考研考博-英语-宁夏医科大学考试押题三合一+答案详解篇

书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟！住在富人区的她考研考博-英语-宁夏医科大学考试押题三合一+答案详解（图片大小可自由调整）全文为Word可编辑，若为PDF皆为盗版，请谨慎购买！第I卷一.综合题库-全考点押密(共120题)1.不定项选择题

Acomplexoperationcalledspinalfusionhasemergedasthetreatmentofchoiceformanykindsofbackpain.Butanumberofresearcherssaythereislittlescientificevidencetoshowthatformostpatients,spinalfusionworksanybetterthanasimpleroperation,thelaminectomy（椎板切除术）.Somepeoplewouldbebetteroffwithnosurgeryatall.Evendoctorswhofavorfusionssaythatmoreresearchisneededontheirbenefits.

Intheabsenceofbetterdata,criticspointtoadifferentreasonforthefusionoperation’sfastrises:money.Medicarecanpayasurgeonasmuchasfourtimesmoreforaspinalfusionasforalaminectomy.Hospitalsalsocollecttwotofourtimesasmuch.“Weallcaveintomarketandeconomicforces,”saidDr.EdwardC.Benzel.Thoughdoctors,asarule,shouldfavortheleastcomplicatedtreatment—withsurgerybeingthelastresort—Dr.Benzelestimatedthatfewerthanhalfofthespinalfusionsdonetodaywereprobablyappropriate.

Doctorsandhospitalsarenottheonlyplayerswithafinancialstakeinfusionoperations.Criticsblamethecompaniesthatmakethehardwareforpromotingmorecomplexfusionswithoutevidencethattheyaresignificantlymoreeffective.Somesortofhardwareisusedinalmost90percentoflower-backfusionsandthenationalbillforthehardwarealonehassoaredto$2.5billionayear.

Thehardwaremakersingeneralacknowledgegivingsurgeonsmillionsofdollarsforconsultingandresearches,butsaythemoneypromotestechnicaladvancesthatimprovebackcare.ButalawsuitbroughtbyScottA.Wiese,aformersalesrepresentativeofMedtronic―thebiggestmakerofspinalhardware,accusedthecompanyoftryingtopersuadesurgeonstouseitsproductswithoffersoffirst-classplaneticketstoHawaiiandnightsatthefinesthotels.Medtronicsaiditdidnothingwrong,anditdeniedtheaccusationsinthelawsuit.Butthecompanydisclosedearlierthisyearthatthefederalgovernmentwasinvestigatingchargesthatitpaidillegalkickbackstosurgeons.Federalofficialsdeclinedtocommentontheinvestigation,andMedtronicsaiditwouldvigorouslydefenditself.

Still,betweentheallureofmoneyandthequestforbreakthroughsintreatment,someprominentspinalsurgeonssaythatbackcarehasgoneastray.

1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsonthetreatmentofbackpainistrue?

2.Itisimpliedthatdoctors（）.

3.Thehardwaremakers（）.

4.ThecompanyMedtronic（）.

5.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“backcarehasgoneastray”inthelastparagraph?

问题1选项

A.Spinalfusionprovidesabettercurethanothertreatments.

B.Spinalfusionisnogoodtopatientssufferingfrombackpains.

C.Thereislimitedevidenceastowhichtreatmentisbetter.

D.Doctorshavegreatconfidenceinthebenefitsofspinalfusion.

问题2选项

A.tendtochoosethetreatmentthatisconsideredthebestforpatients

B.haveputfinancialinterestsaheadofpatientsinconsiderablecases

C.arelikelytofavormorecomplicatedtreatmenttoimproveskills

D.wishtochangethecurrentsystemunderwhichtheygetpaidfortheirwork

问题3选项

A.haveobtainedenormousprofitsfromtheoperation

B.haveinvestedheavilyintheresearchofnewproducts

C.havehelpeddoctorsandhospitalsgainmoreexperience

D.havesuccessfullyprovedtheeffectivenessoftheirproducts

问题4选项

A.hasadmittedpayingkickbackstosurgeons

B.hasdeniedanyfinancialdealswithsurgeons

C.hasbeensuedforbuyingitsbusinesscompetitor

D.hasbeeninvestigatedbythegovernment

问题5选项

A.Ithasbeenontherighttrack.

B.Ithasbeenawayfromtherighttrack.

C.Ithasofferedanewtreatment.

D.Ithasmovedbacktotradition.

