联系，属于出处错位。

10.单选题

Whatmightdrivingonanautomatedhighwaybelike?Theanswerdependsonwhatkindofsystemisultimatelyadopted.Twodistincttypesareonthedrawingboard.Thefirstisaspecial-purposelanesystem,inwhichcertainlanesarereservedforautomatedvehicles.Thesecondisamixedtrafficsystem:fullyautomatedvehicleswouldsharetheroadwithpartiallyautomatedormanualdrivencars.Aspecial-purposelanesystemwouldrequiremoreextensivephysicalmodificationstoexistinghighways,butitpromisesthegreatestgainsinfreewaycapacity.

Undereitherscheme,thedriverwouldspecifythedesireddestination,furnishingthisinformationtoacomputerinthecaratthebeginningofthetriporperhapsjustbeforereachingtheautomatedhighway.Ifamixedtrafficsystemwaywasinplace,automateddrivingcouldbeginwheneverthedriverwasonsuitablyequippedroads.Ifspecialpurposelaneswereavailable,thecarcouldenterthemandjoinexistingtrafficintwodifferentways.Onemethodwoulduseaspecialonramp.

Asthedriverapproachedthepointofentryforthehighway,devicesinstalledontheroadsidewouldelectronicallycheckthevehicletodetermineitsdestinationandtoascertainthatithadtheproperautomationequipmentingoodworkingorder.Assumingitpassedsuchtests,thedriverwouldthenbeguidedthroughagateandtowardanautomatedlane.Inthiscase,thetransitionfrommanualtoautomatedcontrolwouldtakeplaceontheentranceramp.Analternativetechniquecouldemployconventionallanes,whichwouldbesharedbyautomatedandregularvehicles.Thedriverwouldsteerontothehighwayandmoveinnormalfashiontoa“transition”lane.Thevehiclewouldthenshiftundercomputercontrolontoalanereservedforautomatedtraffic.(Thelimitationofthe