考研考博-英语-宁波财经学院考试押题三合一+答案详解4

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-宁波财经学院考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.单选题

TheStoicsandtheEpicureans,however（

）intherestoftheirsystems,agreedinholdingthemselvesboundtoprovethattheirrespectivemaximsofconductwerethedictatesofnature.

问题1选项

A.irresponsible

B.irreconcilable

C.irreproachable

D.irremediable

【答案】B

【解析】形容词词义辨析。irresponsible“不可靠的”；irreconcilable“矛盾的”；irreproachable“无可指责的”；irremediable“不能挽回的”。句意：斯多葛学派和伊壁鸠鲁派在其余的体系中是矛盾的，但是他们一致认为必须证明他们各自的行为准则是符合自然要求的。选项B符合题意。

2.写作题

WriteontheANSWERSHEETaletterofabout150wordsbasedonthefollowingsituation:

SupposeyouareinterestedinaresearchprogramattheUniversityofCalifornia,UnitedStates.Writeanapplicationletter,statingyourpersonalqualities,accomplishmentsandotherreasonswhyyouareamongthosebestsuitedtodoresearchatthatuniversity.

【答案】略

3.不定项选择题

Throughoutextensiveareasofthetropicsthetallandstatelyprimevalforesthasgivenwaytoerodedland,scrubandthejumbleofsecondarygrowth.JustasthevirginforestsofEuropeandNorthAmericawerelaidlowbyman’simprovidence,sothoseofthetropicsarenowvanishing—onlytheirdestructionmaybeencompassedindecadesinsteadofcenturies.Afewauthoritiesholdthat,exceptforgovernmentreserves,theearth’sgreatrainforestsmayvanishwithinageneration.Theeconomiclosswillbeincalculable,fortheprimaryrainforestsarerichsourcesoftimber(mahogany,teak)andsuchby-productsasresins,gums,cellulose,camphorandrattans.Noone,indeed,cancomputetheirresources,forofthethousandsofspeciesthatcomposetheforestcover,thereareonlyafewwhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieshavebeenstudiedwithaviewtocommercialuse.

Mostimportantofall,theprimevalrainforestisareservoirofspecimens,adynamiccenterofevolutionwhencetherestoftheworld’splantlifehasbeencontinuallyenrichedwithnewforms.Therainforesthasthegreatestvarietyofplantlifefoundinanytypeofforestonearth.Anobserverintheforest,lookingforacertaintypeoftree,mightfindoneonlyevery3or4milesorso,yetallthewhilebesurroundedbysingleexamplesofmanyotherspecies.Theseextensivereservesmustbedefendedfromtheacquisitivehandofman.

6.Thetitlebelowthatbestexpressestheideasofthispassageis（）.

7.Concerningtherainforests,manstilllacksknowledgeoftheir（）.

8.Theresourcesoftherainforestsare（）.

9.Thesecondsentenceofthepassagesuggeststhat（）.

10.Theprimaryreasonforconservationofthegreatrainforestsisthatthey（）.

11.Asusedinthepassage,theword“primeval”means（）.

12.Thesituationdescribedissomewhaturgentbecause（）.

13.Theauthorwantschieflyto（）.