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:B

第3题:A

第4题:D

第5题:B

【解析】第1题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第一段中“Butanumberofresearcherssaythereislittlescientificevidencetoshowthatformostpatients,spinalfusionworksanybetterthanasimpleroperation,thelaminectomy.但一些研究人员表示，几乎没有科学证据表明，对大多数患者来说脊柱融合术比更简单的椎板切除术更好。”可知C项与原文相符。A项“脊柱融合术比其他治疗方法有更好的治疗效果。”，与原文不符；B项“脊柱融合术对背痛患者没有好处。”，与原文不符；C项“只有有限的证据表明哪种治疗方法更好。”；D项“医生对脊柱融合术的好处很有信心。”，与原文不符，因此C选项正确。

第2题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段中“Medicarecanpayasurgeonasmuchasfourtimesmoreforaspinalfusionasforalaminectomy.医疗保险可以为外科医生支付比椎板切除术多四倍的脊柱融合术费用。”以及“...fewerthanhalfofthespinalfusionsdonetodaywereprobablyappropriate.今天所做的脊柱融合术中可能只有不到一半是合适的。”，可知B项与原文相符。A项“倾向于选择被认为对病人最好的治疗方法”，与原文不符；B项“在相当多的案例中，他们把经济利益置于病人利益之上”；C项“可能会赞成更复杂的治疗来提高技能”，与原文不符；D项“希望改变他们目前的工作报酬制度”，与原文不符，因此B选项正确。

第3题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第三段中“...thenationalbillforthehardwarealonehassoaredto$2.5billionayear.……仅在硬件方面，全国每年的支出就飙升至25亿美元。”可知A项与原文相符。A项“已从这个手术中获取了巨大的利润”；B项“已在新产品研究上投入巨资”，与原文不符；C项“已帮助医生和医院获得了更多经验”，与原文不符；D项“已成功地证明了他们产品的有效性”，与原文不符，因此A选项正确。

第4题:细节事实题。由题干定位到文章第四段中“Butthecompanydisclosedearlierthisyearthatthefederalgovernmentwasinvestigatingchargesthatitpaidillegalkickbackstosurgeons.但该公司今年早些时候披露，联邦政府正在调查其向外科医生支付非法回扣的指控。”可知D项与原文相符。A项“已承认给外科医生回扣”，与原文不符；B项“已否认与外科医生有任何金钱交易”，与原文不符；C项“已因收购其商业竞争对手而被起诉”，与原文不符；D项“已经被政府调查过”，因此D选项正确。

第5题:推理判断题。由题干定位到文章第二段中“...fewerthanhalfofthespinalfusionsdonetodaywereprobablyappropriate.……今天所做的脊柱融合术中可能只有不到一半是合适的。”以及astray有“误入歧途的，离开正道的”意思，可知B项与原文相符。A项“它已在正轨上”；B项“它偏离了正轨”；C项“它已提供一个新的治疗方式”；D项“它已回到传统”，因此B选项正确。

2.单选题

Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirminUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.Laborissimplyanotherfactorofproductiontobehired-rentedatthelowestpossiblecost-muchasonebuysrawmaterialsorequipment.

Thelackofimportanceattachedtohuman-resourcemanagementcanbeseeninthecorporatehierarchy.InanAmericanfirmthechieffinancialofficerisalmostalwayssecondincommand.Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).Bywayofcontrast,inJapantheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementiscentral-usuallythesecondmostimportantexecutive,aftertheCEO,inthefirm’shierarchy.

WhileAmericanfirmsoftentalkaboutthevastamountsspentontrainingtheirworkforces,infacttheyinvestlessintheskillsoftheiremployeesthandoeitherJapaneseorGermanfirms.Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.Andthelimitedinvestmentsthataremadeintrainingworkersarealsomuchmorenarrowlyfocusedonthespecificskillsnecessarytodothenextjobratherthanonthebasicbackgroundskillsthatmakeitpossibletoabsorbnewtechnologies.

Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.IfAmericanworkers,forexample,takemuchlongertolearnhowtooperatenewflexiblemanufacturingstationsthanworkersinGermany(astheydo),theeffectivecostofthosestationsislowerinGermanythanitisintheUnitedStates.Moretimeisrequiredbeforeequipmentisupandrunningatcapacity,andtheneedforextensiveretraininggeneratescostsandcreatesbottlenecksthatlimitthespeedwithwhichnewequipmentcanbeemployed.Theresultisaslowerpaceoftechnologicalchange.Andintheendtheskillsofthepopulationaffectthewagesofthetophalf.Ifthebottomhalfcan’teffectivelystafftheprocessesthathavetobeoperated,themanagementandprofessionaljobsthattowiththeseprocesseswilldisappear.

1.WhichofthefollowingappliestothemanagementofhumanresourcesinAmericancompanies?

2.Whatisthepositionoftheheadofhuman-resourcemanagementinanAmericanfirm?

3.ThemoneymostAmericanfirmsputintrainingmainlygoesto（

）.

4.Accordingtothepassage,thedecisivefactorinmaintainingafirm'scompetitiveadvantageis（

）.

5.Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

问题1选项

A.Theyhirepeopleatthelowestcostregardlessoftheirskills.

B.Theyseethegainingofskillsastheiremployeesownbusiness.

C.Theyattachmoreimportancetoworkersthantoequipment.

D.Theyonlyhireskilledworkersbecauseofkeencompetition.

问题2选项

A.Heisoneofthemostimportantexecutivesinthefirm.

B.Hispostislikelytodisappearwhennewtechnologiesareintroduced.

C.Heisdirectlyunderthechieffinancialexecutive.

D.Hehasnosayinmakingimportantdecisionsinthefirm.

问题3选项

A.workerswhocanoperatenewequipment

B.technologicalandmanagerialstaff

C.workerswholackbasicbackgroundskills

D.topexecutives

问题4选项

A.theintroductionofnewtechnologies

B.theimprovementofworkers'basicskills

C.therationalcompositionofprofessionalandmanagerialemployees

D.theattachmentofimportancetothebottomhalfoftheemployees

问题5选项

A.AmericanfirmsaredifferentfromJapaneseandGermanfirmsinhuman-resourcemanagement.

B.Extensiveretrainingisindispensabletoeffectivehuman-resourcemanagement.

C.Theheadofhuman-resourcemanagementmustbeinthecentralpositioninafirmshierarchy.

D.Thehuman-resourcemanagementstrategiesofAmericanfirmsaffecttheircompetitivecapacity.

【答案】第1题:B

第2题:D

第3题:B

第4题:B

第5题:D

【解析】1.推理判断题。由第一段“Human-resourcemanagementisnottraditionallyseenascentraltothecompetitivesurvivalofthefirminUnitedStates.Skillacquisitionisconsideredanindividualresponsibility.在美国，人力资源管理传统上并不被视为企业竞争生存的核心。技能的获得被认为是个人的责任。”可知B项“技能的获得是自己的事情”正确。

2.推理判断题。由第二段“Thepostofheadofhuman-resourcemanagementisusuallyaspecializedjob,offattheedgeofthecorporatehierarchy.TheexecutivewhoholdsitisneverconsultedonmajorstrategicdecisionsandhasnochancetomoveuptoChiefExecutiveOfficer(CEO).人力资源管理主管的职位通常是一个专门的工作，位于公司等级制度的边缘。人力资源高管在重大战略决策上从不被征求意见，也没有机会晋升为首席执行官(CEO)。”可知人力资源主管在做决策时没有发言权。故D项正确。

3.细节事实题。由第三段“Themoneytheydoinvestisalsomorehighlyconcentratedonprofessionalandmanagerialemployees.他们投资的钱也更集中在专业和管理人员身上。”可知B项正确。

4.推理判断题。由第一段“Ifsustainablecompetitiveadvantagedependsonwork-forceskills,Americanfirmshaveaproblem.如果可持续的竞争优势依赖于劳动力的技能，美国公司就有问题了。”以及第四段“Asaresult,problemsemergewhennewbreakthroughtechnologiesarrive.因此，当新的突破性技术出现时，问题就出现了。”可知保持公司竞争优势的决定性因素是员工的技能。故B项正确。

5.主旨大意题。全文第一句指出如果可持续的竞争优势依赖于劳动力的技能，美国公司就有问题了。接着说明美国公司的人力资源管理没有得到足够重视，不注重员工技能的培训，并提出对应的影响，即导致美国公司可持续的竞争优势受损。故D项正确。

3.单选题

Youranalogywasnotagoodonebecausethetwosituationsarenotsimilar.

问题1选项

A.comparison

B.categorization

C.classification

D.cognition

【答案】A

【解析】考查名词词义辨析。A选项comparisonn.比较，对照；B选项categorizationn.分类，分门别类，编目方法；C选项classificationn.等级，类别；D选项cognitionn.认识，辨识，认识能力。根据句意可知A项符合题意。句意：你的类比不是一个好例子，因为这两种情况并不相同。

4.单选题

Withhisface（）byamask,thefiremandashedintothehouseonfire.