问题1选项

A.Sceneofevolution

B.Virginforeststoday

C.Productsoftherainforests

D.Importanceoftherainforests

问题2选项

A.rateofdisappearance

B.exactgeographiclocations

C.needforprotectivefoliage

D.potentialcommercialdevelopment

问题3选项

A.incalculable

B.somewhatlimited

C.uncommercial

D.ofinterestonlytoscientists

问题4选项

A.manhasbeenunlucky

B.novirginforestshavebeenreplanted

C.manhasbecomemorewasteful

D.tropicalrainforestshavevanished

问题5选项

A.areareasofbotanicalevolution

B.arenotreadyforman’sruthlessax

C.arethechiefsourcesofincomeforgovernments

D.needfurtherdevelopmentbeforetheycanbeutilizedcommercially

问题6选项

A.commercial

B.gorgeous

C.original

D.thick

问题7选项

A.muchoftherainforestisstranglinginsecondarygrowth

B.destructionoftherainforestsmaywellcomewithinageneration

C.richandeleganttimberisavaluableresource

D.botanistscannotstudytherainforestfastenough

问题8选项

A.makemoneyfromforestresources

B.conservethevarietyoflifeoftherainforest

C.studyusesforresins,gums,cellulose,camphorandrattans

D.cureman’sacquisitivenature

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:A

第3题:A

第4题:C

第5题:A

第6题:C

第7题:B

第8题:B

【解析】6.【试题答案】D

【试题解析】主旨大意题。根据题干可以定位到原文Theeconomiclosswillbeincalculable,fortheprimaryrainforestsarerichsourcesoftimber(mahogany,teak)andsuchby-productsasresins,gums,cellulose,camphorandrattans.（经济损失将是不可估量的，因为原始雨林是木材——桃花心木、柚木和树脂、树胶、纤维素、樟脑和藤等副产品的丰富来源），后文也有提到雨林的其他作用。可知选择D选项“雨林的重要性”。A选项“进化的场景”，B选项“今天的原始森林”，C选项“雨林的产物”，均过于片面，所以A，B，C选项错误，因此，D选项符合题意。

7.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】判断推理题。根据题干可以定位到原文第一段的第三句Afewauthoritiesholdthat,exceptforgovernmentreserves,theearth’sgreatrainforestsmayvanishwithinageneration.（一些权威人士认为，除了政府的保护区，大片热带雨林可能会在一代人的时间内消失），A选项“消失的速度”，B选项“具体地理位置”，C选项“需要保护树叶”，D选项“潜在的商业发展”。因此，A选项符合题意。

8.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文倒数第二段的最后一句Noone,indeed,cancomputetheirresources,forofthethousandsofspeciesthatcomposetheforestcover,thereareonlyafewwhosephysicalandchemicalpropertieshavebeenstudiedwithaviewtocommercialuse.（没有人能够计算它们的资源，因为在构成森林覆盖的数千种物种中，只有少数几个物种的物理和化学性质经过了研究，以便用于商业用途）可知选择A选项“不可计算的，不可估量的”，B选项“有些限制”，C选项“非商业的”，D选项“只有科学家才会感兴趣”。因此，A选项符合题意。

9.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】判断推理题。根据题干定位到原文的第一段的第二句话JustasthevirginforestsofEuropeandNorthAmericawerelaidlowbyman’simprovidence,sothoseofthetropicsarenowvanishing—onlytheirdestructionmaybeencompassedindecadesinsteadofcenturies.（就像欧洲和北美的原始森林因为人类的挥霍而被摧毁一样，热带地区的原始森林也正在消失——只是它们的毁灭可能会持续几十年，而不是几个世纪）可知选择C选项“人们变得更浪费了”，A选项“人们一直不走运”，B选项“没有一片原始森林被重新种植”，均没有提及，所以A，B选项错误，D选项“热带雨林已经消失了”，原文说的是正在消失，与原文不符，所以D选项错误，因此，C选项符合题意。

10.【试题答案】A

【试题解析】事实细节题。根据题干定位到原文最后一段的第一句话Mostimportantofall,theprimevalrainforestisareservoirofspecimens,adynamiccenterofevolutionwhencetherestoftheworld’splantlifehasbeencontinuallyenrichedwithnewforms.（最重要的是，原始雨林是标本的蓄水池，是一个动态的进化中心，世界上其他植物的生命以新的形式不断丰富起来）可知选择A选项“是植物进化的领域”，B选项“还没有准备好迎接人类无情的斧头”，C选项是“政府的主要收入来源”，原文没有提及，所以A，B选项错误，D选项“在商业化使用之前还需要进一步的开发”，是原因之一，但不是主要原因，所以D选项错误，因此，A选项符合题意。

11.【试题答案】C

【试题解析】语义推测题。根据题干定位到原文首段首句Throughoutextensiveareasofthetropicsthetallandstatelyprimevalforesthasgivenwaytoerodedland,scrubandthejumbleofsecondarygrowth.（在广袤的热带地区，高大庄严的……森林已经被侵蚀的土地、灌木丛和杂乱的次生植物所取代）根据后文的次生，可得知primeval指的是“原生的，原始的”。A选项“贸易的，商业的”，B选项“十分宜人的，很吸引人的”，C选项“起初的，原始的”，D选项“厚的，浓密的”。因此，C选项符合题意。