问题1选项

A.hidden

B.concealed

C.screened

D.buried

【答案】C

【解析】四个词都有“掩饰,掩藏”之意,但侧重点不同。hide—般用于hidesb/sthinaplace；conceal隐瞒,一般表示“掩饰,不让别人发现”；screen表示“遮蔽以起到保护的效果”；bury表示“埋葬”。根据句意可知,所以C符合语境。

5.单选题

Themostwidespreadfallacyofallisthatcoldsarecausedbycold.Theyareactuallycausedbyvirusespassingonfrompersontoperson.Youcatchacoldbycomingintocontact,directlyorindirectly,withsomeonewhoalreadyhasone.Ifcoldcausescolds,itwouldbereasonabletoexpecttheEskimostosufferfromthemforever.Buttheydonot.AndintheisolatedArcticRegionsexplorershavereportedbeingfreefromcoldsuntilcomingintocontactagainwithinfectedpeoplefromtheoutsideworldbywayofpackagesandmaildroppedfromairplanes.

AttheCommonColdResearchUnitinEngland,volunteerstookpartinexperimentsinwhichtheygavethemselvestothediscomfortsofbeingcoldandwetforlongstretchesoftime.Aftertakinghotbaths,theyputonbathingsuits,allowedthemselvestobewithcoldwater,andthenstoodaboutdrippingwetindraftyrooms.Someworewetsocksalldaywhileothersexercisedintherainuntilclosetoexhaustion.Notoneofthevolunteerscamedownwithacoldunlessacoldviruswasactuallydroppedinhisnose.If,then,coldandwethavenothingtodowithcatchingcolds,whyaretheymorefrequentinthewinter?Despitethemostpains-takingresearch,noonehasyetfoundtheanswer.Oneexplanationofferedbyscientistsisthatpeopletendtostaytogetherindoorsmoreincoldweatherthanatothertimes,andthismakesiteasierforcoldvirusestobepassedon.Noonehasyetfoundacureforthecold.Therearedrugsandpainsuppressorssuchasaspirin,butalltheydoisrelievethesymptoms.

1.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTagreewiththechosenpassage?

2.Arcticexplorersmaycatchcoldswhen（）.

3.VolunteersoftheexperimentsintheCommonColdResearchUnit（）.

4.Thepassagemainlydiscusses（）.

问题1选项

A.TheEskimosdonotsufferfromcoldsallthetime.

B.Coldsarenotcausedbycold.

C.Peoplesufferfromcoldsjustbecausetheyliketostayindoors.

D.Apersonmaycatchacoldbytouchingsomeonewhoalreadyhasone.

问题2选项

A.theyareworkingintheisolatedArcticRegions

B.theyarewritingreportsinterriblycoldweather

C.theyarefreefromworkintheisolatedArcticRegions

D.theyarecorningintotouchagainwiththeoutsideworld

问题3选项

A.sufferedmuchfromcoldness

B.nevercaughtcolds

C.alwayscaughtcolds

D.becameverystrong

问题4选项

A.theexperimentsonthecommoncold

B.thevirusesofthecommoncold

C.thereasonandthewaypeoplecatchcolds

D.thecontinuedspreadofcommoncolds

【答案】第1题:C

第2题:D

第3题:A

第4题:C

【解析】第1题:1.【选项释义】

1.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTagreewiththechosenpassage?1.下列哪一项与文章不一致？

A.TheEskimosdonotsufferfromcoldsallthetime.A.爱斯基摩人并不总是感冒。

B.Coldsarenotcausedbycold.B.感冒不是由寒冷引起的。

C.Peoplesufferfromcoldsjustbecausetheyliketostayindoors.C.人们患感冒只是因为他们喜欢待在室内。

D.Apersonmaycatchacoldbytouchingsomeonewhoalreadyhasone.D.一个人可能会因为接触已经感冒的人而感冒。

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据第二段倒数第三句“科学家给出的一种解释是，与其他时候相比，人们在寒冷的天气里更倾向于待在室内，这使得感冒病毒更容易传播”，可知，这里是对冬天更容易感冒的解释，并不是说人们患感冒是因为他们喜欢待在室内，故C项“人们患感冒只是因为他们喜欢待在室内”表述与原文不符合，但符合题意。故该题选择C项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A项“爱斯基摩人并不总是感冒”，根据第一段第三和第四句“如果感冒是由寒冷引起的，那么爱斯基摩人将永远遭受感冒的折磨是有道理的。但事实并非如此。”可知，感冒并不是寒冷引起的，所以爱斯基摩人不会总是感冒，该项符合原文，属于反向干扰；

B项“感冒不是由寒冷引起的”，根据文章第一段第一句“最普遍的谬论（fallacy）是感冒是由寒冷引起的”，从fallacy（谬论）可知，感冒并不是由寒冷引起的，该项也符合原文，属于反向干扰；

D项“一个人可能会因为接触已经感冒的人而感冒”，根据第一段第二句“感冒实际上是由人与人之间传播的病毒引起的”可知，该项符合原文，属于反向干扰。

第2题:2.【选项释义】

2.Arcticexplorersmaycatchcoldswhen______.2.当______，北极探险家可能会感冒。

A.theyareworkingintheisolatedArcticRegionsA.他们在与世隔绝的北极地区工作

B.theyarewritingreportsinterriblycoldweatherB.他们在极冷的天气里写报告

C.theyarefreefromworkintheisolatedArcticRegionsC.他们不用在与世隔绝的北极地区工作

D.theyarecorningintotouchagainwiththeoutsideworldD.他们又开始与外界接触

【考查点】推理判断题。

【解题思路】根据关键词Arcticexplorers定位至第一段最后一句“在与世隔绝的北极地区，探险家们报告说，在通过从飞机上扔下的包裹和邮件与外界的感染者再次接触之前，他们没有感冒”，从中可知，探险家们在接触外界之前没有感冒，这也就是说当他们接触外界时，他们可能会感冒，D项正确。

【干扰项排除】

A项“他们在与世隔绝的北极地区工作”，根据解题思路可知，该项与原文相反，属于反向干扰；

B项“他们在极冷的天气里写报告”在原文没有依据，属于无中生有；

C项“他们不用在与世隔绝的北极地区工作”，根据原文可知，北极探险家并不是因为在与世隔绝的北极地区才没感冒，而是没有接触带有病毒的感染者，该项属于偷换概念。

第3题:3.【选项释义】

3.VolunteersoftheexperimentsintheCommonColdResearchUnit______.3.在普通感冒研究中心做实验的志愿者______。

A.sufferedmuchfromcoldnessA.深受寒冷之苦

B.nevercaughtcoldsB.从来不感冒

C.alwayscaughtcoldsC.总是感冒

D.becameverystrongD.非常强壮

【考查点】事实细节题。

【解题思路】根据关键词CommonColdResearchUnit定位至第二段第一句“在英国的普通感冒研究中心，志愿者们参加了一项实验，他们让自己长时间处于寒冷潮湿的不适状态”，从中可知，在普通感冒研究中心做实验的志愿者深受寒冷之苦，A项正确。

【干扰项排除】B项“从来不感冒”、C项“总是感冒”和D项“非常强壮”在原文没有体现，属于无中生有。

第4题:4.【选项释义】

4.Thepassagemainlydiscusses______.4.这篇文章主要是讨论______。

A.theexperimentsonthecommoncoldA.普通感冒的实验

B.thevirusesofthecommoncoldB.普通感冒的病毒

C.thereasonandthewaypeoplecatchcoldsC.人们感冒的原因

D.thecontinuedspreadofcommoncoldsD.普通感冒的持续蔓延

【考查点】主旨大意题。

【解题思路】通读全文可知，第一段提出感冒不是由寒冷引起的，而是由病毒引起，随后用了几个例子证明第一段开头提出的论点，所以本文主要讨论感冒的原因以及人们患上感冒的方式，C选项“人们感冒的原因”符合全文主旨。

【干扰项排除】A项“普通感冒的实验”、B项“普通感冒的病毒”和D项“普通感冒的持续蔓延”只是文中提到的观点，不是主旨思想，属于以偏概全。

6.单选题

Whoeverformulatedthetheoryoftheoriginoftheuniverse,itisjust（）andneedsproving.

问题1选项

A.spontaneous

B.hypothetical

C.intuitive

D.empirical

【答案】B

【解析】考查形容词辨析。A选项spontaneous“自发的，无意识的”；B选hypothetical“假设的”；C选项intuitive“直觉的”；D选项empirical“经验主义的”。根据句意：无论谁提出了宇宙起源的理论，那都只是假设，需要证明。选项B更符合语境。

7.翻译题

Peoplecannotliveapartfromnature;thatisthefirstprincipleoftheconservationists.Andyet,peoplecannotliveinnaturewithoutchangingit.Butthisistrueofallcreatures;theydependuponnature,andtheychangeit.Whatwecallnatureis,inasense,thesumofthechangesmadebyallthevariouscreaturesandnaturalforcesintheirintricateactionsandinfluencesuponeachotherandupontheirplaces.Becauseofthewoodpeckers,natureisdifferentfromwhatitwouldbewithoutthem.Itisdifferentalsobecauseoftheborersandantsthatliveintreetrunks,andbecauseofthebacteriathatliveinthesoilunderthetree.Themakingofthesedifferencesisthemakingoftheworld.