12.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】判断推理题。题干问的是描述的情况有些紧急的原因是什么，根据题干定位到原文第一段的第三句Afewauthoritiesholdthat,exceptforgovernmentreserves,theearth’sgreatrainforestsmayvanishwithinageneration.（一些权威人士认为，除了政府保护区以外，地球上的大片热带雨林可能会在一代人的时间内消失）可知选择B选项“热带雨林的破坏很可能在一代人之内就会发生”，A选项“热带雨林的大部分在扼杀次生植物”，D选项“植物学家对雨林研究得不够快”，原文没有提及，所以A，D选项错误，C选项“丰富高雅的木材是一种宝贵的资源”，根据原文倒数第二段的倒数第一句，可知有少数是宝贵的资源，但并不是描述情况紧急的原因，所以C选项错误，因此，B选项符合题意。

13.【试题答案】B

【试题解析】作者意图题。整篇文章讲述了热带雨林的重要性，有着无可估量的价值，根据最后一段的最后一句Theseextensivereservesmustbedefendedfromtheacquisitivehandofman.（我们必须保护这些丰富的储备免受人类贪婪的侵害）可知选择B选项“保护热带雨林生物的多样性”，A选项“从森林资源中赚钱”，由原文可知只有少数物种可以用于商业用途，所以A选项错误，C选项“研究树脂，树胶，纤维素，樟脑和藤的用途”，D选项“治愈人贪婪的天性”，都过于浅显，所以C，D选项错误，因此，B选项符合题意。

4.单选题

Aconservativemanalways（）hostilitytothechangesthattakeplaceinthecontemporaryworld.

问题1选项

A.cherish

B.embrace

C.embody

D.harbour

【答案】D

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。A:cherish“珍爱”；B:embrace“包括；拥抱”；C:embody“表现，象征”；D:harbour“隐匿；怀着；包含，藏有”。句意：一个保守的人总是对当今世界发生的变化怀有敌意。根据语境和句意可知D为正确答案。

5.单选题

Fuelscarcitiesandpriceincreases（

）automobiledesignerstoscaledownthelargestmodelsandtodevelopcompletelynewlinesofsmallcarsandtrucks.

问题1选项

A.persuaded

B.prompted

C.imposed

D.enlightened

【答案】B

【解析】动词辨析。句意:燃油短缺和价格上涨汽车设计者缩小大型汽车的研发，转而开发全新的小型汽车和卡车生产线。

persuade:说服，劝说。prompt:促进,促使。impose:强加,征税,利用。enlighten:启发，启蒙，教导。因此B项符合句意。

6.单选题

Peopleweresurprisedtofindthathehadtheabilityto（）everythinghewasinvolvedin.

问题1选项

A.precede

B.dominate

C.pervade

D.denominate

【答案】B

【解析】考查动词辨析。A项precede“领先，在……之前”，指在次序或地位上先于或高于；B项dominate“控制，支配”，指施加决定性、引导性影响于……；C项pervade“遍及，弥漫”，D项denominate“为……命名；把……称作……”。句意：人们惊讶地发现，他有能力支配他所参与的一切。根据句意，该题选B正确。

7.单选题

Youhaveyourchoiceofthree______oficecream.

问题1选项

A.varieties

B.tops

C.respects

D.decks

【答案】A

【解析】【试题解析】考查名词辨析。A选项varieties“（同一事物的）不同种类；品种”；B选项tops“顶端；表面”；C选项respects“（事物的）方面，细节”；D选项decks“（船或公共汽车的）一层”。句意：你有三______冰淇淋供你选择。根据语境，这里指的是有三种不同的冰淇淋，A选项varieties“（同一事物的）不同种类”符合题意。因此A选项正确。

8.案例题

Thinkaboutwhatwouldmakeyoureally,reallyhappy.Moremoney?Wrong.Smiling,well-adjustedkids?Wrongagain.Thefactisweareterribleatpredictingthesourceofjoy.Andwhateverchoiceswedomake,welikelylaterdecideitwasallforthebest.

Theseareinsightsfromhappinesseconomics,perhapsthehottestfieldinwhatusedtobecalledthedismalscience.Happinessiseverywhere—onthebest-sellerlists,inthemindsofpolicymakers,andfrontandcenterforeconomists—yetitremainselusive.Thegoldenruleofeconomicshasalwaysbeenthatwell-beingisasimplefunctionofincome.That'swhynationsandpeoplealikestriveforhigherincomes-moneygivesuschoiceandameasureoffreedom.Afteracertainincomecap,wesimplydon'tgetanyhappier.Anditisn'twhatwehave,butwhetherwehavemorethanourneighbor,thatreallymatters.Sothenewslastweekthatin2006tophedge-fundmanagerstookhome$240million,minimum,probablydidn'tmakethemanyhappier,itjustmadetherestofuslessso.

Nowpolicymakersareracingtofigureoutwhatmakespeoplehappy,andjusthowtheyshoulddeliverit.CountriesasdiverseasBhutan,Australia,China,ThailandandtheU.K.arecomingupwith,"happinessindexer,"tobeusedalongsideGDPasaguidetosociety'sprogress.InBritain,the"politicsofhappiness"willlikelyfigureprominentlyinnextyear'selections.Nevermindthattheworld'stophappinessresearchersrecentlygatheredataconferenceinRometodebatewhetherjoyisevenmeasurable.

Whyisthisallhappeningnow?Onlyinthelastdecadehaveeconomists,psychologists,biologistsandphilosophersbeguncross-pollinatinginsuch-awaytoarriveat"happinessstudies."HarvardpsychologistDanielGilberthumorouslysumsupmuchofthenewwisdominhisbook"StumblingonHappiness."Hesays24-hourtelevisionandtheInternethaveallowedusalltoseemoreseeminglyhappypeoplethaneverbefore."We'resurroundedbythelifestylesoftherichandfamous,"saysGilbert,"rubbingournosesinthefactthatothershavemore."

Ofcourse,theideathatmoneyisn'ttherealkeytohappinessisn'tnew.The18th-centuryBritishEnlightenmentthinkerJeremyBenthamarguedthatpublicpolicyshouldtrytomaximizehappiness,andmanyprominenteconomistsagreedbutcouldnotquiteembracetheidea.Therewasjustnowaytomeasurehappinessobjectively.

Oneoftheearlyrevelationsofhappinessresearch,fromRichardEasterlinattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,wasthatwhilethericharetypicallyhappierthanthepoor,thehappinessboostfromextracashisn'tthatgreatonceonerisesabovethepovertyline.Thereason,saysEasterlin,isthe"hedoniccycle":wegetusedtobeingricherdarnquick,andtakeitforgrantedorcompareittowhatothershave,notwhatweusedtohave.Turnsout,keepingupwiththeJonesesishard-wiredintoourbrains,thankstoourpack-creatureroots.

Thoughmanyhappinessresearcherssay"workless,playmore"istheformulaforhappiness,RuutVeenhoven,aprofessoratErasmusUniversityinRotterdam,suggestsotherwise.Hard-workingAmericansranks17thonhislist;thehard-vacationingFrench39th.HumanbeingsdowantaEuropean-stylesafetynet,butalsowantfreedomandopportunity.

Andperhapsourintuitionsabouthappinessshouldtriumphoverthefuzzydata,anyway.Theeconomicsofhappinesshasgivenusacoupleoffairlyhardandfastrulesaboutwell-beingbeingtrulypoorisbad,andtimewithfriendsandfamilyaregood.Thegoodnewsisthatwhateverchoiceswemakeindividuallyandassocietiesinthepursuitofhappinessthere'sgoodchancethatthey'llseembetterinhindsight.Yetanothertruismofhappinessisthat"weallwearrose-coloredglasseswhenitcomestoourpastdecision-making."saysGilbert.Today'sdreadfullifechoicewilllikelybetomorrow'shappyaccident.

Thepassagebelowsummarizesthemainpointsofthepassage.Readthesummaryandthenselectthebestwordorphrasefromtheboxblowaccordingtothepassage.YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheANSWERSHEETwithasinglelinethroughthecenter.