Someofthechangesmadebywildcreatureswewouldcallbeneficent.Beaversarefamousformakingpondsthatturnintofertilemeadows;treesandprairiegrassesbuildsoil.Butsometimes,too,wewouldcallnaturalchangesdestructive.Accordingtoearlywitnesses,forinstance,largeareasaroundKentuckysaltlickswereseverelytrampedanderodedbythegreatherdsofhoofedanimalsthatgatheredthere.Thebuffalo“streets”throughhillycountryweresohollowedoutbyhoofwearanderosionthattheyremainvisiblealmosttwocenturiesafterthedisappearanceofthebuffalo.Andsoitcanhardlybeexpectedthathumanswouldnotchangenature.Humans,likeallothercreatures,mustmakeadifference;otherwisetheycannotlive.Butunlikeothercreatures,theymustmakeachoiceastothekindandofthedifferencetheymake.Iftheychoosetomaketoosmalladifferencetheydiminishtheirhumanity.Iftheychoosetomaketoogreatadifferencetheydiminishnature,andnarrowtheirsubsequentchoices;ultimately,theydiminishordestroythemselves.Nature,then,isnotonlyoursourcebutalsoourlimitandmeasure.

【答案】参考译文：

人类的生存离不开大自然，这是生态环境保护者的第一原则。然而，人类不可能在大自然中生存而不改变它。不过，这对所有生物来说都是如此，它们依赖自然且改变它。在某种意义上，我们把大自然称为各种各样的生物和大自然力量在自己复杂的活动、相互影响以及对生活环境的影响中引起的变化的全部。因为啄木鸟的存在，所以大自然不同于没有啄木鸟的大自然会呈现的样子。大自然也因为生活于树干的钻蛀虫和蚂蚁，以及生活在树下泥土中的细菌而不同。这些差异的形成就是世界的形成。

我们会把野生生物引起的一些变化称为是有益的：海狸因为把池塘变成肥沃草地而出名，树木和牧场草地构建了土壤。不过，我们有时会把大自然的变化称为有害的。例如，据早期目击者称，肯塔基州盐碱地周围大部分区域被聚集在那里的成群的有蹄类动物严重践踏和损坏。穿过丘陵地带的水牛“街道”被严重磨损和侵蚀，以至于它们（即水牛“街道”）在水牛消失后差不多两个世纪仍然看得见。因此，期望人类不会改变大自然几乎是不可能的。与所有其它生物一样，人类必须对大自然产生影响；否则他们就不能生存。不过，与其它生物不一样的是人类必须对于自己产生的影响的种类和规模做出选择。如果人类选择产生一个太小的影响，那么他们就会使自身数量减少。如果人类选择产生一个太大的影响，那么他们就会使大自然变小，从而使自己的选择范围缩小；最后他们会使自身数量减少或毁掉自身。因此，大自然不仅是我们人类生存的资源，并且还是我们人类生存的界限和标杆。

8.单选题

Inbusinessto-businessmarkets,salesofsomesoftwareproductslanguishbecausenotenoughindependentsoftwarevendorswriteapplications.

问题1选项

A.advertise

B.last

C.decline

D.dominate

【答案】C

【解析】【选项释义】

A.advertise（为……）做广告；登广告B.last持续

C.decline减少；下降D.dominate支配；控制

【考查点】动词辨析。

【解题思路】根据关键信息becausenotenoughindependentsoftwarevendorswriteapplications（由于没有足够多的独立软件供应商编写应用程序）可推知，salesofsomesoftwareproductslanguish指的是软件产品的销量下降，languish在句中表示“下降”，C项词义与之相近，故该题选择C项。

【干扰项排除】A、B、D项不符合划线单词词义。

【句意】在企业对企业的市场中，由于没有足够多的独立软件供应商编写应用程序，一些软件产品的销售受到影响。

9.单选题

Manyoldhouseshavebeen（

）inorderthatnewbigbuildingsmaybebuilt.

问题1选项

A.leveled

B.collapsed

C.demolished

D.felled

【答案】C

【解析】考查动词词义辨析。level“使同等；对准；弄平”；collapse“倒塌；瓦解”，一般做不及物动词，无被动形式；demolish“拆除；破坏”；fell“砍伐；打倒；击倒”。句意：为了修建新的建筑，很多老房子被拆除了。选项C符合题意。

10.单选题

Questions9to12arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.

问题1选项

A.Atallchimney.