Wearepooratprevisionoftheoriginofhappiness,andwewouldprobablybelievethedecisionwemadeisthemostsatisfactory.TheHappinesshasbecome(1)everywherebuttoughtodefine.Nationsandpeoplemanagetogainhigherincomesbasedontheprincipleofeconomicsthat(2)arerelatedtohappiness,butthatisnot(3).Wealthaloneisn'tnecessarilywhatmakesushappy.Itmakesdifferentifwepossessmorethan(4),andthat'swhywefeelunhappytofindthosetop(5)havesuperlativeincome.Somenationsarebeginningtoconsiderissueslikemeasuringsociety'sprogressby(6)aswellasGDP,andresearchersevenheldseminartoexchangesurveysaboutthe(7),thoughtheinfluentialtopicwasadvanced10yearsago.Theissuethatastatepolicyshouldbe(8)thehappinessofthemajority,eruptedmanydecadesagobyBritishEnlightenmentthinkerJeremyBenthamandacceptedbymanyeminenteconomists,couldnotfairly(9),becausehappinesscannotbeobjectivelymeasured.The(10)ofthehappinessmadebyRichardEasterlinisthatthewealthmakespeoplehappier,buttheirhappinesswillnot(11)asgreatasitshouldbeiftheyliveabovethe(12).Theycaneasilytakethelifeforgrantedand(13)themoreexpansivewayoflife.Theyare(14)tocomparethelifewithothersandmanagetokeepupwiththeJoneses.RuutVeenhoven,aprofessoratErasmusUniversityinRotterdam,doesnotsupportthe(15)"workless,playmore".Accordingtohisinvestigationofhappinesslist,peoplewantaEuropean-style(16)andwanttoenjoyfreedomandopportunityaswell.Weshouldprobablygobeyondtheconfusinginformationand(17)thefairlyprinciplesofthehappiness:povertyis(18),stavingwithfriendsandfamilyis(19),andthedecisionsmade(20)arebychancetobehappyexperience.

A.happinessindexes

B.putintoeffect

C.preliminaryinterpretation

D.formulaforhappiness

E.terrible

F.earnings

G.safetyscheme

H.measurementofhappiness

I.adaptto

J.Mr.Joneses

K.optimize

L.povertyline

M.thecase

N.acquaintwith

O.innate

P.inthepast

Q.joyful

R.agitatingtopics

S.escalate

T.hedge-fundmanagers

【答案】1.R

2.F

3.M

4.J

5.T

6.A

7.H

8.I

9.B

10.C

11.S

12.L

13.N

14.O

15.D

16.G

17.K

18.E

19.Q

20.P

【解析】1.根据第二段的第二句"Happinessiseverywhere—onthebest-sellerlists,inthemindsofpolicymakers,andfrontandcenterforeconomists—yetitremainselusive."可知,幸福是个有争议的话题。所以，空格处应填"agitatingtopics"。

2.根据第二段的三四句"Thegoldenruleofeconomicshasalwaysbeenthatwell-beingisasimplefunctionofincome."经济学的黄金法则一直是：幸福是收入的简单函数。也就是说人们将收入和幸福联系起来。所以，空格处应填"earnings"。

3.thatisnotthecase为固定搭配，意为"事实并非如此"。文中第二段有提到"Afteracertainincomecap,wesimplydon'tgetanyhappier."收人增加不一定会使我们幸福。所以,空格处应填"thecase"。

4.根据第二段的"butwhetherwehavemorethanourneighbor,thatreallymatters."重要的是我们是否比邻居拥有的更多。以及倒数第三段的最后一句"Turnsout,keepingupwiththeJonesesishard-wiredintoourbrains,thankstoourpack-creatureroots."由此可以推断，这里的neighbor和Mr.Joneses相对应。

5.根据第二段的最后一句"Sothenewslastweek...madetherestofuslessso."2006年顶级对冲基金经理至少赚了2.4亿美元，这可能并没有让他们更快乐，只是让我们其他人不那么快乐。所以使我们不快乐的是髙收入的对冲基金经理。所以,空格处应填"hedge-fundmanagers"。

6.根据关键词"GDP"定位到第三段第二句“...,“happinessindexer,”tobeusedalongsideGDPasaguidetosociety'sprogress.”不丹、澳大利亚、中国、泰国和英国等多个国家都提出了“幸福指数”将与GDP一起作为社会进步的指南。所以,空格处应填"happinessindexes"。

7.根据第三段的最后一句“Nevermindthattheworld'stophappinessresearchersrecentlygatheredataconferenceinRometodebatewhetherjoyisevenmeasurable.”最近，世界顶尖的幸福研究人员在罗马召开了一次会议，讨论快乐是否可以衡量。所以，空格处应填"measurementofhappiness"。

8.根据第五段的第二句“The18th-centuryBritishEnlightenmentthinkerJeremyBenthamarguedthatpublicpolicyshouldtrytomaximizehappiness,...”18世纪的英国启蒙思想家JeremyBentham认为，国家政策应该将幸福最大化。"adaptto"指适应于...。

9.根据第五段的第二句“...andmanyprominenteconomistsagreedbutcouldnotquiteembracetheidea.”许多著名经济学家同意这一观点,但并不完全赞同。也就是说不能完全实施执行。"putintoeffect"意为执行。

10.根据关键词“RichardEasterlin”定位到第六段第一句“Oneoftheearlyrevelationsofhappinessresearch,fromRichardEasterlinattheUniversityofSouthernCalifornia,...”由此可知RichardEasterlin曾对幸福做过早期的研究。所以,空格处应填"preliminaryinterpretation"。

11.根据第六段第一句“...whilethericharetypicallyhappierthanthepoor,thehappinessboostfromextracashisn'tthatgreatonceonerisesabovethepovertyline.”虽然富人通常比穷人更幸福，但获得额外的金钱并不会像摆脱贫困线那样更能增加幸福。所以，空格处应填"escalate"。

12.根据第六段第一句“...thehappinessboostfromextracashisn'tthatgreatonceonerisesabovethepovertyline.”可知，空格处应填入"povertyline"。

13.根据第六段的倒数第二句“wegetusedtobeingricherdarnquick,andtakeitforgrantedorcompareittowhatothershave,notwhatweusedtohave.”我们很快就习惯了变得更富有，并且认为这是理所当然的，或者把它与别人所拥有的相比，而不是与我们曾经拥有的相比。所以，空格处应填"acquaintwith"。

14.根据第六段的最后一句“Turnsout,keepingupwiththeJonesesishard-wiredintoourbrains,...”事实证明，与他人攀比是我们大脑的固有模式。所以，空格处应填"innate"。

15.定位到第七段第一句“"workless,playmore"istheformulaforhappiness.”"少工作,多娱乐"是幸福的公式。所以，空格处应填"formulaforhappiness"。

16.根据第七段最后一句“HumanbeingsdowantaEuropean-stylesafetynet,...”人类确实需要一个欧洲式的安全网...。所以，空格处应填"safetyscheme"。

17.根据最后一段的第一句“perhapsourintuitionsabouthappinessshouldtriumphoverthefuzzydata,anyway.”也许我们对幸福的直觉应该超过那些模糊的数据。所以，空格处应填"optimize"。

18.根据最后一段的第二句“Theeconomicsofhappinesshasgivenusacoupleoffairlyhardandfastrulesaboutwell-beingbeingtrulypoorisbad,...”由此可知，贫穷是不好的，是可怕的。所以应填"terrible"。

19.根据最后一段的第二句“...andtimewithfriendsandfamilyaregood.”与家人和朋友在一起是令人愉快的。所以，空格处应填"joyful"。

20.根据最后一段倒数第二句“...weallwearrose-coloredglasseswhenitcomestoourpastdecision-making...”谈到我们过去的决策，我们都是乐观的。所以，空格处应填"inthepast"。

9.问答题

Manyoftoday'syoungpeoplehaveadifficulttimeseeinganymoraldimensiontotheiractions.Thereareanumberofreasonswhythat'strue,butnonemoreprominentthanafailedsystemofeducationthateschewsteachingchildrenthetraditionalmoralvaluesthatbindAmericanstogetherasasocietyandaculture.Thatfailedapproach,called"decision-making",wasintroducedinschools25yearsago.Ittellschildrentodecideforthemselveswhatisrightandwhatiswrong.Itreplaced"charactereducation".Charactereducationdidn'taskchildrentoreinventthemoralwheel;instead,itencouragedthemtopracticehabitsofcourage,justiceandself-control.