B.Ahugepieceofrock.

C.Thepeakofamountain.

D.Thestumpofagianttree.

问题2选项

A.Humanactivity.

B.Chemicalprocesses.

C.Windandwater.

D.Fireandfury.

问题3选项

A.Itwasbuiltinancienttimes.

B.Itisahistoricalmonument.

C.Itwascreatedbysupernaturalpowers.

D.ItisIndians’sacredplaceforworship.

问题4选项

A.Bykillingtheattackingbears.

B.Byshelteringtheminacave.

C.Byliftingthemwellabovetheground.

D.Bytakingthemtothetopofamountain.

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:C

第3题:C

第4题:C

【解析】PassageOne

[9]Devil’sTower,thefirstnationalmonumentinAmerica,couldalmostbemistakenforthestumpofanenormoustree.Itssheerrocksidessweepupfromabroadbaseuntiltheycutoffabruptlyattheflatsummit.Risingmorethan1,000feetinthemiddleofthegentlyrollingplainsofWyoming,themassivecolumnofrock,looksasthoughitwasdroppeddownintothislocationfromadifferenttimeandplace.

Inasense,itwas.Devil’sTowerisarelicofthepastwhenthemeltedrockoftheearth’scoreforceditswaytothesurfacetoformthethroatofavolcano.Asthecenturiespassed,therockcooledandhardened,shrinkingandcrackingintolongcolumns,borninfireandfury.[10]Devil’sTowerwasthenshapedbytheslow,gentleworkofwindandwater.Theouterlayersofthevolcanowerewornawayuntilthehardcorestoodcompletelyexposed.

[11]SmallwonderthatanIndianlegenddescribedDevil’sTowerasbeingformedbysupernaturalpowers.Thelegendsaysthatwhensevengirlswereattackedbybears,theytookrefugeontopofasmallrock,andtheyappealedtotheRockGodforhelp.[12]TheGodcausedtherocktogrowandtoliftthegirlsfarabovetheground,whileitssideswerescoredbytheclawsoftheangrybears.Eventoday,saysthelegend,thegirlscanbeseenabovethetoweringrockassevenshiningstarsinthenightsky.

9.WhatdoesDevil’sTowerlooklike?

【试题答案】D

【试题解析】题目问恶魔塔看上去像什么？录音首句就指出，恶魔塔为美国的第一个国家纪念碑。因其独特的外形，差点被人们误认为是一棵巨大无比的树桩。因此D选项“巨大的树桩”正确。A选项“一个高大的烟囱”和C选项“一座山的顶峰”在录音中没有提及；B选项“一块巨大的岩石”，录音有提及恶魔塔实质上是由巨大的岩石构成，但题目问的是恶魔塔看上去像什么，因此B选项不符合题干。

10.Whatcausedthevolcano’souterlayertowearaway?

【试题答案】C

【试题解析】题目问是什么导致了火山表面的侵蚀？录音中有提到恶魔塔是如何形成的。它是由岩石冷却、变硬、收缩和断裂而最终形成的。在此漫长过程中，恶魔塔受到风化水蚀。火山表面被侵蚀掉，坚硬的中心岩石完全暴露出来。因此，C选项正确。A选项“人类活动”和B选项“化学过程”在录音中均没有提及；D选项“火的燃烧与灼热”，录音中提到此信息是描述恶魔塔所产生的环境，并不是其外层被侵蚀掉的原因，因此D选项不正确。

11.WhatdoesanIndianlegendsayaboutDevil’sTower?

【试题答案】C

【试题解析】题目问关于恶魔塔的印第安传说是怎样的？录音提到，印第安传说中说魔鬼塔是由超自然力量形成的。C选项“它是由超自然力量创造的”与录音原文表述一致，因此正确。A选项“它是在远古时代建造的”和D选项“它是印第安人敬奉的圣地”在录音中没有信息提及；B选项“它是一个历史纪念碑”，录音中虽有提及恶魔塔是一座国家纪念碑（nationalmonument），但不等同于历史纪念碑（historicalmonument），而且这与题目问的印第安传说没有相关性，因此可排除B选项。

12.HowdidtheRockGodhelpthesevengirlsintheIndianlegend?