Inthe1940s,whenacharactereducationapproachprevailed,teachersworriedaboutstudentschewinggum;todaytheyworryaboutrobberyandrape.Decision-makingcurriculumsposethornyethicaldilemmastostudents,leavingthemwiththeimpressionthatallmoralityisproblematicandthatallquestionsofrightandwrongareindispute.Youngstersareforcedtoquestionvaluesandvirtuesthey'veneveracquiredinthefirstplaceoruponwhichtheyhaveonlyatenuoushold.Theassumptionbehindthismethodisthatstudentswillarriveatgoodmoralconclusionsifonlytheyaregiventhechance.Buttheactualresultismoralconfusion.

Forexample,arecentnationalstudyof1,700sixth-toninth-gradersrevealedthatamajorityofboysconsideredrapetobeacceptableundercertainconditions.Astoundingly,manyofthegirlsagreed.

Thiskindofmoralilliteracyisfurtherencouragedbyvalues-educationprogramsthatarelittlemorethancoursesinself-esteem.Theseprogramsarebasedonthequestionableassumptionthatachildwhofeelsgoodabouthimselforherselfwon'twanttodoanythingwrong.Butitisjustasreasonabletomakeanoppositeassumption:namely,thatachildwhohasuncriticalself-regardwillconcludethatheorshecan'tdoanythingbad.

Suchnaiveself-acceptanceresultsinlargepartfromthenon-directive,non-judgmentalas-long-as-you-feel-comfortable-with-your-choicesmentalitythathaspervadedpubliceducationforthelasttwoandone-halfdecades.Manyoftoday'sdrugeducation,sexeducationandvalues-educationcoursesarebasedonthesame1960sphilosophythathelpedfueltheexplosioninteendruguseandsexualactivityinthefirstplace.

Meanwhile,whileeducatorsarestillfiddlingwithoutdated"feel-good"approaches,NewYork,Washington,andLosAngelesareburning.Youngstersareleavingschoolbelievingthatmattersofrightandwrongarealwaysmerelysubjective.Ifyoupassastrangeronthestreetanddecidetomurderhimbecauseyouneedmoney一ifitfeelsright一yougowiththatfeeling.Clearly,murderisnottaughtinourschools,butsuchaconclusion―justaboutanyconclusion—canbereachedandjustifiedusingthedecision-makingmethod.

Itistimetoconsignthefadsof"decision-making"and"non-judgmentalism"totheashheapoffailedpolicies,andreturntoaprovedmethod.Charactereducationprovidesamuchmorerealisticapproachtomoralformation.Itisbuiltonanunderstandingthatwelearnmoralitynotbydebatingitbutbypracticingit.

【答案】InhisessayChildrenMustBeTaughttoTellRightfromWrong",WilliamKilpatrickarguesthatthe"decision-making"approachtothemoraleducationofAmericanyouth,whichreplaced"charactereducation"25yearsago,haspreventedjuvenilesfrombehavingandthinkinginaccordancewiththetraditionalmoralprinciplesthatarefundamentaltoAmericansociety.

AccordingtoKilpatrick,decision-makingmethodsinstillinstudentsawrongbeliefthatallnormsofmoralityaresubjectiveconstructswithonlyrelativetruthinthemandthereforecanbeinterpretedflexiblyandevenquestioned.Thisbeliefdeprivesthemofthechancetosecuresolidmoralstandardsandcausesmisconceptionsaboutwhatshouldbeclearlyrightorwrong.

Inparallelwiththisinadequacyofthe"decision-making"approacharetheunexpectedoutcomesofthosevalues-educationprogramsfocusingonstudents,self-esteemthatsupportsthe"non-judgmental"mindsetdominating"decision-making"curriculums.Theirmistakenassumptionthatfeelinggoodwarrantsmoralityexcusesstudentsfromcriticizinganddiscipliningtheirownbehaviors.

Basinghisconclusiononhisanalysisofthefundamentalflawsofthedecision-makingapproach,Kilpatrickfinallyproposesanimmediateshiftbacktocharactereducationwhichhebelievesteachesmoralitymoreeffectivelybyemphasizingpracticeinsteadofdiscussion.

10.单选题

Tomaintainaleadingpositioninthemarket,companieshavetodevelopproductswhicharecheaper,more（）andmorereliablethanthoseoftheircompetitors.

问题1选项

A.innovative

B.commensurate

C.enlightening

D.legitimate

【答案】A

【解析】形容词辨析题。innovative创新的，革新的；commensurate相称的，同量的；enlightening富有启发的；legitimate合法的，合理的，正当的。句意：为了在市场上保持领先地位，公司必须开发出比竞争对手更便宜、更创新、更可靠的产品。选项A符合句意。

11.单选题

Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ateamofresearchersworkingtogetherinthelaboratorywouldsubmittheresultsoftheirresearchtoajournal.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthors’namesandaffiliationsfromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Dependingonthecommentsreceived,theeditorwouldacceptthepaperforpublicationordeclineit.Copyrightrestedwiththejournalpublisher,andresearchersseekingknowledgeoftheresultswouldhavetosubscribetothejournal.

Nolonger.TheInternetandpressurefromfundingagencies,whoarequestioningwhycommercialpublishersaremakingmoneyfromgovernment-fundedresearchbyrestrictingaccesstoitismakingaccesstoscientificresultsareality.TheOrganizationforEconomicCo-operationandDevelopment(OECD)hasjustissuedareportdescribingthefar-reachingconsequencesofthis.Thereport,byJohnHoughtonofVictoriaUniversityinAustraliaandGrahamVickeryoftheOECD,makesheavyreadingforpublisherswhohave,sofar,madehandsomeprofits.Butitgoesfurtherthanthat.Itsignalsachangeinwhathas,untilnow,beenakeyelementofscientificendeavor.

Thevalueofknowledgeandthereturnonthepublicinvestmentinresearchdepends,inpart,uponwidedistributionandreadyaccess.Itisbigbusiness.InAmerica,thecorescientificpublishingmarketisestimatedatbetween$7billionand$11billion.TheInternationalAssociationofScientific,TechnicalandMedicalPublisherssaysthattherearemorethan2,000publishersworldwidespecializinginthesesubjects.Theypublishmorethan1.2millionarticleseachyearinsome16,000journals.

Thisisnowchanging.AccordingtotheOECDreport,some75%ofscholarlyjournalsarenowonline.Entirelynewbusinessmodelsareemerging;threemainoneswereidentifiedbythereport’sauthors.Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.Thereisopen-accesspublishing,typicallysupportedbyaskingtheauthor(orhisemployer)topayforthepapertobepublished.Finally,thereareopen-accessarchives,whereorganizationssuchasuniversitiesorinternationallaboratoriessupportinstitutionalrepositories.Othermodelsexistthatarehybridsofthesethree,suchasdelayedopen-access,wherejournalsallowonlysubscriberstoreadapaperforthefirstsixmonths,beforemakingitfreelyavailabletoeveryonewhowishestoseeit.Allthiscouldchangethetraditionalformofthepeer-reviewprocess,atleastforthepublicationofpapers.

1.Inthefirstparagraph,theauthordiscusses（）.

2.WhichofthefollowingistrueoftheOECDreport?

3.Accordingtothetext,onlinepublicationissignificantinthat（）.

4.Withtheopen-accesspublishingmodel,theauthorofapaperisrequiredto（）.

5.Whichofthefollowingbestsummarizesthemainideaofthetext?

问题1选项

A.thebackgroundinformationofjournalediting.

B.thepublicationroutineoflaboratoryreports.

C.therelationsofauthorswithjournalpublishers.

D.thetraditionalprocessofjournalpublication.

问题2选项

A.Itcriticizesgovernment-fundedresearch.

B.Itintroducesaneffectivemeansofpublication.

C.Itupsetsprofit-makingjournalpublishers.

D.Itbenefitsscientificresearchconsiderably.

问题3选项

A.itprovidesaneasieraccesstoscientificresults.

B.itbringshugeprofitstoscientificresearchers.

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