【试题答案】C

【试题解析】题目问“石神”是如何帮助印第安传说中的七个女孩的？录音最后详细讲述了这个关于恶魔塔的印第安传说：七个印第安女孩遇到熊的攻击。女孩们无处可逃，爬上了小岩石的顶部，向“石神”求助。“石神”让岩石往上“长”起来，熊只能用爪子在岩石上抓出一道道的深痕。因此，C选项“从地面上把她们抬升起来”符合原文表述。A选项“杀死攻击人的熊”；B选项“在山洞里掩护她们”和D选项“将她们带到山顶”在录音中均没有提及。

11.单选题

Itisclearthathumanhistorywillend;theonlymysteryiswhen.Itisalsoclearthatifthetimingislefttonature(or,ifyouprefer,toGod)andhumanshangonuntilthebloodyend,therace’sfinalexitwillbeignoble.Iffuturegenerationsescapethesaurianagonyofextinctionbyawanderingchunkofrockorice,thesun’sunavoidablegrowthtogiant-hoodwillstillburntheirlastsuccessorstoashes:onlycindersandgasesanddustwillremain.

Farfuturegenerationsmightprolongtheprocessbypostingcoloniesbeyondtheearth’sorbit,butthesewouldbesadoutpostsattheendofthesolarsystem’slongday,clutchingmemoriesofalostplanetandofbillionsofsacrificedsouls.Thedifficulties—fantasticdifficulties—ofinterstellartravelmightbeovercome,butthemightiestofstarshipscoulddonomorethandefertheendoftheworld.Anignobleexistencehoppingfromplanettoplanet—clingingtoeachcloduntilit,initsturn,wasvaporizedorfrozen—mightstillbebearablewereitnotfortheknowledgeofitsfinaluselessness.Intheend,thereisonlydeathbygravityorentropy,thefieryquantumpitortheheatlessgreysoup.

ThegreatviolinistJaschaHeifetzwasgreatnotleastbecausehequittheconcertstageathispeak,beforetheshowbecamestaleortheaudiencedriftedaway.Toexitgracefullyissublime,asHeifetzunderstood.Andonlyonespeciesiscapableofchoosingasimilarlygracefulexit;allothersmarchonlikerobots.Tocalltimeonthehumanracebychoice,notnecessity,wouldbethefinalvictoryofthehumanspiritoveranimalnature,anabsoluteemancipationfromthecommandofDNA.Preciselybecausenootherknownlife-formcoulddoorevenconceivesuchathing,humanitymust.

Moresciencehasrevealedonlyoneplaceintheuniversethatishospitabletointelligentlife,andhumansaretheonlyintelligencethat,asfarasisknown,haseverenjoyedtheopportunitytooccupyit.Ifpeopleleftthestageafterareasonablerun,inthefullnessoftimeintelligencecouldevolveagain(dolphin-people?Chimp-people?Orchid-people?).Andthen,induecourse,whenthisnewspeciesdecipheredhumanbooksorreachedthemarkerthatmightbeleftforthemonthewindlessmoon,theywouldknowthatmanendedhisdominionsothattheirsmightbegin.Imagine,then,howtheywillregardus.Itis,farandaway,thegreatestactofgoodnessevercontemplated,theennoblementofawholespecies;anact,almost,ofangels.

1.Accordingtothepassage,whatmightbehumanbeing’sbestchoiceaboutitsfuture?

2.Whatdoes“interstellartravel”serveaccordingtothewriter?

3.ThewritercitesJaschaHeifetz’sexamplemainlybecause______.

4.Accordingtothepassage,whatmaybethereasonforhumanbeing’sleavingthestage?

5.Thewriterthinkshumanbeing’sleavingthestagecanbeanyofthefollowingBUT______.

问题1选项

A.Leavingthetimingtonature.

B.Thesaurian-likeelimination.

C.Beingeliminatedbythesun’sunavoidablegrowthtogianthood.

D.Leavingthetimingtohumanbeingitself.

问题2选项

A.Apracticalwaytoescapetheendoftheworld.

B.Nothingmorethanpostponingtheendoftheworld.

C.Awayhoppingfromplanettoplanet.

D.Awaytoescapefromgravity.

问题3选项

A.heisafamousviolinist

B.hequitstheconcertstageathispeak

C.hequittingthestagegivessomeinspirationtohumanbeings

D.heisadornedbyhisaudience

问题4选项

A.Theforceofthenature.

B.TheforceoftheGod.

C.Humanbeing’srationality.

D.ThecommandofDN

问题5选项

A.thegreatestactofgoodnessevercontemplated

B.theennoblementofawholespecies

C.anact,almost,ofangels

D.humanbeing’shavingnoalternative

【答案】第1题:D

第2题:B

第3题:B

第4题:C

第5题:D

【解析】1.判断推理题。根据题干可定位到文章第三段“Toexitgracefullyissublime,asHeifetzunderstood.Andonlyonespeciesiscapableofchoosingasimilarlygracefulexi